Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 21 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 21 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Preliminary analysis of immunoregulatory mechanism of hyperhomocysteinemia‑induced brain injury in Wistar‑Kyoto rats

  • Authors:
    • Yu Zhang
    • Lin Wang
    • Xin Li
    • Jie Geng
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 483
    |
    Published online on: March 16, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9914
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) can be used as an independent risk factor for predicting cardiovascular disease, stroke and vitamin B12 deficiency. Patients with HHcy have elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations. Enhancing cerebrovascular permeability of substances such as Hcy and brain damage will synergistically increase the symptoms of hypertension, but the specific immune regulation mechanism is still not clear. The purpose of the present study was to preliminarily explore the immunomodulatory mechanism of brain damage caused by HHcy in Wistar‑Kyoto (WKY) rats. A total of 60 WKYs were randomly divided into three groups: WKY control group (WKY‑C group), WKY methionine group (WKY‑M group) and WKY treatment group (WKY‑T group; vitamin B6, B12 and folic acid were used as treatment), with 20 rats in each group. Physical examination of body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and plasma Hcy content was performed routinely. The concentration of cytokines, including IL‑6, IL‑10, IL‑17A and TGF‑β, associated with T helper cell 17 (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells and key regulator genes, including retinoic acid‑related orphan receptor γ t (RORγt) and forkhead box P3 (FoxP3), were detected by ELISA, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR and western blotting. Th17/Treg lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. MRI scan was preliminarily used to detect the changes characteristic of the ischemic stroke. The results revealed that high methionine diets might have a significant effect on the body weight and SBP. The inflammatory response effect of Treg cells was significantly inhibited in the WKY‑M group, and that of Th17 cells was upregulated when compared to the WKY‑T group. Compared with the WKY‑T group, the expression levels of IL‑17A and RORγt in the WKY‑M group were significantly upregulated, while the mRNA levels of FoxP3 in the WKY‑M group were significantly downregulated. The diet intervention (including vitamins B6 and B12 and folic acid) could reduce the level of Hcy in the blood, but also reduce the inflammatory response and rectify the Treg/Th17 immune imbalance to ameliorate the brain tissue damage. In conclusion, the present study indicated that HHcy can promote inflammation by triggering Treg/Th17 immune imbalance to ameliorate the brain tissue damage.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Djuric D, Jakovljevic V, Zivkovic V and Srejovic I: Homocysteine and homocysteine-related compounds: An overview of the roles in the pathology of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 96:991–1003. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Ganguly P and Alam SF: Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutr J. 14(6)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Spence JD: Homocysteine lowering for stroke prevention: Unravelling the complexity of the evidence. Int J Stroke. 11:744–747. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

McCully KS: Vascular pathology of homocysteinemia: Implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol. 56:111–128. 1969.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Kim J, Kim H, Roh H and Kwon Y: Causes of hyperhomocysteinemia and its pathological significance. Arch Pharm Res. 41:372–383. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Azad MAK, Huang P, Liu G, Ren W, Teklebrh T, Yan W, Zhou X and Yin Y: Hyperhomocysteinemia and cardiovascular disease in animal model. Amino Acids. 50:3–9. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Capelli I, Cianciolo G, Gasperoni L, Zappulo F, Tondolo F, Cappuccilli M and La Manna G: Folic acid and vitamin B12 administration in CKD, why not? Nutrients. 11(383)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Dardiotis E, Arseniou S, Sokratous M, Tsouris Z, Siokas V, Mentis AA, Michalopoulou A, Andravizou A, Dastamani M, Paterakis K, et al: Vitamin B12, folate, and homocysteine levels and multiple sclerosis: A meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 17:190–197. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Pawlak R: Is vitamin B12 deficiency a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in vegetarians? Am J Prev Med. 48:e11–e26. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Dinavahi R and Falkner B: Relationship of homocysteine with cardiovascular disease and blood pressure. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 6:494–498; quiz 499-500. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Stehouwer CD and van Guldener C: Does homocysteine cause hypertension? Clin Chem Lab Med. 41:1408–1411. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

van Guldener C, Nanayakkara PW and Stehouwer CD: Homocysteine and blood pressure. Curr Hypertens Rep. 5:26–31. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Beard RS Jr, Reynolds JJ and Bearden SE: Hyperhomocysteinemia increases permeability of the blood-brain barrier by NMDA receptor-dependent regulation of adherens and tight junctions. Blood. 118:2007–2014. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Ehrlich D and Humpel C: Chronic vascular risk factors (cholesterol, homocysteine, ethanol) impair spatial memory, decline cholinergic neurons and induce blood-brain barrier leakage in rats in vivo. J Neurol Sci. 322:92–95. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Kalani A, Kamat PK, Familtseva A, Chaturvedi P, Muradashvili N, Narayanan N, Tyagi SC and Tyagi N: Role of microRNA29b in blood-brain barrier dysfunction during hyperhomocysteinemia: An epigenetic mechanism. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 34:1212–1222. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Kamath AF, Chauhan AK, Kisucka J, Dole VS, Loscalzo J, Handy DE and Wagner DD: Elevated levels of homocysteine compromise blood-brain barrier integrity in mice. Blood. 107:591–593. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Le Stunff H, Véret J, Kassis N, Denom J, Meneyrol K, Paul JL, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C and Janel N: Deciphering the link between hyperhomocysteinemia and ceramide metabolism in Alzheimer-type neurodegeneration. Front Neurol. 10(807)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Lee H, Kim HJ, Kim JM and Chang N: Effects of dietary folic acid supplementation on cerebrovascular endothelial dysfunction in rats with induced hyperhomocysteinemia. Brain Res. 996:139–147. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Ford TC, Downey LA, Simpson T, McPhee G, Oliver C and Stough C: The effect of a high-dose vitamin B multivitamin supplement on the relationship between brain metabolism and blood biomarkers of oxidative stress: A randomized control trial. Nutrients. 10(1860)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Kennedy DO and Haskell CF: Vitamins and cognition: What is the evidence? Drugs. 71:1957–1971. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Pirchl M, Ullrich C, Sperner-Unterweger B and Humpel C: Homocysteine has anti-inflammatory properties in a hypercholesterolemic rat model in vivo. Mol Cell Neurosci. 49:456–463. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Zhang Y, Wang L, Zhou X, Geng J and Li X: The immunomodulatory mechanism of brain injury induced by hyperhomocysteinemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cell Biochem. 120:9421–9429. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Lee GR: The Balance of Th17 versus treg cells in autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci. 19(730)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Crouser ED: Role of imbalance between Th17 and regulatory T-cells in sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 24:521–526. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Melnik BC, John SM, Chen W and Plewig G: T helper 17 cell/regulatory T-cell imbalance in hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa: The link to hair follicle dissection, obesity, smoking and autoimmune comorbidities. Br J Dermatol. 179:260–272. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Hang S, Paik D, Yao L, Kim E, Trinath J, Lu J, Ha S, Nelson BN, Kelly SP, Wu L, et al: Bile acid metabolites control TH17 and Treg cell differentiation. Nature. 576:143–148. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Levine AG, Mendoza A, Hemmers S, Moltedo B, Niec RE, Schizas M, Hoyos BE, Putintseva EV, Chaudhry A, Dikiy S, et al: Stability and function of regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor T-bet. Nature. 546:421–425. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Coder B, Wang W, Wang L, Wu Z, Zhuge Q and Su DM: Friend or foe: The dichotomous impact of T cells on neuro-de/re-generation during aging. Oncotarget. 8:7116–7137. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Schmitt V, Rink L and Uciechowski P: The Th17/Treg balance is disturbed during aging. Exp Gerontol. 48:1379–1386. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Health N: Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals. NIH contract No. No1-RR-2-2135. 11–28. 1985.

31 

Leary SL, Underwood W, Anthony R, et al: AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals: 2013 edition. American Veterinary Medical Association Schaumburg, IL, 2013.

32 

McGee HM, Daly ME, Azghadi S, Stewart SL, Oesterich L, Schlom J, Donahue R, Schoenfeld JD, Chen Q, Rao S, et al: Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy induces systemic differences in peripheral blood immunophenotype dependent on irradiated site. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 101:1259–1270. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Schindelin J, Rueden CT, Hiner MC and Eliceiri KW: The ImageJ ecosystem: An open platform for biomedical image analysis. Mol Reprod Dev. 82:518–529. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Wen M, Lian Z, Huang L, Zhu S, Hu B, Han Y, Deng Y and Zeng H: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy for assessment of brain injury in the rat model of sepsis. Exp Ther Med. 14:4118–4124. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Kovalska M, Hnilicova P, Kalenska D, Tothova B, Adamkov M and Lehotsky J: Effect of methionine diet on metabolic and histopathological changes of rat hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci. 20(6234)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Jindal A, Rajagopal S, Winter L, Miller JW, Jacobsen DW, Brigman J, Allan AM, Paul S and Poddar R: Hyperhomocysteinemia leads to exacerbation of ischemic brain damage: Role of GluN2A NMDA receptors. Neurobiol Dis. 127:287–302. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Daneman R and Prat A: The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 7(a020412)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Keaney J and Campbell M: The dynamic blood-brain barrier. FEBS J. 282:4067–4079. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Liebner S, Dijkhuizen RM, Reiss Y, Plate KH, Agalliu D and Constantin G: Functional morphology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Acta Neuropathol. 135:311–336. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A, Nelson AR and Zlokovic BV: Blood-brain barrier: From physiology to disease and back. Physiol Rev. 99:21–78. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Varatharaj A and Galea I: The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun. 60:1–12. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Lee H, Kim JM, Kim HJ, Lee I and Chang N: Folic acid supplementation can reduce the endothelial damage in rat brain microvasculature due to hyperhomocysteinemia. J Nutr. 135:544–548. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Tchantchou F, Goodfellow M, Li F, Ramsue L, Miller C, Puche A and Fiskum G: Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced oxidative stress exacerbates cortical traumatic brain injury outcomes in rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 41:487–503. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Faverzani JL, Hammerschmidt TG, Sitta A, Deon M, Wajner M and Vargas CR: Oxidative stress in homocystinuria due to cystathionine ß-synthase deficiency: Findings in patients and in animal models. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 37:1477–1485. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Kamat PK, Kalani A, Givvimani S, Sathnur PB, Tyagi SC and Tyagi N: Hydrogen sulfide attenuates neurodegeneration and neurovascular dysfunction induced by intracerebral-administered homocysteine in mice. Neuroscience. 252:302–319. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

47 

Lehotský J, Tothová B, Kovalská M, Dobrota D, Beňová A, Kalenská D and Kaplán P: Role of Homocysteine in the ischemic stroke and development of ischemic tolerance. Front Neurosci. 10(538)2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

48 

Tóthová B, Kovalská M, Kalenská D, Tomašcová A and Lehotský J: Histone hyperacetylation as a response to global brain ischemia associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in rats. Int J Mol Sci. 19(3147)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Vacek JC, Behera J, George AK, Kamat PK, Kalani A and Tyagi N: Tetrahydrocurcumin ameliorates homocysteine-mediated mitochondrial remodeling in brain endothelial cells. J Cell Physiol. 233:3080–3092. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

50 

Gao X, Li J and Chen M: Effect of homocysteine on the differentiation of CD4+T Cells into Th17 cells. Dig Dis Sci. 63:3339–3347. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Lin X, Meng X and Song Z: Homocysteine and psoriasis. Biosci Rep. 39(BSR20190867)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

52 

Feng J, Zhang Z, Kong W, Liu B, Xu Q and Wang X: Regulatory T cells ameliorate hyperhomocysteinaemia-accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE-/-mice. Cardiovasc Res. 84:155–163. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

53 

Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Pons H and Johnson RJ: Role of the immune system in hypertension. Physiol Rev. 97:1127–1164. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Karolczak K, Kubalczyk P, Glowacki R, Pietruszynski R and Watala C: Aldosterone modulates blood homocysteine and cholesterol in coronary artery disease patients-a possible impact on atherothrombosis? Physiol Res. 67:197–207. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang Y, Wang L, Li X and Geng J: Preliminary analysis of immunoregulatory mechanism of hyperhomocysteinemia‑induced brain injury in Wistar‑Kyoto rats. Exp Ther Med 21: 483, 2021.
APA
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, X., & Geng, J. (2021). Preliminary analysis of immunoregulatory mechanism of hyperhomocysteinemia‑induced brain injury in Wistar‑Kyoto rats. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 483. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9914
MLA
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, X., Geng, J."Preliminary analysis of immunoregulatory mechanism of hyperhomocysteinemia‑induced brain injury in Wistar‑Kyoto rats". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.5 (2021): 483.
Chicago
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, X., Geng, J."Preliminary analysis of immunoregulatory mechanism of hyperhomocysteinemia‑induced brain injury in Wistar‑Kyoto rats". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 5 (2021): 483. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9914
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhang Y, Wang L, Li X and Geng J: Preliminary analysis of immunoregulatory mechanism of hyperhomocysteinemia‑induced brain injury in Wistar‑Kyoto rats. Exp Ther Med 21: 483, 2021.
APA
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, X., & Geng, J. (2021). Preliminary analysis of immunoregulatory mechanism of hyperhomocysteinemia‑induced brain injury in Wistar‑Kyoto rats. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21, 483. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9914
MLA
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, X., Geng, J."Preliminary analysis of immunoregulatory mechanism of hyperhomocysteinemia‑induced brain injury in Wistar‑Kyoto rats". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21.5 (2021): 483.
Chicago
Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, X., Geng, J."Preliminary analysis of immunoregulatory mechanism of hyperhomocysteinemia‑induced brain injury in Wistar‑Kyoto rats". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 21, no. 5 (2021): 483. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.9914
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team