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Article Open Access

Investigation of autophagy‑related genes and immune infiltration in calcific aortic valve disease: A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

  • Authors:
    • Tie Hu
    • Ying Jiang
    • Jue-Sheng Yang
    • Fa-Jia Hu
    • Yong Yuan
    • Ji-Chun Liu
    • Li-Jun Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Hu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 233
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    Published online on: March 26, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12521
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Abstract

The present study aimed to elucidate the role of autophagy‑related genes (ARGs) in calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) and their potential interactions with immune infiltration via experimental verification and bioinformatics analysis. A total of three microarray datasets (GSE12644, GSE51472 and GSE77287) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and gene set enrichment analysis was performed to identify the relationship between autophagy and CAVD. After differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed ARGs (DEARGs) were identified using CAVD samples and normal aortic valve samples, a functional analysis was performed, including Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses, protein‑protein interaction network construction, hub gene identification and validation, immune infiltration and drug prediction. The results of the present study indicated a significant relationship between autophagy and CAVD. A total of 46 DEARGs were identified. GO and pathway enrichment analyses revealed the complex roles of DEARGs in regulating CAVD, including multiple gene functions and pathways. A total of 10 hub genes were identified, with three (SPP1, CXCL12 and CXCR4) consistently upregulated in CAVD samples compared with normal aortic valve samples in multiple datasets and experimental validation. Immune infiltration analyses demonstrated significant differences in immune cell proportions between CAVD samples and normal aortic valve samples, thus showing the crucial role of immune infiltration in CAVD development. Furthermore, therapeutic drugs were predicted that could target the identified hub genes, including bisphenol A, resveratrol, progesterone and estradiol. In summary, the present study illuminated the crucial role of autophagy in CAVD development and identified key ARGs as potential therapeutic targets. In addition, the observed immune cell infiltration and predicted autophagy‑related drugs suggest promising avenues for future research and novel CAVD treatments.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Hu T, Jiang Y, Yang J, Hu F, Yuan Y, Liu J and Wang L: Investigation of autophagy‑related genes and immune infiltration in calcific aortic valve disease: A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Exp Ther Med 27: 233, 2024.
APA
Hu, T., Jiang, Y., Yang, J., Hu, F., Yuan, Y., Liu, J., & Wang, L. (2024). Investigation of autophagy‑related genes and immune infiltration in calcific aortic valve disease: A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 27, 233. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12521
MLA
Hu, T., Jiang, Y., Yang, J., Hu, F., Yuan, Y., Liu, J., Wang, L."Investigation of autophagy‑related genes and immune infiltration in calcific aortic valve disease: A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27.5 (2024): 233.
Chicago
Hu, T., Jiang, Y., Yang, J., Hu, F., Yuan, Y., Liu, J., Wang, L."Investigation of autophagy‑related genes and immune infiltration in calcific aortic valve disease: A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27, no. 5 (2024): 233. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12521
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Hu T, Jiang Y, Yang J, Hu F, Yuan Y, Liu J and Wang L: Investigation of autophagy‑related genes and immune infiltration in calcific aortic valve disease: A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Exp Ther Med 27: 233, 2024.
APA
Hu, T., Jiang, Y., Yang, J., Hu, F., Yuan, Y., Liu, J., & Wang, L. (2024). Investigation of autophagy‑related genes and immune infiltration in calcific aortic valve disease: A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 27, 233. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12521
MLA
Hu, T., Jiang, Y., Yang, J., Hu, F., Yuan, Y., Liu, J., Wang, L."Investigation of autophagy‑related genes and immune infiltration in calcific aortic valve disease: A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27.5 (2024): 233.
Chicago
Hu, T., Jiang, Y., Yang, J., Hu, F., Yuan, Y., Liu, J., Wang, L."Investigation of autophagy‑related genes and immune infiltration in calcific aortic valve disease: A bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 27, no. 5 (2024): 233. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12521
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