|
1
|
Armstrong MJ and Okun MS: Diagnosis and
treatment of Parkinson disease: A review. JAMA. 323:548–560.
2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
2
|
Jankovic J and Tan EK: Parkinson's
disease: Etiopathogenesis and treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry. 91:795–808. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
3
|
Gilhus NE: Myasthenia Gravis. N Engl J
Med. 375:2570–2581. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
4
|
Alshaikh JT and Mills K: Coincident
parkinsonism and myasthenia gravis: A case series. Parkinsonism
Relat Disord. 89:4–5. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
5
|
Ueno S, Takahashi M, Kajiyama K, Okahisa
N, Hazama T, Yorifuji S and Tarui S: Parkinson's disease and
myasthenia gravis: Adverse effect of trihexyphenidyl on
neuromuscular transmission. Neurology. 37:832–833. 1987.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
6
|
Kao KP, Kwan SY, Lin KP and Chang YC:
Coexistence of Parkinson's disease and myasthenia gravis: A case
report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 95:137–139. 1993.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
7
|
Iwasaki Y, Wakata N and Kinoshita M:
Parkinsonism induced by pyridostigmine. Acta Neurol Scand.
78(236)1988.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
8
|
Levin N, Karussis D and Abramsky O:
Parkinson's disease associated with myasthenia gravis. A report of
4 cases. J Neurol. 250:766–767. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
9
|
Odajiu I, Davidescu EI, Mitu C and Popescu
BO: Patients with Parkinson's disease and myasthenia Gravis-A
report of three new cases and review of the literature. Medicina
(Kaunas). 56(5)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
10
|
Uludag IF, Korucuk M, Sener U and Zorlu Y:
Myasthenia gravis as a cause of head drop in Parkinson disease.
Neurologist. 17:144–146. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
11
|
Lanfranconi S, Corti S, Baron P, Conti G,
Borellini L, Bresolin N and Bersano A: Anti-MuSK-Positive
myasthenia gravis in a patient with parkinsonism and cognitive
impairment. Neurol Res Int. 2011(859802)2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
12
|
Neuman LA and Cheema FZ: Two cases of
Parkinson disease and concurrent myasthenia gravis, generalized and
ocular. Neurohospitalist. 4:117–118. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
13
|
Tung-Chen Y, Bataller L, Sevilla T and
López-Aldeguer J: Co-occurrence of myasthenia gravis with
Parkinson's disease: A not to be missed diagnosis. Geriatr Gerontol
Int. 16:528–530. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
14
|
Tan EK, Chao YX, West A, Chan LL, Poewe W
and Jankovic J: Parkinson disease and the immune
system-associations, mechanisms and therapeutics. Nat Rev Neurol.
16:303–318. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
15
|
Gilhus NE and Verschuuren JJ: Myasthenia
gravis: Subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet
Neurol. 14:1023–1036. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
16
|
Yi JS, Guptill JT, Stathopoulos P, Nowak
RJ and O'Connor KC: B cells in the pathophysiology of myasthenia
gravis. Muscle Nerve. 57:172–184. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
17
|
Malaspina A, Puentes F and Amor S: Disease
origin and progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: An
immunology perspective. Int Immunol. 27:117–129. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
18
|
Sciacca G, Nicoletti A, Mostile G, Dibilio
V, Raciti L, Luca A, Reggio E and Zappia M: Is it just a
coincidence? Three new cases of Myasthenia Gravis associated with
Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 28:166–168.
2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
19
|
Fasano A, Evoli A, Piano C, Tonali PA and
Bentivoglio AR: Myasthenia gravis: An unrecognized cause of head
drop in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 14:164–165.
2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
20
|
Zis P, Argiriadou V, Temperikidis PP,
Zikou L, Tzartos SJ and Tavernarakis A: Parkinson's disease
associated with myasthenia gravis and rheumatoid arthritis. Neurol
Sci. 35:797–799. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
21
|
Tasić Z, Stefanović P and Apostoloski S:
An unusual association of myasthenia gravis and Parkinsonism in a
female patient with tuberculous lymphadenitis. Srp Arh Celok Lek.
119:103–106. 1991.PubMed/NCBI(In Serbian).
|
|
22
|
Unal-Cevik I and Temucin CM: Head drop in
an elder Parkinson's disease after development of myasthenia
gravis. Mov Disord. 24:2025–2026. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
23
|
Aiba Y, Iwakawa M, Sakakibara R, Tsuyusaki
Y, Tateno F, Kishi M, Tateno H and Ogata T: Myasthenia gravis
manifesting as head drop in an elderly adult with Parkinson's
disease. J Am Geriatr Soc. 64:e120–e122. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
24
|
Hogg EJ, Lewis RA, Bannykh S and Tagliati
M: Head drop in Parkinson's disease complicated by myasthenia
gravis and myopathy. J Neurol Sci. 376:216–218. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
25
|
Urban PP and Stammel O: Myasthenia gravis
should be considered in cases of Parkinson's disease and
progressive dysphagia. Nervenarzt. 89:443–445. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In German).
|
|
26
|
Marano M, Lanzone J, di Biase L, Pepe A,
Di Santo A and Di Lazzaro V: A rare cause of axial worsening in
Parkinson's disease: A case of myasthenic pseudo-parkinsonism. Clin
Neurol Neurosurg. 179:1–3. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
27
|
Ozer AB, Catak T, Ozdemir M and Kilinc M:
Anesthesia management in the coexistence of myasthenia gravis and
parkinsonism. J Clin Anesth. 34:350–351. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
28
|
Albassam MS, Thabet SA, Hmoud M and
Makkawi S: Anti-Muscle specific kinase (Anti-MuSK) positive
myasthenia gravis overlapping with Parkinson's disease: A
challenging diagnosis. Cureus. 13(e14839)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
29
|
Punga AR, Maddison P, Heckmann JM, Guptill
JT and Evoli A: Epidemiology, diagnostics, and biomarkers of
autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorders. Lancet Neurol.
21:176–188. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
30
|
Zhang Q, Xu E, Li HF, Chan P, Zhao Z and
Ma J: Parkinson's disease and comorbid myasthenia gravis: A case
report and literature review. Front Neurol.
14(1303434)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
31
|
Iori E, Mazzoli M, Ariatti A, Salviato T,
Rispoli V, Valzania F and Galassi G: Myasthenia Gravis crossing
Parkinson's disease: A 20 year study from single Italian center.
Int J Neurosci. 134:429–435. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
32
|
Somnier FE: Increasing incidence of
late-onset anti-AChR antibody-seropositive myasthenia gravis.
Neurology. 65:928–930. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
33
|
Drain JP, Virk SS, Jain N and Yu E:
Dropped head syndrome: A systematic review. Clin Spine Surg.
32:423–429. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
34
|
Berrih-Aknin S, Panse RL and Dragin N:
AIRE: A missing link to explain female susceptibility to autoimmune
diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1412:21–32. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
35
|
Peter I, Dubinsky M, Bressman S, Park A,
Lu C, Chen N and Wang A: Anti-Tumor necrosis factor therapy and
incidence of Parkinson disease among patients with inflammatory
bowel disease. JAMA Neurol. 75:939–946. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
36
|
Akhtar RS, Licata JP, Luk KC, Shaw LM,
Trojanowski JQ and Lee VM: Measurements of auto-antibodies to
α-synuclein in the serum and cerebral spinal fluids of patients
with Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem. 145:489–503. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
37
|
Bach JP and Falkenburger BH: What
autoantibodies tell us about the pathogenesis of Parkinson's
disease: An Editorial for ‘Measurements of auto-antibodies to
α-synuclein in the serum and cerebral spinal fluids of patients
with Parkinson's disease’ on page 489. J Neurochem. 145:433–435.
2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
38
|
Sulzer D, Alcalay RN, Garretti F, Cote L,
Kanter E, Agin-Liebes J, Liong C, McMurtrey C, Hildebrand WH, Mao
X, et al: T cells from patients with Parkinson's disease recognize
α-synuclein peptides. Nature. 546:656–661. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
39
|
Sabatino JJ Jr, Pröbstel AK and Zamvil SS:
B cells in autoimmune and neurodegenerative central nervous system
diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci. 20:728–745. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
40
|
Brochard V, Combadière B, Prigent A,
Laouar Y, Perrin A, Beray-Berthat V, Bonduelle O, Alvarez-Fischer
D, Callebert J, Launay JM, et al: Infiltration of CD4+ lymphocytes
into the brain contributes to neurodegeneration in a mouse model of
Parkinson disease. J Clin Invest. 119:182–192. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View
Article : Google Scholar
|
|
41
|
Orr CF, Rowe DB, Mizuno Y, Mori H and
Halliday GM: A possible role for humoral immunity in the
pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Brain. 128(Pt 11):2665–2674.
2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
42
|
Collins LM, Toulouse A, Connor TJ and
Nolan YM: Contributions of central and systemic inflammation to the
pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Neuropharmacology.
62:2154–2168. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
43
|
Kustrimovic N, Comi C, Magistrelli L,
Rasini E, Legnaro M, Bombelli R, Aleksic I, Blandini F, Minafra B,
Riboldazzi G, et al: Parkinson's disease patients have a complex
phenotypic and functional Th1 bias: Cross-sectional studies of CD4+
Th1/Th2/T17 and Treg in drug-naïve and drug-treated patients. J
Neuroinflammation. 15(205)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
44
|
Kara SP, Altunan B and Unal A:
Investigation of the peripheral inflammation (neutrophil-lymphocyte
ratio) in two neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous
system. Neurol Sci. 43:1799–1807. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
45
|
Huda R: Inflammation and autoimmune
myasthenia gravis. Front Immunol. 14(1110499)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
46
|
Wang Q, Luo Y, Ray Chaudhuri K, Reynolds
R, Tan EK and Pettersson S: The role of gut dysbiosis in
Parkinson's disease: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic options.
Brain. 144:2571–2593. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
47
|
Kapoor B, Gulati M, Gupta R and Singla RK:
Microbiota dysbiosis and myasthenia gravis: Do all roads lead to
Rome? Autoimmun Rev. 22(103313)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
|
48
|
Chen P and Tang X: Gut Microbiota as
Regulators of Th17/Treg balance in patients with myasthenia gravis.
Front Immunol. 12(803101)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar
|
