Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
August-2024 Volume 28 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2024 Volume 28 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Case Report Open Access

Squamous papilloma involving the mandible: A case report and descriptive literature review

  • Authors:
    • Xin Zheng
    • Lianlian Liu
    • Congyuan Cao
    • Shuojin Huang
    • Dongxiao Tang
    • Shuai Li
    • Qianting He
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Stomatology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zheng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 301
    |
    Published online on: May 28, 2024
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12590
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Squamous papilloma is a benign neoplasm that originates from the stratified squamous epithelium of the mucous membrane. Its principal etiological factor is human papillomavirus infection, with a predilection for manifesting within the oral cavity. Squamous papilloma predominantly affects regions on the palate, cheeks, lips and tongue. However, to the best of our knowledge, the occurrence of squamous papilloma within the confines of the mandible remains unreported hitherto. The present report documents a case of squamous papilloma involving the mandible who was managed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑sen University (Guangzhou, China) in January 2023. The patient underwent a series of recurrent jaw inflammations, manifesting with malignant imaging characteristics. Subsequent pathological analysis confirmed a diagnosis of papilloma in the jaw. The present report highlights the pivotal role of prolonged inflammation in the genesis of jaw squamous papilloma, prompting avenues for further investigation, including the potential of inflammation to induce aberrant cell growth, mediate cell interactions, orchestrate cytokine actions and influence stress mediators. In addition, the current study posits a plausible connection between persistent inflammation, compromised epithelial integrity and an increased likelihood of head and neck papilloma, particularly concerning human papillomavirus infection. This article delineates the clinical attributes of the uncommon manifestations of jaw papilloma and delves into the associated mechanisms, thereby contributing to an enhanced comprehension of jaw disorders. This comprehensive insight equips clinicians with a heightened knowledge base for more precise diagnosis and treatment of analogous cases.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Jaju PP, Suvarna PV and Desai RS: Squamous papilloma: Case report and review of literature. Int J Oral Sci. 2:222–225. 2010.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Frigerio M, Martinelli-Kläy CP and Lombardi T: Clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical study of oral squamous papillomas. Acta Odontol Scand. 73:508–515. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Longworth MS and Laimins LA: Pathogenesis of human papillomaviruses in differentiating epithelia. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 68:362–372. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Carrasco MFL, Alvarado JMP, Rodríguez VPR, Ramos VRV and Reinoso Carrasco JDC: Squamous papilloma in the oral cavity: Case presentation and review of the literature. JDHODT. 9:2018.

5 

Darwish G: Squamous papilloma of the soft palate: A case report. Cureus. 11(e37423)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Hui-Ying H, Zhen-Kun Y, Shuang-Ba H, Qing-Xiang Z, Shan-Chun G and Hai-Dong Z: Distribution of HPV infection in laryngopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and laryngeal papilloma, 2017.

7 

Yadav S: Management of oral squamous papilloma using annona squamosa (Custard Apple) leaves: A novel case. Cureus. 15(e34806)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Sivaramakrishnan M, Aroumougam A, Kumar KS and Premlal KR: Oral Squamous Papilloma. J Scientific Dentistry. 7:46–49. 2017.

9 

Sabatini ME and Chiocca S: Human papillomavirus as a driver of head and neck cancers. Br J Cancer. 122:306–314. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Oliveira AC, Cavalcanti de Lima IC, Frez Marques VM, Alves de Araújo WH and de Campos Ferreira C: Human papillomavirus prevalence in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in South America: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncol Rev. 16(552)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Aladham Y, Ahmed O and Laycock J: Squamous cell papilloma of the oesophagus: A human papilloma virus lesion. Cureus. 13(e19903)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Jideh B, Weltman M, Wu Y and Chan CH: Esophageal squamous papilloma lacks clear clinicopathological associations. World J Clin Cases. 5(134)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Molodtsova V, Ryabova M, Dvorakovskaya I, Vasilyeva M and Akopov A: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis with lung involvement. Respir Med Case Rep. 25:323–326. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Hirai R, Makiyama K, Higuti Y, Ikeda A, Miura M, Hasegawa H, Kinukawa N and Ikeda M: Pharyngeal squamous cell papilloma in adult Japanese: Comparison with laryngeal papilloma in clinical manifestations and HPV infection. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 269:2271–2276. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Vidor EV, José Pavan AJ and Da Silva MJ: Squamous papilloma: Treatment in dentistry. J Surg Clin Dentistry. 7:16–19. 2015.

16 

Reichart PA and Philipsen HP: Revision of the 1992 edition of the WHO histological typing of odontogenic tumors. A suggestion. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir. 7:88–93. 2003.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar : (In German).

17 

Nicolielo LFP, Van Dessel J, Jacobs R, Quirino Silveira Soares M and Collaert B: Relationship between trabecular bone architecture and early dental implant failure in the posterior region of the mandible. Clinical Oral Implants Res. 31:153–161. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Trinchieri-2012-Cancer and inflammation an old intuition with Rap.pdf.

19 

Alnek K, Kisand K, Heilman K, Peet A, Varik K and Uibo R: Increased blood levels of growth factors, proinflammatory cytokines, and th17 cytokines in patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. PLoS One. 10(e0142976)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Krenytska D, Strubchevska K, Kozyk M, Vovk T, Halenova T, Kot L, Raksha N, Savchuk O, Falalyeyeva T, Tsyryuk O and Ostapchenko L: Circulating levels of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenesis-related growth factors in patients with osteoarthritis after COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne). 10(1168487)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Yoneda T, Sasaki A and Mundy GR: Osteolytic bone metastasis in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 32:73–84. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Buenrostro D, Mulcrone PL, Owens P and Sterling JA: The bone microenvironment: A fertile soil for tumor growth. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 14:151–158. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Baylink DJ, Finkelman RD and Mohan S: Journal of bone and mineral research. J Bone Miner Res. 8 (Suppl):S565–S572. 1993.

24 

Lv Z, Wu X, Cao W, Shen Z, Wang L, Xie F, Zhang J, Ji T, Yan M and Chen W: Parathyroid hormone-related protein serves as a prognostic indicator in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 33(100)2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Mackenzie SL, Gillespie MT, Scurry JP, Planner RS, Martin TJ and Danks JA: Parathyroid hormone-related protein and human papillomavirus in gynecological tumors. Int J Cancer. 56:324–330. 1994.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Batlle E and Massagué J: Transforming Growth Factor-β signaling in immunity and cancer. Immunity. 50:924–940. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Smith SS, Chu D, Qu T, Aggleton JA and Schneider RA: Species-specific sensitivity to TGFβ signaling and changes to the Mmp13 promoter underlie avian jaw development and evolution. Elife. 11(e66005)2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Stuelten CH and Zhang YE: Transforming growth Factor-β: An agent of change in the tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9(764727)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Jiao K, Zhang M, Niu L, Yu S, Zhen G, Xian L, Yu B, Yang K, Liu P, Cao X and Wang M: Overexpressed TGF-β in subchondral bone leads to mandibular condyle degradation. J Dent Res. 93:140–147. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Pierroz DD, Bonnet N, Bianchi EN, Bouxsein ML, Baldock PA, Rizzoli R and Ferrari SL: Deletion of β-adrenergic receptor 1, 2, or both leads to different bone phenotypes and response to mechanical stimulation. J Bone Miner Res. 27:1252–1262. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Liang H, Zeng Y, Feng Y, Wu H, Gong P and Yao Q: Selective β2-adrenoreceptor signaling regulates osteoclastogenesis via modulating RANKL production and neuropeptides expression in osteocytic MLO-Y4 cells. J Cell Biochem. 120:7238–7247. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Godoy LD, Rossignoli MT, Delfino-Pereira P, Garcia-Cairasco N and De Lima Umeoka EH: A comprehensive overview on stress neurobiology: Basic concepts and clinical implications. Front Behav Neurosci. 12(127)2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

von Zeidler SV, Miracca EC, Nagai MA and Birman EG: Hypermethylation of the pl6 gene in normal oral mucosa of smokers. Int J Mol Med. 14:807–811. 2004.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Powell SF, Vu L, Spanos WC and Pyeon D: The key differences between human Papillomavirus-Positive and -Negative head and neck cancers: Biological and clinical implications. Cancers. 13(5206)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Augustin JG, Lepine C, Morini A, Veyer D, Brochard C, Mirghani H, Péré H and Badoual C: HPV detection in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: What is the issue? Front Oncol. 10(1751)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Islam MdS, Chakraborty B and Panda CK: Human papilloma virus (HPV) profiles in breast cancer: Future management. Ann Transl Med. 8:650. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Castro TPPG and Filho IB: Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral cavity and oropharynx. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 72:272–281. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Bradley KT, Budnick SD and Logani S: Immunohistochemical detection of p16INK4a in dysplastic lesions of the oral cavity. Modern Pathology. 19:1310–1316. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Gologan O, Barnes EL and Hunt JL: Potential diagnostic use of p16INK4A, a new marker that correlates with dysplasia in oral squamoproliferative lesions. Am J Surg Pathol. 29:792–796. 2005.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Lee SH: Intestinal permeability regulation by tight junction: Implication on inflammatory bowel diseases. Intest Res. 13(11)2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

41 

Koch S and Nusrat A: The life and death of epithelia during inflammation: Lessons learned from the gut. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis. 7:35–60. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Gersing AS, Pfeiffer D, Kopp FK, Schwaiger BJ, Knebel C, Haller B, Noël PB, Settles M, Rummeny EJ and Woertler K: Evaluation of MR-derived CT-like images and simulated radiographs compared to conventional radiography in patients with benign and malignant bone tumors. Eur Radiol. 29:13–21. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Onal T, Afacan GO, Akansel G, Arslan AS, Anik Y, Inan N, Muezzinoglu B and Corapcioglu F: The performance of radiographic criteria for bone malignancy when applied to computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. J Med Imaging Radiat Sci. 49:84–89. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

44 

Miller TT: Bone tumors and tumorlike conditions: Analysis with conventional radiography. Radiology. 246:662–674. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zheng X, Liu L, Cao C, Huang S, Tang D, Li S and He Q: Squamous papilloma involving the mandible: A case report and descriptive literature review. Exp Ther Med 28: 301, 2024.
APA
Zheng, X., Liu, L., Cao, C., Huang, S., Tang, D., Li, S., & He, Q. (2024). Squamous papilloma involving the mandible: A case report and descriptive literature review. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 28, 301. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12590
MLA
Zheng, X., Liu, L., Cao, C., Huang, S., Tang, D., Li, S., He, Q."Squamous papilloma involving the mandible: A case report and descriptive literature review". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28.2 (2024): 301.
Chicago
Zheng, X., Liu, L., Cao, C., Huang, S., Tang, D., Li, S., He, Q."Squamous papilloma involving the mandible: A case report and descriptive literature review". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28, no. 2 (2024): 301. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12590
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zheng X, Liu L, Cao C, Huang S, Tang D, Li S and He Q: Squamous papilloma involving the mandible: A case report and descriptive literature review. Exp Ther Med 28: 301, 2024.
APA
Zheng, X., Liu, L., Cao, C., Huang, S., Tang, D., Li, S., & He, Q. (2024). Squamous papilloma involving the mandible: A case report and descriptive literature review. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 28, 301. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12590
MLA
Zheng, X., Liu, L., Cao, C., Huang, S., Tang, D., Li, S., He, Q."Squamous papilloma involving the mandible: A case report and descriptive literature review". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28.2 (2024): 301.
Chicago
Zheng, X., Liu, L., Cao, C., Huang, S., Tang, D., Li, S., He, Q."Squamous papilloma involving the mandible: A case report and descriptive literature review". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 28, no. 2 (2024): 301. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2024.12590
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team