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Article Open Access

Effects of food and gastrointestinal secretions on intestinal integrity in an experimental rat model

  • Authors:
    • Omer Cennet
    • Akbar Hajiyev
    • Burcin Şener
    • Filiz Akbiyik
    • Cenk Sökmensüer
    • Osman Abbasoglu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06230, Turkey
    Copyright: © Cennet et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 40
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    Published online on: December 1, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13035
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Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects of food and biliopancreatic secretions on intestinal morphology, tight junction (TJ) protein expression and microbial composition in a rat model. A total of 30 male Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly allocated into three groups: Control, biliopancreatic diversion and jejunal bypass. Jejunal segments were surgically manipulated to selectively exclude biliopancreatic secretions, food or both. Corresponding control segments were also collected. Intestinal samples were analysed for villus height/crypt depth ratios and intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) counts using H&E staining, as well as TJ protein expression (occludin, claudin‑1, zonula occludens‑3) measured using immunohistochemistry. In addition, portal venous blood samples were obtained to assess serum lipopolysaccharide and citrulline levels using ELISA. Furthermore, quantitative bacterial cultures were performed on jejunal tissues. The villus height/crypt depth ratio was significantly reduced in segments deprived of both bile and food (P=0.007), and IEL counts were significantly elevated in food‑ and bile‑deficient segments (P<0.001). Moreover, claudin‑1 expression was significantly lower in food‑deficient segments (surgically created intestinal segment that is bypassed from luminal nutrient flow)(BPS1 and JPS2) (P=0.035), whereas occludin expression was increased in the presence of food (P=0.016). In conclusion both food and biliopancreatic secretions are essential in maintaining intestinal epithelial morphology and TJ integrity. Food deprivation induced more pronounced changes in intestinal integrity than the absence of biliopancreatic secretions. The present findings highlight the synergistic role of luminal nutrition and digestive secretions in preserving gut barrier function.
View Figures

Figure 1

Schematic illustration of TJs in
intestinal epithelial cells. TJs are depicted at the apical region
between adjacent epithelial cells, forming a seal that regulates
paracellular permeability. TJ, tight junctions; ZO, zonula
occludens; JAM, junctional adhesion molecule

Figure 2

Overview of the experimental surgical
design. Schematic illustration of surgical procedure and sampling
for (A) control, (B) BP and (C) JP groups. BP, biliopancreatic
diversion; JP, jejunal bypass; lig, ligation; S, segment.

Figure 3

Macroscopic and procedural images of
the experimental model. (A) completed jejunojejunostomy
anastomosis, (B) blood sampling from the portal vein (arrow), (C)
healed anastomosis before tissue collection, and (D) markedly
atrophied bypassed segment.

Figure 4

Representative microscopic images of
villus/crypt ratios in different intestinal segments. S1 segments:
(A) Normal mucosa (villus/crypt ratio ~5:1). (B) Atrophic mucosa
(moderate atrophy; villus/crypt ratio ~3-4:1). (C) Advanced
atrophic mucosa (severe atrophy; villus/crypt ratio ~2:1). (D)
Villus height/crypt depth ratios across the experimental groups.
The most pronounced atrophy was observed in the JPS2 segment, which
lacked both food and bile (P=0.007). S2 segments: (E) Normal mucosa
(villus/crypt ratio ~5:1). (F) Atrophic mucosa (moderate atrophy;
villus/crypt ratio ~3-4:1). (G) Advanced atrophic mucosa (severe
atrophy; villus/crypt ratio ~2:1).

Figure 5

Representative microscopic images and
quantification of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) in the
compared intestinal segments. (A) Control S1 segment (normal
passage of both food and biliopancreatic secretions). (B) BPS1
segment (passage of biliopancreatic secretions only). (C)
Quantification of IEL counts among the four segments. (D) BPS2
segment (passage of food only). (E) JPS2 segment (no passage of
either food or biliopancreatic secretions). A significant increase
in IEL counts was observed compared with Control S1
(*P<0.001).

Figure 6

Representative immunohistochemical
staining patterns of tight junction proteins in different
intestinal segments. Occludin staining: (A) Weak occludin
expression. (B) Moderate occludin expression. (C) Strong occludin
expression in the BPS2 segment. (D-F) ZO-1 staining: (D) Weak ZO-1
expression in the JPS2 segment. (E) Moderate ZO-1 expression in the
BPS1 segment. (F) Strong ZO-1 expression in the BPS2 segment.
Claudin-1 staining patterns in villus epithelium: (G) Claudin-1
expression extending to more than one-third of villus height. (H)
Claudin-1 expression limited to the lower one-third of villus
height. These representative images demonstrate the
segment-dependent variation in tight junction protein expression
associated with the presence or absence of luminal food and
biliopancreatic secretions. BP, biliopancreatic diversion; JP,
jejunal bypass; S, segment; ZO, zonula occludens.

Figure 7

Expression of tight junction proteins
in intestinal segments following surgical intervention. (A)
Quantitative graph showing claudin-1 expression patterns, with a
significant reduction in the JPS2 segment compared with the Control
S1 segment (*P=0.035). (B) Quantitative graph showing
occludin staining intensity across groups. A statistically
significant difference was observed (**P=0.016). BP,
biliopancreatic diversion; JP, jejunal bypass; S, segment.

Figure 8

Graphic representation of bacterial
jejunal aerobic population. *P=0.043. CFU,
colony-forming unit; BP, biliopancreatic diversion; JP, jejunal
bypass; S, segment.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Cennet O, Hajiyev A, Şener B, Akbiyik F, Sökmensüer C and Abbasoglu O: Effects of food and gastrointestinal secretions on intestinal integrity in an experimental rat model. Exp Ther Med 31: 40, 2026.
APA
Cennet, O., Hajiyev, A., Şener, B., Akbiyik, F., Sökmensüer, C., & Abbasoglu, O. (2026). Effects of food and gastrointestinal secretions on intestinal integrity in an experimental rat model. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13035
MLA
Cennet, O., Hajiyev, A., Şener, B., Akbiyik, F., Sökmensüer, C., Abbasoglu, O."Effects of food and gastrointestinal secretions on intestinal integrity in an experimental rat model". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.2 (2026): 40.
Chicago
Cennet, O., Hajiyev, A., Şener, B., Akbiyik, F., Sökmensüer, C., Abbasoglu, O."Effects of food and gastrointestinal secretions on intestinal integrity in an experimental rat model". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 2 (2026): 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13035
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Cennet O, Hajiyev A, Şener B, Akbiyik F, Sökmensüer C and Abbasoglu O: Effects of food and gastrointestinal secretions on intestinal integrity in an experimental rat model. Exp Ther Med 31: 40, 2026.
APA
Cennet, O., Hajiyev, A., Şener, B., Akbiyik, F., Sökmensüer, C., & Abbasoglu, O. (2026). Effects of food and gastrointestinal secretions on intestinal integrity in an experimental rat model. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13035
MLA
Cennet, O., Hajiyev, A., Şener, B., Akbiyik, F., Sökmensüer, C., Abbasoglu, O."Effects of food and gastrointestinal secretions on intestinal integrity in an experimental rat model". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.2 (2026): 40.
Chicago
Cennet, O., Hajiyev, A., Şener, B., Akbiyik, F., Sökmensüer, C., Abbasoglu, O."Effects of food and gastrointestinal secretions on intestinal integrity in an experimental rat model". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 2 (2026): 40. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13035
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