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N‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate‑stimulated A549 cells through NF‑κB and MAPK inactivation

  • Authors:
    • Seok Han Yun
    • Chang Hyeon Jeon
    • Soo-Jin Park
    • Hee Jae Lee
    • Ok-Kyoung Kwon
    • Jae-Won Lee
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Natural Product Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk 28116, Republic of Korea, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Yun et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 58
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    Published online on: December 22, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13053
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Abstract

Inflammation is a protective response of the body, but excessive inflammation can exacerbate conditions such as acute lung injury and asthma. N‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin (CS) is known to have anti‑inflammatory effects. The present study aimed to explore the anti‑inflammatory effects of CS on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced inflammatory responses in macrophages and lung epithelial cells. Cellular inflammatory responses and associated signaling pathways were analyzed using ELISA, Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Initial increase in cytokine (including IL‑6 and TNF‑α) and chemokine [including monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 (MCP‑1)] levels, nitric oxide formation and inducible NO synthase expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, was reduced by CS pretreatment. In addition, CS blocked LPS‑induced MAPK/NF‑κB activation in RAW264.7 cells. CS led to heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1) upregulation in RAW264.7 cells. In PMA‑stimulated A549 lung epithelial cells, the increase in IL‑6, TNF‑α and MCP‑1 expression was also attenuated by CS. This was accompanied by decreased MAPK/NF‑κB activation. Furthermore, CS elevated the expression of HO‑1 in A549 cells. Collectively, the present study confirmed that CS exhibited anti‑inflammatory effects in both macrophages and lung epithelial cell lines, suggesting that CS may alleviate systemic or lung inflammation.
View Figures

Figure 1

CS pretreatment decreases
LPS-stimulated cytokine and chemokine generation in RAW264.7 cells.
(A) Cell viability was analyzed using an MTT assay. RAW264.7 cells
were incubated with CS for 1 h and maintained with 200 ng/ml LPS
for 18 h. The levels of (B) IL-6, (C) TNF-α and (D) MCP-1 in the
cell culture supernatant were detected using ELISA kits.
#P<0.05 vs. con. *P<0.05 vs. 200 ng/ml
LPS-only condition. CS, N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin; LPS,
lipopolysaccharide; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Con,
control.

Figure 2

CS pretreatment decreases
LPS-stimulated NO formation and iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells.
(A) NO levels in cell culture supernatant were detected using NO
assays. RAW264.7 cells were incubated with CS for 1 h and
maintained with 200 ng/ml LPS for 18 h. (B) Levels of iNOS in the
cell lysates were detected using western blotting.
#P<0.05 vs. con. *P<0.05 vs. 200 ng/ml
LPS-only condition. CS, N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin; LPS,
lipopolysaccharide; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; Con,
control.

Figure 3

CS pretreatment decreases
LPS-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in
RAW264.7 cells. (A) Levels of p-p38, p-ERK and p-JNK in the cell
lysates were detected using western blotting. (B) Protein
semi-quantitative analysis of p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK and p-JNK/JNK.
#P<0.05 vs. con. *P<0.05 vs. 200 ng/ml
LPS-only condition. CS, N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin; LPS,
lipopolysaccharide; p-, phosphorylated; Con, control.

Figure 4

CS pretreatment decreases
LPS-stimulated NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 cells. (A) Levels of
p-NF-κB p65 and p-IκBα in the cell lysates were detected using
western blotting. (B) Semi-quantitative analysis of p-p65/p65 and
p-IκB/IκB. (C) Nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 was detected
using immunocytochemistry. Scale bar, 20 µm. #P<0.05
vs. con. *P<0.05 vs. 200 ng/ml LPS-only condition.
CS, N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; p-,
phosphorylated; Con, control.

Figure 5

CS upregulates HO-1 expression in
RAW264.7 cells. (A) Levels of HO-1 in the cell lysate were detected
using western blotting. (B) Protein semi-quantitative analysis of
HO-1/β-actin. †P<0.05 vs. con. CS,
N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; Con,
control.

Figure 6

CS pretreatment decreases
PMA-stimulated cytokine and chemokine secretion in A549 cells. The
levels of (A) IL-6, (B) TNF-α and (C) MCP-1 in cell culture
supernatant were detected using ELISA kits. The A549 cells were
incubated with various concentrations of CS for 24 h. (D) Cell
viability was analyzed using an MTT assay. #P<0.05
vs. con. *P<0.05 vs. 50 nM PMA only condition. CS,
N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate
13-acetate; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; Con,
control.

Figure 7

CS pretreatment decreases PMA-induced
mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in A549 cells. (A)
Levels of p-p38, p-ERK and p-JNK in cell lysate were detected using
western blotting. (B) Protein semi-quantitative analysis of
p-p38/p38, p-ERK/ERK and p-JNK/JNK. #P<0.05 vs. con.
*P<0.05 vs. 50 nM PMA only condition. CS,
N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate
13-acetate; p-, phosphorylated; Con, control; p-,
phosphorylated.

Figure 8

CS pretreatment decreases PMA-induced
NF-κB activation in A549 cells. (A) Levels of p-NF-κB p65 and
p-IκBα in the cell lysates were detected using western blotting.
(B) Protein semi-quantitative analysis of p-p65/p65 and p-IκB/IκB
was performed using ImageJ software. #P<0.05 vs. con.
*P<0.05 vs. 50 nM PMA only condition. CS,
N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin; PMA, phorbol 12-myristate
13-acetate; p-, phosphorylated.

Figure 9

CS upregulates HO-1 expression in
A549 cells. (A) Levels of HO-1 in the cell lysate were detected
using western blotting. (B) Protein semi-quantitative analysis of
HO-1/β-actin. †P<0.05 vs. con. CS,
N-(p-Coumaroyl) serotonin; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; Con,
control.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yun SH, Jeon CH, Park S, Lee HJ, Kwon O and Lee J: <em>N</em>‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate‑stimulated A549 cells through NF‑&kappa;B and MAPK inactivation. Exp Ther Med 31: 58, 2026.
APA
Yun, S.H., Jeon, C.H., Park, S., Lee, H.J., Kwon, O., & Lee, J. (2026). <em>N</em>‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate‑stimulated A549 cells through NF‑&kappa;B and MAPK inactivation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13053
MLA
Yun, S. H., Jeon, C. H., Park, S., Lee, H. J., Kwon, O., Lee, J."<em>N</em>‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate‑stimulated A549 cells through NF‑&kappa;B and MAPK inactivation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.2 (2026): 58.
Chicago
Yun, S. H., Jeon, C. H., Park, S., Lee, H. J., Kwon, O., Lee, J."<em>N</em>‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate‑stimulated A549 cells through NF‑&kappa;B and MAPK inactivation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 2 (2026): 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13053
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yun SH, Jeon CH, Park S, Lee HJ, Kwon O and Lee J: <em>N</em>‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate‑stimulated A549 cells through NF‑&kappa;B and MAPK inactivation. Exp Ther Med 31: 58, 2026.
APA
Yun, S.H., Jeon, C.H., Park, S., Lee, H.J., Kwon, O., & Lee, J. (2026). <em>N</em>‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate‑stimulated A549 cells through NF‑&kappa;B and MAPK inactivation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 31, 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13053
MLA
Yun, S. H., Jeon, C. H., Park, S., Lee, H. J., Kwon, O., Lee, J."<em>N</em>‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate‑stimulated A549 cells through NF‑&kappa;B and MAPK inactivation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31.2 (2026): 58.
Chicago
Yun, S. H., Jeon, C. H., Park, S., Lee, H. J., Kwon, O., Lee, J."<em>N</em>‑(p‑Coumaroyl) serotonin mitigates inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW264.7 cells and phorbol 12‑myristate 13‑acetate‑stimulated A549 cells through NF‑&kappa;B and MAPK inactivation". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 31, no. 2 (2026): 58. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2025.13053
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