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Article Open Access

Generation and evaluation of multimers of anti C‑reactive protein Nb and alkaline phosphatase based on three self‑assembly peptides

  • Authors:
    • Honghe Li
    • Chenchen Zhou
    • Xiaomei Zhang
    • Ning Ding
    • Qiong Wu
    • Junming Li
    • Yang Zheng
    • Xuejun Hu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical College, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, P.R. China, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 284
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    Published online on: August 28, 2026
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13279
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Abstract

Nanobodies (Nbs) have been extensively utilized in medical diagnosis and therapies due to their advantages, such as ease of genetic manipulation and efficient soluble expression in prokaryotic systems. However, enhancing their binding affinity to antigens to match or even exceed that of polyclonal antibodies for high‑sensitivity bioassays remains a challenge. Therefore, in the present study, a novel strategy to enhance the binding affinity of antibodies to antigens was developed by fusing an anti‑C‑reactive protein Nb (CRPNb) to the N‑terminus of self‑assembling peptides such as right‑handed coiled coil [RHCC; derived from a right‑handed coiled‑coil peptide of an archaebacterium (Staphylothermus marinus)], verotoxin (VTB; the B‑subunit of Escherichia coli verotoxin) and C4‑binding protein (C4bp; derived from human plasma C4‑binding protein α‑chain). For functional detection, alkaline phosphatase (AP) was further fused to the C‑terminus of RHCC, VTB and C4bp, respectively. This approach enabled the formation of CRPNb‑RHCC‑AP tetramers, CRPNb‑VTB‑AP pentamers and CRPNb‑C4bp‑AP heptamers. These were then expressed as soluble cytoplasmic proteins in the E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) and purified by imidazole elution. The protein expression was assessed by western blotting. Additionally, the stability of the multimeric constructs was evaluated using a direct ELISA, whilst their sensitivity was assessed using a competitive ELISA. The CRPNb‑VTB‑AP pentamers and CRPNb‑RHCC‑AP tetramers demonstrated antigen‑specific recognition and enhanced affinity compared with the CRP‑AP monomer based on a direct ELISA. Furthermore, they exhibited good thermal stability based on a direct ELISA. At 80˚C, CRPNb‑VTB‑AP, CRPNb‑AP and CRPNb‑RHCC‑AP retained ~85, 75 and 60% activity, while CRPNb‑H only retained ~40%. After incubation at 80˚C for 55 min, the two multimers still maintained ~40% activity. The results suggested them to be suitable for storage and transportation at ambient temperatures. In conclusion, a novel nanobody‑fusion protein platform was established in the present study. The fusion proteins functioned as high‑affinity binders for target antigens and heat‑stable signal tracers for immunoassay detection and quantitative analysis, providing a novel type of thermostable immunoreagent.
View Figures

Figure 1

(A) Primary structure of the CRPNb
and CRPNb-AP nanobodies. (B) Primary structure of the recombinant
multimers (top, CRPNb-RHCC-AP; middle, CRPNb-VTB-AP; bottom,
CRPNb-C4bp-AP). CRPNb, C-reactive protein nanobody; AP, alkaline
phosphatase; RHCC, right-handed coiled coil; VTB, verotoxin; C4bp,
C4-binding protein; N, N-terminus; C, C-terminus; L, linker; L1,
APKADNKGGGGS; L2, APKADNKEFGGGGS; His, polyhistidine purification
tag.

Figure 2

(A) Western blot analysis was
conducted to examine the fusion proteins of CRPNb, CRPNb-AP,
CRPNb-RHCC-AP, CRPNb-VTB-AP and CRPNb-C4bp-AP using purified
CRPNb-VTB-AP as a molecular weight standard for reference. (B)
Relative expression levels of CRPNb-AP, CRPNb-RHCC-AP, CRPNb-VTB-AP
and CRPNb-C4bp-AP. Proteins were quantified using purified
CRPNb-VTB-AP [lane P in (A)] as a control. The concentration of the
control protein CRPNb-VTB-AP was 240 µg/ml, as determined by a BCA
assay. Image Lab software was used for the intensity analysis.
CRPNb, C-reactive protein nanobody; AP, alkaline phosphatase; RHCC,
right-handed coiled coil; VTB, verotoxin; C4bp, C4-binding protein;
S, soluble; IS, insoluble; P, positive control.

Figure 3

Direct ELISA used to measure the
activity of the monomeric and multimeric Nbs. Error bars indicate
the standard deviation of three replicates of the experiment. OD,
optical density; CRPNb, C-reactive protein nanobody; AP, alkaline
phosphatase; RHCC, right-handed coiled coil; VTB, verotoxin; C4bp,
C4-binding protein; H, histidine.

Figure 4

AP activity of the monomeric and
multimerized antibodies as measured using a calorimetric assay with
p-nitrophenyl phosphate. Error bars indicate the standard deviation
of three replicates of the experiment. OD, optical density; CRPNb,
C-reactive protein nanobody; AP, alkaline phosphatase; RHCC,
right-handed coiled coil; VTB, verotoxin; C4bp, C4-binding
protein.

Figure 5

(A) Each of the five fusion proteins
was incubated for 5 min at various temperatures, before the
temperature stability of different Nbs was compared. The binding
value obtained after treatment at room temperature (25˚C) was used
as the 100% binding control. % RT binding refers to the binding
value relative to that at room temperature (25˚C). (B) Each of the
five fusion proteins was incubated for the indicated durations at
80˚C, before the temperature stability of different Nbs was
compared. The binding value at 0 min after treatment at 80˚C was
used as the 100% binding control. % RT binding refers to the
binding value relative to that at 0 min after treatment at 80˚C.
Error bars indicate the standard deviation of three replicates of
the experiment. Nb, nanobodies; CRPNb, C-reactive protein nanobody;
AP, alkaline phosphatase; RHCC, right-handed coiled coil; VTB,
verotoxin; C4bp, C4-binding protein; H, histidine; RT, room
temperature.

Figure 6

Comparison of nanobody-antigen
activity of fusion proteins under different pH conditions. The
binding signal of the antibody at pH 7.4 (physiological pH) was set
as 100%, and % RT binding refers to the ratio of the binding signal
under other pH conditions to that at pH 7.4. Error bars indicate
the standard deviation of three replicates of the experiment.
CRPNb, C-reactive protein nanobody; AP, alkaline phosphatase; RHCC,
right-handed coiled coil; VTB, verotoxin; C4bp, C4-binding protein;
H, histidine; RT, room temperature.

Figure 7

Comparison of Nb-antigen activity of
fusion proteins under different PBS concentrations. Error bars
indicate the standard deviation of three replicates of the
experiment. CRPNb, C-reactive protein nanobody; AP, alkaline
phosphatase; RHCC, right-handed coiled coil; VTB, verotoxin; C4bp,
C4-binding protein; OD, optical density.

Figure 8

Comparative analysis of the
sensitivity of monomer and fusion proteins by competitive ELISA.
Error bars indicate the standard deviation of three replicates of
the experiment. The y-axis represents B/B0, which is the
ratio of the bound signal intensity at a given CRP concentration
(B) to the maximum bound signal intensity in the absence of
competing free CRP (B0, normalized to 1.0). Nb,
nanobody; CRP, C-reactive protein; CRPNb, CRP nanobody; AP,
alkaline phosphatase; RHCC, right-handed coiled coil; VTB,
verotoxin; C4bp, C4-binding protein.
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Li H, Zhou C, Zhang X, Ding N, Wu Q, Li J, Zheng Y and Hu X: Generation and evaluation of multimers of anti C‑reactive protein Nb and alkaline phosphatase based on three self‑assembly peptides. Exp Ther Med 32: 284, 2026.
APA
Li, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Ding, N., Wu, Q., Li, J. ... Hu, X. (2026). Generation and evaluation of multimers of anti C‑reactive protein Nb and alkaline phosphatase based on three self‑assembly peptides. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 284. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13279
MLA
Li, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Ding, N., Wu, Q., Li, J., Zheng, Y., Hu, X."Generation and evaluation of multimers of anti C‑reactive protein Nb and alkaline phosphatase based on three self‑assembly peptides". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.4 (2026): 284.
Chicago
Li, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Ding, N., Wu, Q., Li, J., Zheng, Y., Hu, X."Generation and evaluation of multimers of anti C‑reactive protein Nb and alkaline phosphatase based on three self‑assembly peptides". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 4 (2026): 284. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13279
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li H, Zhou C, Zhang X, Ding N, Wu Q, Li J, Zheng Y and Hu X: Generation and evaluation of multimers of anti C‑reactive protein Nb and alkaline phosphatase based on three self‑assembly peptides. Exp Ther Med 32: 284, 2026.
APA
Li, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Ding, N., Wu, Q., Li, J. ... Hu, X. (2026). Generation and evaluation of multimers of anti C‑reactive protein Nb and alkaline phosphatase based on three self‑assembly peptides. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 32, 284. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13279
MLA
Li, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Ding, N., Wu, Q., Li, J., Zheng, Y., Hu, X."Generation and evaluation of multimers of anti C‑reactive protein Nb and alkaline phosphatase based on three self‑assembly peptides". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32.4 (2026): 284.
Chicago
Li, H., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Ding, N., Wu, Q., Li, J., Zheng, Y., Hu, X."Generation and evaluation of multimers of anti C‑reactive protein Nb and alkaline phosphatase based on three self‑assembly peptides". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 32, no. 4 (2026): 284. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2026.13279
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