Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
2014-March Volume 33 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
2014-March Volume 33 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

O-GlcNAcylation under hypoxic conditions and its effects on the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy

  • Authors:
    • Chong Xu
    • Guodong Liu
    • Xiaoqiao Liu
    • Fang Wang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, P.R. China
  • Pages: 624-632
    |
    Published online on: December 20, 2013
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1597
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

An increase in O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) protein modifications has been observerd in db/db mouse retinas. O-GlcNAc-modified proteins in the db/db mouse retina have been shown to be localized in the ganglion cell layer, the inner nuclear layer, the retina pigment epithelium (RPE) layer and the inner plexiform layer, in which hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) has also been shown to be localized. In the current study, we examined whether hypoxia increases O-GlcNAcylation in retinal vascular cells under high glucose conditions and whether HIF1α activation is consistent with the response to and activation of O-GlcNAcylation in retinal lesions in diabetic retinopathy. In addition, the effects of O-GlcNAcylation on the blood‑retinal barrier were verified in vitro by the inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation. A time-dependent increase in the O-GlcNAcylation in bovine retinal vascular endothelial cells (BRVECs) was observed following incubation of the cells with high glucose medium (glucose 4.5 g/l) under hypoxic (1-3% O2) conditions. Hypoxia-induced BRVEC O-GlcNAcylation was not observed when the BRVECs were transfected with siRNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) or treated with alloxan (an OGT inhibitor) prior to exposure to high glucose. The increase in BRVEC O-GlcNAcylation induced by high glucose, as well as by thiamet G [an O-GlcNAcase (OGA) inhibitor] led to a reduction in occludin expression levels in vitro, which was prevented by treatment with OGT siRNA and alloxan. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates the relationship between O-GlcNAc glycosylation and hypoxia during diabetic retinopathy and that hyperglycemia induced O2 consumption activates HIF1α and O-GlcNAc modification protein in the same retinal layer. The reduced protein BRVEC O-GlcNAcylation levels exert protective effects on the blood-retinal barrier and thus represent a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Torres CR and Hart GW: Topography and polypeptide distribution of terminal N-acetylglucosamine residues on the surfaces of intact lymphocytes. Evidence for O-linked GlcNAc. J Biol Chem. 259:3308–3317. 1984.

2 

Hart GW, Housley MP and Slawson C: Cycling of O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine on nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Nature. 446:1017–1022. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Lima VV, Rigsby CS, Hardy DM, Webb RC and Tostes RC: O-GlcNAcylation: a novel post-translational mechanism to alter vascular cellular signaling in health and disease: focus on hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens. 3:374–387. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Lima VV, Spitler K, Choi H, Webb RC and Tostes RC: O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation of proteins: is signalling in the cardiovascular system becoming sweeter? Clin Sci (Lond). 123:473–486. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Lima VV, Giachini FR, Carneiro FS, et al: Increased vascular O-GlcNAcylation augments reactivity to constrictor stimuli - VASOACTIVE PEPTIDE SYMPOSIUM. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2:410–417. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Kim do H, Seok YM, Kim IK, Lee IK, Jeong SY and Jeoung NH: Glucosamine increases vascular contraction through activation of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway in isolated rat aorta. BMB Rep. 44:415–420. 2011.

7 

Grimm C and Willmann G: Hypoxia in the eye: a two-sided coin. High Alt Med Biol. 13:169–175. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Banumathi E, Haribalaganesh R, Babu SS, Kumar NS and Sangiliyandi G: High-yielding enzymatic method for isolation and culture of microvascular endothelial cells from bovine retinal blood vessels. Microvasc Res. 77:377–381. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ali TK and El-Remessy AB: Diabetic retinopathy: current management and experimental therapeutic targets. Pharmacotherapy. 29:182–192. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Ruan HB, Singh JP, Li MD, Wu J and Yang X: Cracking the O-GlcNAc code in metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 24:301–309. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Jensen RV, Zachara NE, Nielsen PH, Kimose HH, Kristiansen SB and Botker HE: Impact of O-GlcNAc on cardioprotection by remote ischaemic preconditioning in non-diabetic and diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Res. 97:369–378. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Bennett CE, Johnsen VL, Shearer J and Belke DD: Exercise training mitigates aberrant cardiac protein O-GlcNAcylation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Life Sci. 92:657–663. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

McLarty JL, Marsh SA and Chatham JC: Post-translational protein modification by O-linked N-acetyl-glucosamine: its role in mediating the adverse effects of diabetes on the heart. Life Sci. 92:621–627. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Gurel Z, Sieg KM, Shallow KD, Sorenson CM and Sheibani N: Retinal O-linked N-acetylglucosamine protein modifications: implications for postnatal retinal vascularization and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Mol Vis. 19:1047–1059. 2013.

15 

Zachara NE, Molina H, Wong KY, Pandey A and Hart GW: The dynamic stress-induced ‘O-GlcNAc-ome’ highlights functions for O-GlcNAc in regulating DNA damage/repair and other cellular pathways. Amino Acids. 40:793–808. 2011.

16 

Tai TC, Wong-Faull DC, Claycomb R and Wong DL: Hypoxic stress-induced changes in adrenergic function: role of HIF1 alpha. J Neurochem. 109:513–524. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Witt KA, Mark KS, Huber J and Davis TP: Hypoxia-inducible factor and nuclear factor kappa-B activation in blood-brain barrier endothelium under hypoxic/reoxygenation stress. J Neurochem. 92:203–214. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Arden GB and Sivaprasad S: Hypoxia and oxidative stress in the causation of diabetic retinopathy. Curr Diabetes Rev. 7:291–304. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Li C, Chen P, Zhang J, et al: Enzyme-induced vitreolysis can alleviate the progression of diabetic retinopathy through the HIF-1alpha pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 54:4964–4970. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Zachara NE, O’Donnell N, Cheung WD, Mercer JJ, Marth JD and Hart GW: Dynamic O-GlcNAc modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins in response to stress. A survival response of mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 279:30133–30142. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Arvanitis LD, Vassiou K, Kotrotsios A and Sgantzos MN: Hypoxia upregulates the expression of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine containing epitope H in human ependymal cells. Pathol Res Pract. 207:91–96. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Ngoh GA, Watson LJ, Facundo HT, Dillmann W and Jones SP: Non-canonical glycosyltransferase modulates post-hypoxic cardiac myocyte death and mitochondrial permeability transition. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 45:313–325. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Ngoh GA, Facundo HT, Zafir A and Jones SP: O-GlcNAc signaling in the cardiovascular system. Circ Res. 107:171–185. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Araki E, Oyadomari S and Mori M: Endoplasmic reticulum stress and diabetes mellitus. Intern Med. 42:7–14. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Harding HP, Zeng H, Zhang Y, et al: Diabetes mellitus and exocrine pancreatic dysfunction in perk−/− mice reveals a role for translational control in secretory cell survival. Mol Cell. 7:1153–1163. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Ozcan U, Cao Q, Yilmaz E, et al: Endoplasmic reticulum stress links obesity, insulin action, and type 2 diabetes. Science. 306:457–461. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Jones SP, Zachara NE, Ngoh GA, et al: Cardioprotection by N-acetylglucosamine linkage to cellular proteins. Circulation. 117:1172–1182. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Liu J, Marchase RB and Chatham JC: Increased O-GlcNAc levels during reperfusion lead to improved functional recovery and reduced calpain proteolysis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 293:H1391–H1399. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Ngoh GA, Facundo HT, Hamid T, Dillmann W, Zachara NE and Jones SP: Unique hexosaminidase reduces metabolic survival signal and sensitizes cardiac myocytes to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Circ Res. 104:41–49. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Champattanachai V, Marchase RB and Chatham JC: Glucosamine protects neonatal cardiomyocytes from ischemia-reperfusion injury via increased protein O-GlcNAc and increased mitochondrial Bcl-2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 294:C1509–C1520. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Ngoh GA, Hamid T, Prabhu SD and Jones SP: O-GlcNAc signaling attenuates ER stress-induced cardiomyocyte death. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 297:H1711–H1719. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Hanover JA, Krause MW and Love DC: The hexosamine signaling pathway: O-GlcNAc cycling in feast or famine. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1800:80–95. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Guinez C, Mir AM, Leroy Y, Cacan R, Michalski JC and Lefebvre T: Hsp70-GlcNAc-binding activity is released by stress, proteasome inhibition, and protein misfolding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 361:414–420. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Kennedy A and Frank RN: The influence of glucose concentration and hypoxia on VEGF secretion by cultured retinal cells. Curr Eye Res. 36:168–177. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Loukovaara S, Koivunen P, Ingles M, Escobar J, Vento M and Andersson S: Elevated protein carbonyl and HIF-1alpha levels in eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. May 29–2013.(Epub ahead of print).

36 

Yu DY and Cringle SJ: Oxygen distribution and consumption within the retina in vascularised and avascular retinas and in animal models of retinal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 20:175–208. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Yu DY, Cringle SJ, Yu PK and Su EN: Intraretinal oxygen distribution and consumption during retinal artery occlusion and graded hyperoxic ventilation in the rat. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48:2290–2296. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Cringle SJ and Yu DY: A multi-layer model of retinal oxygen supply and consumption helps explain the muted rise in inner retinal PO(2) during systemic hyperoxia. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 132:61–66. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Yu DY, Cringle SJ and Su EN: Intraretinal oxygen distribution in the monkey retina and the response to systemic hyperoxia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 46:4728–4733. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Sandercoe TM, Geller SF, Hendrickson AE, Stone J and Provis JM: VEGF expression by ganglion cells in central retina before formation of the foveal depression in monkey retina: evidence of developmental hypoxia. J Comp Neurol. 462:42–54. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Semenza GL: Hydroxylation of HIF-1: oxygen sensing at the molecular level. Physiology (Bethesda). 19:176–182. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Bensellam M, Duvillie B, Rybachuk G, et al: Glucose-induced O(2) consumption activates hypoxia inducible factors 1 and 2 in rat insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells. PLoS One. 7:e298072012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Yang L, Tan P, Zhou W, et al: N-acetylcysteine protects against hypoxia mimetic-induced autophagy by targeting the HIF-1 alpha pathway in retinal ganglion cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 32:1275–1285. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Feldman GJ, Mullin JM and Ryan MP: Occludin: structure, function and regulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 57:883–917. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Cummins PM: Occludin: one protein, many forms. Mol Cell Biol. 32:242–250. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Dorfel MJ and Huber O: Modulation of tight junction structure and function by kinases and phosphatases targeting occludin. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012:8073562012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Clarke H, Soler AP and Mullin JM: Protein kinase C activation leads to dephosphorylation of occludin and tight junction permeability increase in LLC-PK1 epithelial cell sheets. J Cell Sci. 113(Pt 18): 3187–3196. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

48 

Simonovic I, Arpin M, Koutsouris A, Falk-Krzesinski HJ and Hecht G: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli activates ezrin, which participates in disruption of tight junction barrier function. Infect Immun. 69:5679–5688. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

49 

Butt AM, Feng D, Nasrullah I, et al: Computational identification of interplay between phosphorylation and O-beta-glycosylation of human occludin as potential mechanism to impair hepatitis C virus entry. Infect Genet Evol. 12:1235–1245. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Xu C, Liu G, Liu X and Wang F: O-GlcNAcylation under hypoxic conditions and its effects on the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy. Int J Mol Med 33: 624-632, 2014.
APA
Xu, C., Liu, G., Liu, X., & Wang, F. (2014). O-GlcNAcylation under hypoxic conditions and its effects on the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 624-632. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1597
MLA
Xu, C., Liu, G., Liu, X., Wang, F."O-GlcNAcylation under hypoxic conditions and its effects on the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.3 (2014): 624-632.
Chicago
Xu, C., Liu, G., Liu, X., Wang, F."O-GlcNAcylation under hypoxic conditions and its effects on the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 3 (2014): 624-632. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1597
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Xu C, Liu G, Liu X and Wang F: O-GlcNAcylation under hypoxic conditions and its effects on the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy. Int J Mol Med 33: 624-632, 2014.
APA
Xu, C., Liu, G., Liu, X., & Wang, F. (2014). O-GlcNAcylation under hypoxic conditions and its effects on the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 33, 624-632. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1597
MLA
Xu, C., Liu, G., Liu, X., Wang, F."O-GlcNAcylation under hypoxic conditions and its effects on the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33.3 (2014): 624-632.
Chicago
Xu, C., Liu, G., Liu, X., Wang, F."O-GlcNAcylation under hypoxic conditions and its effects on the blood-retinal barrier in diabetic retinopathy". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 33, no. 3 (2014): 624-632. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2013.1597
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team