Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
October 2014 Volume 34 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October 2014 Volume 34 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Upregulation of HIF-1α protein induces mitochondrial autophagy in primary cortical cell cultures through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway

  • Authors:
    • Gu Gong
    • Ling Hu
    • Yinghai Liu
    • Shurong Bai
    • Xuemei Dai
    • Liang Yin
    • Yangyang Sun
    • Xiaowu Wang
    • Lichao Hou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army Chengdu Military Region, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China, Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China, Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
  • Pages: 1133-1140
    |
    Published online on: July 14, 2014
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1850
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can induce neuronal death, particularly in the hippocampal formation (HF). Molecular genetic studies have suggested that the activities of the transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), are closely linked to ischemia-induced neuronal death. However, the mechanisms through which HIF-1α functions remain poorly understood. In this study, primary cortical neurons were subjected to oxygen‑glucose deprivation (OGD) to establish a cell model of OGD/reperfusion (RP). HIF-1α mRNA and protein expression was measured by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay. Flow cytometric analysis was used to detect cell apoptosis and changes in mitochondrial mass. The expression of LC3-Ⅰ and LC3-Ⅱ was examined by western blot analysis. We found that HIF-1α increased cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis in our cell model of OGD/RP using cultured neonatal rat cortical neurons. The overexpression of HIF-1α significantly induced changes in mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial autophagy in cortical neurons. Moreover, the inhibition of HIF-1α markedly suppressed cell proliferation and mitochondrial autophagy. We also demonstrated that the HIF-1α-induced mitochondrial autophagy was accompanied by the inhibition of the mTOR pathway. This study provides direct in vitro evidence that HIF-1α overexpression triggers mitochondrial autophagy, thereby increasing neuronal survival. Our results highlight a novel target molecule toward which anti-ischemic neuroprotective effects can be applied.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, et al: Heart disease and stroke statistics--2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 117:e25–e146. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Wass CT and Lanier WL: Glucose modulation of ischemic brain injury: review and clinical recommendations. Mayo Clin Proc. 801–812. 1996.

3 

Hackett ML, Duncan JR, Anderson CS, Broad JB and Bonita R: Health-related quality of life among long-term survivors of stroke: results from the Auckland Stroke Study, 1991–1992. Stroke. 31:440–447. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Nitatori T, Sato N, Waguri S, et al: Delayed neuronal death in the CA1 pyramidal cell layer of the gerbil hippocampus following transient ischemia is apoptosis. J Neurosci. 15:1001–1011. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Halterman MW and Federoff HJ: HIF-1α and p53 promote hypoxia-induced delayed neuronal death in models of CNS ischemia. Exp Neurol. 159:65–72. 1999.

6 

Halterman MW, Miller CC and Federoff HJ: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha mediates hypoxia-induced delayed neuronal death that involves p53. J Neurosci. 19:6818–6824. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

7 

Chen CJ, Cheng FC, Liao SL, Chen WY, Lin NN and Kuo JS: Effects of naloxone on lactate, pyruvate metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activity in rat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Neurosci Lett. 287:113–116. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Semenza GL: HIF-1: mediator of physiological and pathophysiological responses to hypoxia. J Appl Physiol. 88:1474–1480. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Melillo G: HIF-1: a target for cancer, ischemia and inflammation--too good to be true? Cell Cycle. 3:149–150. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Brahimi-Horn MC and Pouysségur J: Oxygen, a source of life and stress. FEBS Lett. 581:3582–3591. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Wang GL, Jiang B-H and Semenza GL: Effect of protein kinase and phosphatase inhibitors on expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 216:669–675. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Huang LE, Gu J, Schau M and Bunn HF: Regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha is mediated by an O2-dependent degradation domain via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:79871998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Wang GL, Jiang B-H, Rue EA and Semenza GL: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by cellular O2 tension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:5510–5514. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Mazure NM and Pouysségur J: Hypoxia-induced autophagy: cell death or cell survival? Current opinion in cell biology. 22:177–180. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zhang H, Gao P, Fukuda R, et al: HIF-1 inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis and cellular respiration in VHL-deficient renal cell carcinoma by repression of C-MYC activity. Cancer Cell. 11:407–420. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Sowter HM, Ratcliffe PJ, Watson P, Greenberg AH and Harris AL: HIF-1-dependent regulation of hypoxic induction of the cell death factors BNIP3 and NIX in human tumors. Cancer Res. 61:6669–6673. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Zhang H, Bosch-Marce M, Shimoda LA, et al: Mitochondrial autophagy is an HIF-1-dependent adaptive metabolic response to hypoxia. J Biological Chem. 283:10892–10903. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Menzies RA and Gold PH: The turnover of mitochondria in a variety of tissues of young adult and aged rats. J Biol Chem. 246:2425–2429. 1971.PubMed/NCBI

19 

Rosenthal RE, Hamud F, Fiskum G, Varghese PJ and Sharpe S: Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion: prevention of brain mitochondrial injury by lidoflazine. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 7:752–758. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Mei Y, Thompson MD, Cohen RA and Tong X: Autophagy and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta. May 13–2014.(Epub ahead of print).

21 

Ma S, Wang Y, Chen Y and Cao F: The role of the autophagy in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta. May 21–2014.(Epub ahead of print).

22 

Ghavami S, Gupta S, Ambrose EC, Hnatowich M, Freed DH and Dixon IM: Autophagy and Heart Disease: Implications for Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Damage. Curr Mol Med. June 2–2014.(Epub ahead of print).

23 

Ermak G, Sojitra S, Yin F, Cadenas E, Cuervo AM and Davies KJ: Chronic expression of RCAN1-1L protein induces mitochondrial autophagy and metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis in neuronal cells. J Biol Chem. 287:14088–14098. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Gong QH, Wang Q, Shi JS, Huang X-n, Liu Q and Ma H: Inhibition of caspases and intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations are involved in resveratrol protection against apoptosis in rat primary neuron cultures. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 28:1724–1730. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Murphy TH and Baraban JM: Glutamate toxicity in immature cortical neurons precedes development of glutamate receptor currents. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 57:146–150. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Choi DW, Maulucci-Gedde M and Kriegstein AR: Glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture. J Neurosci. 7:357–368. 1987.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Wei L, Lu J, Feng L, Li S, Shan J and Li Y: Construction of recombinant adenovirus vector containing a modified gene that codes for human hypoxia-inducible factor-1α without oxygen-dependent degradation domain. Plasmid. 63:20–26. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

28 

Bryant CS, Munkarah AR, Kumar S, et al: Reduction of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in ovarian cancer cells by inhibition of HIF-1 alpha gene expression. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 282:677–683. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Livak K and Schmittgen T: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(−Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001.

30 

Song YX, Yue ZY, Wang ZN, et al: MicroRNA-148b is frequently down-regulated in gastric cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation. Mol Cancer. 10:12011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Zadran S, Sanchez D, Zadran H, Amighi A, Otiniano E and Wong K: Enhanced-acceptor fluorescence-based single cell ATP biosensor monitors ATP in heterogeneous cancer populations in real time. Biotechnol Lett. 35:175–180. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Sowter HM, Raval R, Moore J, Ratcliffe PJ and Harris AL: Predominant role of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor (Hif)-1α versus Hif-2α in regulation of the transcriptional response to hypoxia. Cancer Res. 63:6130–6134. 2003.

33 

Esteban MA, Tran MG, Harten SK, et al: Regulation of E-cadherin expression by VHL and hypoxia-inducible factor. Cancer Res. 66:3567–3575. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Sendoel A, Kohler I, Fellmann C, Lowe SW and Hengartner MO: HIF-1 antagonizes p53-mediated apoptosis through a secreted neuronal tyrosinase. Nature. 465:577–583. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Sirén AL, Fratelli M, Brines M, et al: Erythropoietin prevents neuronal apoptosis after cerebral ischemia and metabolic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:4044–4049. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Chandel N, Maltepe E, Goldwasser E, Mathieu C, Simon M and Schumacker P: Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species trigger hypoxia-induced transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:11715–11720. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Levine B, Mizushima N and Virgin HW: Autophagy in immunity and inflammation. Nature. 469:323–335. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Geng J and Klionsky DJ: The Atg8 and Atg12 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems in macroautophagy. EMBO Rep. 9:859–864. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kraft LJ and Kenworthy AK: Imaging protein complex formation in the autophagy pathway: analysis of the interaction of LC3 and Atg4BC74A in live cells using Förster resonance energy transfer and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching. J Biomed Opt. 17:0110081–01100812. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Mijaljica D, Prescott M and Devenish RJ: Different fates of mitochondria: alternative ways for degradation? Autophagy. 3:4–9. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Du F, Zhu L, Qian ZM, Wu XM, Yung WH and Ke Y: Hyperthermic preconditioning protects astrocytes from ischemia/reperfusion injury by up-regulation of HIF-1 alpha expression and binding activity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1802:1048–1053. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Du F, Wu XM, Gong Q, He X and Ke Y: Hyperthermia conditioned astrocyte-cultured medium protects neurons from ischemic injury by the up-regulation of HIF-1 alpha and the increased anti-apoptotic ability. Eur J Pharmacol. 666:19–25. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Gong G, Hu L, Liu Y, Bai S, Dai X, Yin L, Sun Y, Wang X and Hou L: Upregulation of HIF-1α protein induces mitochondrial autophagy in primary cortical cell cultures through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Int J Mol Med 34: 1133-1140, 2014.
APA
Gong, G., Hu, L., Liu, Y., Bai, S., Dai, X., Yin, L. ... Hou, L. (2014). Upregulation of HIF-1α protein induces mitochondrial autophagy in primary cortical cell cultures through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 34, 1133-1140. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1850
MLA
Gong, G., Hu, L., Liu, Y., Bai, S., Dai, X., Yin, L., Sun, Y., Wang, X., Hou, L."Upregulation of HIF-1α protein induces mitochondrial autophagy in primary cortical cell cultures through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 34.4 (2014): 1133-1140.
Chicago
Gong, G., Hu, L., Liu, Y., Bai, S., Dai, X., Yin, L., Sun, Y., Wang, X., Hou, L."Upregulation of HIF-1α protein induces mitochondrial autophagy in primary cortical cell cultures through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 34, no. 4 (2014): 1133-1140. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1850
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Gong G, Hu L, Liu Y, Bai S, Dai X, Yin L, Sun Y, Wang X and Hou L: Upregulation of HIF-1α protein induces mitochondrial autophagy in primary cortical cell cultures through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway. Int J Mol Med 34: 1133-1140, 2014.
APA
Gong, G., Hu, L., Liu, Y., Bai, S., Dai, X., Yin, L. ... Hou, L. (2014). Upregulation of HIF-1α protein induces mitochondrial autophagy in primary cortical cell cultures through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 34, 1133-1140. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1850
MLA
Gong, G., Hu, L., Liu, Y., Bai, S., Dai, X., Yin, L., Sun, Y., Wang, X., Hou, L."Upregulation of HIF-1α protein induces mitochondrial autophagy in primary cortical cell cultures through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 34.4 (2014): 1133-1140.
Chicago
Gong, G., Hu, L., Liu, Y., Bai, S., Dai, X., Yin, L., Sun, Y., Wang, X., Hou, L."Upregulation of HIF-1α protein induces mitochondrial autophagy in primary cortical cell cultures through the inhibition of the mTOR pathway". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 34, no. 4 (2014): 1133-1140. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2014.1850
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team