Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
April-2017 Volume 39 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2017 Volume 39 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

A long-lasting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, as a preventive drug for the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose diet-fed ob/ob mice

  • Authors:
    • Ken Nakamura
    • Shinya Fukunishi
    • Keisuke Yokohama
    • Hideko Ohama
    • Yusuke Tsuchimoto
    • Akira Asai
    • Yasuhiro Tsuda
    • Kazuhide Higuchi
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
  • Pages: 969-983
    |
    Published online on: February 20, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2899
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) occurs in patients with components of metabolic syndrome such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). At present, the central pathophysiological problem in patients afflicted with NAFLD is insulin resistance. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, teneligliptin, on the development of NAFLD in ob/ob mice. Five-week-old male ob/ob mice were divided into 4 experimental groups as follows: a group in which they were fed a high carbohydrate diet (HCD) for 8 weeks (n=8) as controls (control group 1), a group in which they were fed HCD supplemented with 0.018% teneligliptin for 8 weeks (n=8) (teneligliptin group 1), a group in which they were fed HCD for 12 weeks (n=8) as controls (control group 2), and another group in which they were fed only HCD for 4 weeks, and the HCD was then supplemented with 0.018% teneligliptin for 8 weeks (n=8) (teligliptin group 2). Hepatic steatosis was observed in all mice in the control group fed the HCD, but only mild hepatic steatosis was observed in teneligliptin group 1. Mice in teneligliptin group 1 fed the diet containing teneligliptin had lower hepatic triglyceride (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) levels. Mice in teneligliptin group 1 exhibited improvement of insulin resistance; however, those in teneligliptin group 2 did not show any improvement of insulin resistance. Our results thus suggest that teneligliptin may be used as a preventative, but not as a treatment drug for the development of NAFLD.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

View References

1 

Matsuzawa Y: The role of fat topology in the risk of disease. Int J Obes. 32(Suppl 7): S83–S92. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB and Oh BJ: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 55:434–438. 1980.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW and Powell LW: The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology. 11:74–80. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Yoshiike N and Lwin H: Epidemiological aspects of obesity and NASH/NAFLD in Japan. Hepatol Res. 33:77–82. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Ahrén B: Gut peptides and type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Curr Diab Rep. 3:365–372. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Drucker DJ: Biological actions and therapeutic potential of the glucagon-like peptides. Gastroenterology. 122:531–544. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Mentlein R, Gallwitz B and Schmidt WE: Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV hydrolyses gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide-1(7–36)amide, peptide histidine methionine and is responsible for their degradation in human serum. Eur J Biochem. 214:829–835. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Deacon CF, Johnsen AH and Holst JJ: Degradation of glucagon-like peptide-1 by human plasma in vitro yields an N-terminally truncated peptide that is a major endogenous metabolite in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 80:952–957. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ahrén B, Landin-Olsson M, Jansson PA, Svensson M, Holmes D and Schweizer A: Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 reduces glycemia, sustains insulin levels, and reduces glucagon levels in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 89:2078–2084. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Pratley RE and Salsali A: Inhibition of DPP-4: A new therapeutic approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin. 23:919–931. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Vella A, Bock G, Giesler PD, Burton DB, Serra DB, Saylan ML, Dunning BE, Foley JE, Rizza RA and Camilleri M: Effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition on gastrointestinal function, meal appearance, and glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 56:1475–1480. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Maiztegui B, Borelli MI, Madrid VG, Del Zotto H, Raschia MA, Francini F, Massa ML, Flores LE, Rebolledo OR and Gagliardino JJ: Sitagliptin prevents the development of metabolic and hormonal disturbances, increased β-cell apoptosis and liver steatosis induced by a fructose-rich diet in normal rats. Clin Sci (Lond). 120:73–80. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Yoshida T, Akahoshi F, Sakashita H, Kitajima H, Nakamura M, Sonda S, Takeuchi M, Tanaka Y, Ueda N, Sekiguchi S, et al: Discovery and preclinical profile of teneligliptin (3-[(2S,4S)-4-[4-(3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl]pyrrolidin-2-ylcarbonyl]thiazolidine): A highly potent, selective, long-lasting and orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem. 20:5705–5719. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Friedman JM, Leibel RL, Siegel DS, Walsh J and Bahary N: Molecular mapping of the mouse ob mutation. Genomics. 11:1054–1062. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA and Bacon BR: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 94:2467–2474. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Tomas E, Wood JA, Stanojevic V and Habener JF: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (9–36) amide metabolite inhibits weight gain and attenuates diabetes and hepatic steatosis in diet-induce obese.

17 

Gao B: Innate immunity and steatohepatitis: A critical role of another toll (TLR-9). Gastroenterology. 139:27–30. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Dentin R, Girard J and Postic C: Carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c): Two key regulators of glucose metabolism and lipid synthesis in liver. Biochimie. 87:81–86. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Foretz M, Guichard C, Ferré P and Foufelle F: Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c is a major mediator of insulin action on the hepatic expression of glucokinase and lipogenesis-related genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:12737–12742. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Foretz M, Pacot C, Dugail I, Lemarchand P, Guichard C, Le Lièpvre X, Berthelier-Lubrano C, Spiegelman B, Kim JB, Ferré P and Foufelle F: ADD1/SREBP-1c is required in the activation of hepatic lipogenic gene expression by glucose. Mol Cell Biol. 19:3760–3768. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Cohen P and Friedman JM: Leptin and the control of metabolism: Role for stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1). J Nutr. 134:2455S–2463S. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Gastaldelli A, Harrison S, Belfort-Aguiar R, Hardies J, Balas B, Schenker S and Cusi K: Pioglitazone in the treatment of NASH: The role of adiponectin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 32:769–775. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kersten S, Desvergne B and Wahli W: Roles of PPARs in health and disease. Nature. 405:421–424. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Knopp RH: Drug treatment of lipid disorders. N Engl J Med. 341:498–511. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Postic C and Girard J: Contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: Lessons from genetically engineered mice. J Clin Invest. 118:829–838. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Srere PA: The citrate cleavage enzyme. I Distribution and purification. J Biol Chem. 234:2544–2547. 1959.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Abu-Elheiga L, Jayakumar A, Baldini A, Chirala SS and Wakil SJ: Human acetyl-CoA carboxylase: Characterization, molecular cloning, and evidence for two isoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:4011–4015. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

van der Leij FR, Kram AM, Bartelds B, Roelofsen H, Smid GB, Takens J, Zammit VA and Kuipers JR: Cytological evidence that the C-terminus of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I is on the cytosolic face of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Biochem J. 341:777–784. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Park EA, Mynatt RL, Cook GA and Kashfi K: Insulin regulates enzyme activity, malonyl-CoA sensitivity and mRNA abundance of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I. Biochem J. 310:853–858. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Bartlett K and Eaton S: Mitochondrial beta-oxidation. Eur J Biochem. 271:462–469. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Hegarty BD, Turner N, Cooney GJ and Kraegen EW: Insulin resistance and fuel homeostasis: The role of AMP-activated protein kinase. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 196:129–145. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Saltiel AR and Kahn CR: Insulin signalling and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Nature. 414:799–806. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Kubota N, Kubota T, Itoh S, Kumagai H, Kozono H, Takamoto I, Mineyama T, Ogata H, Tokuyama K, Ohsugi M, et al: Dynamic functional relay between insulin receptor substrate 1 and 2 in hepatic insulin signaling during fasting and feeding. Cell Metab. 8:49–64. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Guo S, Copps KD, Dong X, Park S, Cheng Z, Pocai A, Rossetti L, Sajan M, Farese RV and White MF: The Irs1 branch of the insulin signaling cascade plays a dominant role in hepatic nutrient homeostasis. Mol Cell Biol. 29:5070–5083. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Cernea S and Raz I: Therapy in the early stage: Incretins. Diabetes Care. 34(Suppl 2): S264–S271. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Valera A, Pujol A, Pelegrin M and Bosch F: Transgenic mice overexpressing phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase develop non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 91:9151–9154. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Nakamura K, Fukunishi S, Yokohama K, Ohama H, Tsuchimoto Y, Asai A, Tsuda Y and Higuchi K: A long-lasting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, as a preventive drug for the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose diet-fed ob/ob mice. Int J Mol Med 39: 969-983, 2017.
APA
Nakamura, K., Fukunishi, S., Yokohama, K., Ohama, H., Tsuchimoto, Y., Asai, A. ... Higuchi, K. (2017). A long-lasting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, as a preventive drug for the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose diet-fed ob/ob mice. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 39, 969-983. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2899
MLA
Nakamura, K., Fukunishi, S., Yokohama, K., Ohama, H., Tsuchimoto, Y., Asai, A., Tsuda, Y., Higuchi, K."A long-lasting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, as a preventive drug for the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose diet-fed ob/ob mice". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39.4 (2017): 969-983.
Chicago
Nakamura, K., Fukunishi, S., Yokohama, K., Ohama, H., Tsuchimoto, Y., Asai, A., Tsuda, Y., Higuchi, K."A long-lasting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, as a preventive drug for the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose diet-fed ob/ob mice". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39, no. 4 (2017): 969-983. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2899
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Nakamura K, Fukunishi S, Yokohama K, Ohama H, Tsuchimoto Y, Asai A, Tsuda Y and Higuchi K: A long-lasting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, as a preventive drug for the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose diet-fed ob/ob mice. Int J Mol Med 39: 969-983, 2017.
APA
Nakamura, K., Fukunishi, S., Yokohama, K., Ohama, H., Tsuchimoto, Y., Asai, A. ... Higuchi, K. (2017). A long-lasting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, as a preventive drug for the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose diet-fed ob/ob mice. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 39, 969-983. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2899
MLA
Nakamura, K., Fukunishi, S., Yokohama, K., Ohama, H., Tsuchimoto, Y., Asai, A., Tsuda, Y., Higuchi, K."A long-lasting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, as a preventive drug for the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose diet-fed ob/ob mice". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39.4 (2017): 969-983.
Chicago
Nakamura, K., Fukunishi, S., Yokohama, K., Ohama, H., Tsuchimoto, Y., Asai, A., Tsuda, Y., Higuchi, K."A long-lasting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, teneligliptin, as a preventive drug for the development of hepatic steatosis in high-fructose diet-fed ob/ob mice". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 39, no. 4 (2017): 969-983. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.2899
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team