Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
September-2017 Volume 40 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2017 Volume 40 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Irrelevance of anti‑nAChR cytoplasmic loop antibody in the degree of myasthenia gravis

  • Authors:
    • Ye Lin
    • Chen Song
    • Jiang Xu
    • Yongxiang Yang
    • Hang Qin
    • Cong Zhao
    • Jiaji Lin
    • Rui Liu
    • Zhuyi Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
  • Pages: 931-939
    |
    Published online on: July 19, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3074
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Anti‑nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antibody in myasthenia gravis (MG) usually refers to that against the extracellular domain (ECD) of nAChR. However, growing evidence has indicated that there also exists the nAChR antibody against the nAChR cytoplasmic loop (CL) in patients with MG. Some studies have demonstrated that the anti‑CL antibody may play a protective role in animal models of experimental autoimmune MG. However, to date, limited or no information is available as to whether anti‑CL antibody plays a beneficial role in patients with MG. In this, we examined the levels of anti‑CL and anti‑ECD antibodies in the sera of 76 patients with MG from the MG sample bank of our department, including 29 generalized MG (gMG) and 47 ocular MG (OMG) cases, as well as 40 healthy controls by radioimmunoassay. We also analyzed the correlation between anti‑CL antibody levels and the degree of severity in patients with MG. Our results revealed that among the 76 patients with MG, 61 serum samples (80.3%) were positive for anti‑ECD nAChR antibody, among which 38 (38/61, 62.3%) were positive for anti‑CL antibody. The levels of anti‑ECD antibodies in gMG were higher than those in OMG; however, the levels of anti‑CL antibodies in gMG were comparable with those in OMG. No clear correlation was observed between the anti‑ECD antibody levels and those of anti‑CL antibody. Taken together, our findings provide the first clinical evidence of the possibly different role of anti‑CL antibody in patients with MG compared to its role in animal models of MG. Anti‑CL antibody may not exert a beneficial effect in patients with MG, but may play an as yet udetermined role in the development of MG.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Lindstrom JM: Acetylcholine receptors and myasthenia. Muscle Nerve. 23:453–477. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Vincent A, Palace J and Hilton-Jones D: Myasthenia gravis. Lancet. 357:2122–2128. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Huijbers MG, Lipka AF, Plomp JJ, Niks EH, van der Maarel SM and Verschuuren JJ: Pathogenic immune mechanisms at the neuromuscular synapse: The role of specific antibody-binding epitopes in myasthenia gravis. J Intern Med. 275:12–26. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Karlin A: Emerging structure of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci. 3:102–114. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Scarselli M, Spiga O, Ciutti A, Bernini A, Bracci L, Lelli B, Lozzi L, Calamandrei D, Di Maro D, Klein S and Niccolai N: NMR structure of alpha-bungarotoxin free and bound to a mimotope of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Biochemistry. 41:1457–1463. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Lindstrom JM, Einarson BL, Lennon VA and Seybold ME: Pathological mechanisms in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.I.Immunogenicity of syngeneic muscle acetylcholine receptor and quantitative extraction of receptor and antibody-receptor complexes from muscles of rats with experimental automimmune myasthenia gravis. J Exp Med. 144:726–738. 1976. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Tzartos SJ, Sophianos D and Efthimiadis A: Role of the main immunogenic region of acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. An Fab monoclonal antibody protects against antigenic modulation by human sera. J Immunol. 134:2343–2349. 1985.PubMed/NCBI

8 

Das MK and Lindstrom J: The main immunogenic region of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: Interaction of monoclonal antibodies with synthetic peptides. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 165:865–871. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Lindstrom J, Einarson B and Tzartos S: Production and assay of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors. Methods Enzymol. 74:432–460. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Gilhus NE and Verschuuren JJ: Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 14:1023–1036. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Luo J and Lindstrom J: Myasthenogenicity of the main immunogenic region and endogenous muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Autoimmunity. 45:245–252. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar :

12 

Lindstrom J, Luo J and Kuryatov A: Myasthenia gravis and the tops and bottoms of AChRs: Antigenic structure of the MIR and specific immunosuppression of EAMG using AChR cytoplasmic domains. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1132:29–41. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Luo J and Lindstrom J: AChR-specific immunosuppressive therapy of myasthenia gravis. Biochem Pharmacol. 97:609–619. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Tzartos SJ and Remoundos M: Detection of antibodies directed against the cytoplasmic region of the human acetylcholine receptor in sera from myasthenia gravis patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 116:146–152. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Luo J and Lindstrom J: Antigen-specific immunotherapeutic vaccine for experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Immunol. 193:5044–5055. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Matney SE and Huff DR: Diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis. Consult Pharm. 22:239–248. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Jaretzki A III, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, Kaminski HJ, Keesey JC, Penn AS and Sanders DB: Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology. 55:16–23. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Chang HW: Purification and characterization of acetylcholine receptor-I from Electrophorus electricus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 71:2113–2117. 1974. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Greenwood FC, Hunter WM and Glover JS: The preparation of I-131-labelled human growth hormone of high specific radioactivity. Biochem J. 89:114–123. 1963. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Patrick J and Lindstrom J: Autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptor. Science. 180:871–872. 1973. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Tindall RS, Kent M and Wells L: A rapid immunoadsorbent radioimmunoassay for anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody. J Immunol Methods. 45:1–14. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Hayashi M, Takaoka T, Manabe K, Yoshinaga J and Kida K: Comparison of antibody titer to human and rat acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. Brain Dev. 17:38–41. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Oda K, Goto I, Kuroiwa Y, Onoue K and Ito Y: Myasthenia gravis: antibodies to acetylcholine receptor with human and rat antigens. Neurology. 30:543–546. 1980. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Kordas G, Lagoumintzis G, Sideris S, Poulas K and Tzartos SJ: Direct proof of the in vivo pathogenic role of the AChR autoanti-bodies from myasthenia gravis patients. PLoS One. 9:e1083272014. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Heyman B: Antibody feedback suppression: Towards a unifying concept? Immunol Lett. 68:41–45. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Heyman B: Feedback regulation by IgG antibodies. Immunol Lett. 88:157–161. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

PLOS ONE Staff: Correction: Direct proof of the in vivo pathogenic role of the AChR autoantibodies from myasthenia gravis patients. PLoS One. 10:e01176732015. View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Schürholz T, Kehne J, Gieselmann A and Neumann E: Functional reconstitution of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor by CHAPS dialysis depends on the concentrations of salt, lipid, and protein. Biochemistry. 31:5067–5077. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Chang HW and Bock E: Factors influencing the stability of isolated acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. Neurochem Int. 2C:269–280. 1980. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Tzartos SJ, Morel E, Efthimiadis A, Bustarret AF, D'Anglejan J, Drosos AA and Moutsopoulos HA: Fine antigenic specificities of antibodies in sera from patients with D-penicillamine-induced myasthenia gravis. Clin Exp Immunol. 74:80–86. 1988.PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Lin Y, Song C, Xu J, Yang Y, Qin H, Zhao C, Lin J, Liu R and Li Z: Irrelevance of anti‑nAChR cytoplasmic loop antibody in the degree of myasthenia gravis. Int J Mol Med 40: 931-939, 2017.
APA
Lin, Y., Song, C., Xu, J., Yang, Y., Qin, H., Zhao, C. ... Li, Z. (2017). Irrelevance of anti‑nAChR cytoplasmic loop antibody in the degree of myasthenia gravis. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 40, 931-939. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3074
MLA
Lin, Y., Song, C., Xu, J., Yang, Y., Qin, H., Zhao, C., Lin, J., Liu, R., Li, Z."Irrelevance of anti‑nAChR cytoplasmic loop antibody in the degree of myasthenia gravis". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40.3 (2017): 931-939.
Chicago
Lin, Y., Song, C., Xu, J., Yang, Y., Qin, H., Zhao, C., Lin, J., Liu, R., Li, Z."Irrelevance of anti‑nAChR cytoplasmic loop antibody in the degree of myasthenia gravis". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40, no. 3 (2017): 931-939. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3074
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Lin Y, Song C, Xu J, Yang Y, Qin H, Zhao C, Lin J, Liu R and Li Z: Irrelevance of anti‑nAChR cytoplasmic loop antibody in the degree of myasthenia gravis. Int J Mol Med 40: 931-939, 2017.
APA
Lin, Y., Song, C., Xu, J., Yang, Y., Qin, H., Zhao, C. ... Li, Z. (2017). Irrelevance of anti‑nAChR cytoplasmic loop antibody in the degree of myasthenia gravis. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 40, 931-939. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3074
MLA
Lin, Y., Song, C., Xu, J., Yang, Y., Qin, H., Zhao, C., Lin, J., Liu, R., Li, Z."Irrelevance of anti‑nAChR cytoplasmic loop antibody in the degree of myasthenia gravis". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40.3 (2017): 931-939.
Chicago
Lin, Y., Song, C., Xu, J., Yang, Y., Qin, H., Zhao, C., Lin, J., Liu, R., Li, Z."Irrelevance of anti‑nAChR cytoplasmic loop antibody in the degree of myasthenia gravis". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 40, no. 3 (2017): 931-939. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2017.3074
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team