Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 41 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2018 Volume 41 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Underlying mechanism of the photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin‑induced apoptosis in U87 glioma cells

  • Authors:
    • Shi‑Xiang Yuan
    • Jun‑Liang Li
    • Xin‑Ke Xu
    • Wei Chen
    • Cheng Chen
    • Kun‑Qi Kuang
    • Fang‑Yu Wang
    • Kai Wang
    • Fang‑Cheng Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: The First Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P.R. China, Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, P.R. China, Department of Neurosurgery, Sun Yat‑sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China, Department of Neurosurgery, The Twelve People's Hospital of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510620, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2288-2296
    |
    Published online on: January 18, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3400
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a relatively novel type of tumor therapy method with low toxicity and limited side‑effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanism and potential microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the treatment of glioma by PDT with hematoporphyrin, a clinical photosensitizer. The photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin on the cell viability and apoptosis of gliomas was investigated by MTT, and flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Alterations in singlet oxygen and mitochondrial membrane potential were detected. The differentially expressed miRNAs and proteins were evaluated by miRNA gene chip and apoptosis‑associated protein chip, respectively. The results demonstrated that cell viability significantly decreased with hematoporphyrin concentration. PDT with hematoporphyrin significantly increased cell apoptosis at a later stage, induced the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating that PDT with hematoporphyrin inhibited cell growth via induction of radical oxygen, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential and induced apoptosis. The upregulated miRNAs, including hsa‑miR‑7641, hsa‑miR‑9500, hsa‑miR‑4459, hsa‑miR‑21‑5p, hsa‑miR‑663a and hsa‑miR‑205‑5p may be important in PDT‑induced cell apoptosis in glioma. Transporter 1, ATP binding cassette subfamily B member‑ and nuclear factor‑κB‑mediated apoptosis signaling pathways were the most significant pathways. Thus, the current study presents PDT as a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of malignant glioma, and identified miRNAs for the molecular design and development of a third‑generation photosensitizer (PS).
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Duan R, Han L, Wang Q, Wei J, Chen L, Zhang J, Kang C and Wang L: HOXA13 is a potential GBM diagnostic marker and promotes glioma invasion by activating the Wnt and TGF-β pathways. Oncotarget. 6:27778–27793. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Watkins S, Robel S, Kimbrough IF, Robert SM, Ellisdavies G and Sontheimer H: Disruption of astrocyte-vascular coupling and the blood-brain barrier by invading glioma cells. Nature Communications. 5:41962014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Li W and Graeber MB: The molecular profile of microglia under the influence of glioma. Neuro Oncol. 14:958–978. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Saito T, Muragaki Y, Maruyama T, Tamura M, Nitta M and Okada Y: Intraoperative functional mapping and monitoring during glioma surgery. Neurol Med Chir. 55(Suppl 1): S1–S13. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Shi M, Fortin D, Sanche L and Paquette B: Convection-enhancement delivery of platinum-based drugs and Lipoplatin™ to optimize the concomitant effect with radiotherapy in F98 glioma rat model. Invest New Drugs. 33:555–563. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Tobias A, Ahmed A, Moon KS and Lesniak MS: The art of gene therapy for glioma: A review of the challenging road to the bedside. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84:213–222. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar :

7 

Charest G, Sanche L, Fortin D, Mathieu D and Paquette B: Optimization of the route of platinum drugs administration to optimize the concomitant treatment with radiotherapy for glio-blastoma implanted in the Fischer rat brain. J Neurooncol. 115:365–373. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Rudà R, Bello L, Duffau H and Soffietti R: Seizures in low-grade gliomas: Natural history, pathogenesis, and outcome after treatments. Neuro Oncol. 14(Suppl 4): iv55–iv64. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ethirajan M, Chen Y, Joshi P and Pandey RK: The role of porphyrin chemistry in tumor imaging and photodynamic therapy. Chem Soc Rev. 40:340–362. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Dougherty TJ, Gomer CJ, Henderson BW, Jori G, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J and Peng Q: Photodynamic therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 90:889–905. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Krosl G, Korbelik M and Dougherty GJ: Induction of immune cell infiltration into murine SCCVII tumour by photofrin-based photodynamic therapy. Br J Cancer. 71:549–555. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kessel D, Luo Y, Deng Y and Chang CK: The role of subcellular localization in initiation of apoptosis by photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 65:422–426. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Dougherty TJ and Levy JG: Biomedical photonics handbook. CRC Press; New York: 2003

14 

Tian YY, Wang LL and Wang W: Progress in photodynamic therapy on tumors. Laser Physics. 18:1119–1123. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Sutedja T, Baas P, Stewart F and van Zandwijk N: A pilot study of photodynamic therapy in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cancer. 28A:1370–1373. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Pandey RK, Goswami LN, Chen Y, Gryshuk A, Missert JR, Oseroff A and Dougherty TJ: Nature: A rich source for developing multifunctional agents. Tumor-imaging and photodynamic therapy. Lasers Surg Med. 38:445–467. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Whelpton R, Michael-Titus AT, Basra SS and Grahn M: Distribution of temoporfin, a new photosensitizer for the photo-dynamic therapy of cancer, in a murine tumor model. Photochem Photobiol. 61:397–401. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Ji J, Fan Z, Zhou F and Wang X, Shi L, Zhang H, Wang P, Yang D, Zhang L, Chen WR and Wang X: Improvement of DC vaccine with ALA-PDT induced immunogenic apoptotic cells for skin squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. 6:17135–17146. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wen CC, Li JL, Zhang SY, Xu XK, Ouyang LP, Yu J and Li FC: Photodynamic therapy mediated with 5-aminolevulinic acid enhances the expression of proteasomes in glioma cell line U251 cells. Chin J Clin Neurosurg. 17:154–157. 2012.

20 

Le-ping O, Shan-yi Z, Jun-liang L, Xin-ke X, Yin-lun W, Meiguang Z, Sheng-wen W and Fang-cheng L: Overexpression of TAP1 up-regulates HLA-I in human glioma U251 cells. In: Chin J Pathophysiol. 29. pp. 425–429. 2013

21 

Yuan SX, Li FC, Zhou HJ, Sun X and Yin HJ: Antitumor efficacy of photodynamic therapy-generated glioma vaccine from dendritic cells. Tumor. 27:962–967. 2007.

22 

Zhang SY, Li JL, Xu XK, Zheng MG, Wen CC and Li FC: Effect of hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether-based photodynamic treatment on gene expression of transporter associated with antigen processing 1 in human U87-MG glioma. Chin J Exp Surg. 27:914–916. 2010.In Chinese.

23 

Zhang Z, Wen JY, Lv BB, Li X, Ying X, Wang YJ, Zhang HT, Wang H, Liu HY and Chnag CK: Photocytotoxicity and G-quadruplex DNA interaction of water-soluble gallium(III) tris(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)corrole complex. Appl Organometal Chem. 30:132–139. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Liu JX, Yan ZP, Zhang YY, Wu J, Liu XH and Zeng Y: Hemodynamic shear stress regulates the transcriptional expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Cell Mol Biol. 62:28–34. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

25 

Zeng Y, Liu JX, Yan ZP, Yao XH and Liu XH: Potential microRNA biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke. Int J Mol Med. 36:1639–1647. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Moserova I and Kralova J: Role of ER stress response in photodynamic therapy: ROS generated in different subcellular compartments trigger diverse cell death pathways. PLoS One. 7:e329722012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Broekgaarden M, Weijer R, van Gulik TM, Hamblin MR and Heger M: Tumor cell survival pathways activated by photody-namic therapy: A molecular basis for pharmacological inhibition strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 34:643–690. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Liang ZH, Liu HY, Zhou R, Zhang Z, Ali A, Han BJ, Liu YJ and Xiao XY: DNA-binding, photocleavage, and photodynamic anti-cancer activities of pyridyl corroles. J Membr Biol. 249:419–428. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Zeng Y: Endothelial glycocalyx as a critical signalling platform integrating the extracellular haemodynamic forces and chemical signalling. J Cell Mol Med. 21:1457–1462. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Králová J, Bríza T, Moserová I, Dolenský B, Vasek P, Poucková P, Kejík Z, Kaplánek R, Martásek P, Dvorák M and Král V: Glycol porphyrin derivatives as potent photodynamic inducers of apoptosis in tumor cells. J Med Chem. 51:5964–5973. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Geng Y, Lin D, Shao L, Yan F and Ju H: Cellular delivery of quantum dot-bound hybridization probe for detection of intracellular pre-microRNA using chitosan/poly(γ-glutamic acid) complex as a carrier. PLoS One. 8:e655402013. View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Guo P, Coban O, Snead NM, Trebley J, Hoeprich S, Guo S and Shu Y: Engineering RNA for targeted siRNA delivery and medical application. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 62:650–666. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Li SJ, Zhou J, Zhang L, Xiang W, Hu Q, He YY and Chen LG: The effect of miR-21 on SWOZ2 glioma cells and its biological mechanism. J BUON. 22:468–473. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Li Q, Cheng Q, Chen Z, Peng R, Chen R, Ma Z, Wan X, Liu J, Meng M, Peng Z and Jiang B: MicroRNA-663 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells via targeting TGF-β1. Oncol Rep. 35:1125–1134. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Yue X, Lan F, Hu M, Pan Q, Wang Q and Wang J: Downregulation of serum microRNA-205 as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for human glioma. J Neurosurg. 124:122–128. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Lin Q, Geng Y, Zhao M, Lin S, Zhu Q and Tian Z: MiR-21 Regulates TNF-α-induced CD40 expression via the SIRT1-NF-κB pathway in renal inner medullary collecting duct cells. Cell Physiol Biochem. 41:124–136. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Misuth M, Horvath D, Miskovsky P and Huntosova V: Synergism between PKCδ regulators hypericin and rottlerin enhances apoptosis in U87 MG glioma cells after light stimulation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 18:267–274. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Pan L, Lin H, Tian S, Bai D, Kong Y and Yu L: The sensitivity of glioma cells to pyropheophorbide-αmethyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy is enhanced by inhibiting ABCG2. Lasers Surg Med. 49:719–726. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Christie C, Pomeroy A, Nair R, Berg K and Hirschberg H: Photodynamic therapy enhances the efficacy of gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 18:140–148. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yuan SX, Li JL, Xu XK, Chen W, Chen C, Kuang KQ, Wang FY, Wang K and Li FC: Underlying mechanism of the photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin‑induced apoptosis in U87 glioma cells. Int J Mol Med 41: 2288-2296, 2018.
APA
Yuan, S., Li, J., Xu, X., Chen, W., Chen, C., Kuang, K. ... Li, F. (2018). Underlying mechanism of the photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin‑induced apoptosis in U87 glioma cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 41, 2288-2296. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3400
MLA
Yuan, S., Li, J., Xu, X., Chen, W., Chen, C., Kuang, K., Wang, F., Wang, K., Li, F."Underlying mechanism of the photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin‑induced apoptosis in U87 glioma cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41.4 (2018): 2288-2296.
Chicago
Yuan, S., Li, J., Xu, X., Chen, W., Chen, C., Kuang, K., Wang, F., Wang, K., Li, F."Underlying mechanism of the photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin‑induced apoptosis in U87 glioma cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41, no. 4 (2018): 2288-2296. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3400
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yuan SX, Li JL, Xu XK, Chen W, Chen C, Kuang KQ, Wang FY, Wang K and Li FC: Underlying mechanism of the photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin‑induced apoptosis in U87 glioma cells. Int J Mol Med 41: 2288-2296, 2018.
APA
Yuan, S., Li, J., Xu, X., Chen, W., Chen, C., Kuang, K. ... Li, F. (2018). Underlying mechanism of the photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin‑induced apoptosis in U87 glioma cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 41, 2288-2296. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3400
MLA
Yuan, S., Li, J., Xu, X., Chen, W., Chen, C., Kuang, K., Wang, F., Wang, K., Li, F."Underlying mechanism of the photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin‑induced apoptosis in U87 glioma cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41.4 (2018): 2288-2296.
Chicago
Yuan, S., Li, J., Xu, X., Chen, W., Chen, C., Kuang, K., Wang, F., Wang, K., Li, F."Underlying mechanism of the photodynamic activity of hematoporphyrin‑induced apoptosis in U87 glioma cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41, no. 4 (2018): 2288-2296. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3400
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team