Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
May-2018 Volume 41 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2018 Volume 41 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells

  • Authors:
    • Yunzi Li
    • Qian Liu
    • Jing Sun
    • Jin Wang
    • Xinfeng Liu
    • Jing Gao
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China, Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2997-3005
    |
    Published online on: February 5, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3456
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathology of neuronal damage during Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies suggest that simvastatin (SV) ameliorates amyloid β (Aβ)‑mediated cognitive impairment in AD patients and transgenic mice; however, the mechanisms remain unknown. To investigate the potential mechanisms by which SV protects against AD neurotoxicity, the present study used a series of cellular and molecular assays to analyze the effects of SV in an in vitro model of Aβ1‑42-induced injury. The results demonstrated that SV protected against Aβ1‑42‑induced SH‑SY5Y cell injury by inhibiting the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm, and reducing the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. In addition, SV downregulated cleaved‑caspase‑3 protein levels, increased the ratio of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) to Bcl-2-associated X protein, and increased the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α in the Aβ1‑42‑treated cells. Furthermore, SV increased the mitochondrial membrane potential and adenosine triphosphate levels, and enhanced the cell respiratory function and mitochondrial mass of the cells. In conclusion, the present study revealed that SV protected SH‑SY5Y cells against Aβ1‑42-induced injury through regulating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and mitochondrial function.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Prince M, Comas-Herrera A, Knapp M, Guerchet M and Karagiannidou M: World Alzheimer Report 2016 - Improving healthcare for people living with dementia: Coverage, quality and costs now and in the future. Alzheimer's Disease International; London:

2 

Salmon DP: Neuropsychological features of mild cognitive impairment and preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 10:187–212. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Förstl H and Kurz A: Clinical features of Alzheimer's disease. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 249:288–290. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Cong L and Jia J: Promoter polymorphisms which regulate ADAM9 transcription are protective against sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 32:54–62. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Tong Z, Zhang J, Luo W, Wang W, Li F, Li H, Luo H, Lu J, Zhou J, Wan Y, et al: Urine formaldehyde level is inversely correlated to mini mental state examination scores in senile dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 32:31–41. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Tong Z, Han C, Luo W, Wang X, Li H, Luo H, Zhou J, Qi J and He R: Accumulated hippocampal formaldehyde induces age-dependent memory decline. Age (Dordr). 35:583–596. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

He R, Lu J and Miao J: Formaldehyde stress. Sci China Life Sci. 53:1399–1404. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Zhang X and Poo MM: Progress in neural plasticity. Sci China Life Sci. 53:322–329. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Luo Z: Synapse formation and remodeling. Sci China Life Sci. 53:315–321. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Zhang M, Zhao Z, He L and Wan C: A meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in schizophrenia. Sci China Life Sci. 53:112–124. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Sun P, Zhang Q, Han J, Tian Y and Zhang J: TLR4 signaling induced TLR2 expression in the process of mimic cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in vitro. Sci China Life Sci. 53:223–228. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Perry EK, Perry RH, Tomlinson BE, Blessed G and Gibson PH: Coenzyme A-acetylating enzymes in Alzheimer's disease: Possible cholinergic 'compartment' of pyruvate dehydrogenase. Neurosci Lett. 18:105–110. 1980. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Gibson GE, Sheu KF, Blass JP, Baker A, Carlson KC, Harding B and Perrino P: Reduced activities of thiamine-dependent enzymes in the brains and peripheral tissues of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. 45:836–840. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Hirai K, Aliev G, Nunomura A, Fujioka H, Russell RL, Atwood CS, Johnson AB, Kress Y, Vinters HV, Tabaton M, et al: Mitochondrial abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci. 21:3017–3023. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Sims NR, Finegan JM, Blass JP, Bowen DM and Neary D: Mitochondrial function in brain tissue in primary degenerative dementia. Brain Res. 436:30–38. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Eckert A, Keil U, Marques CA, Bonert A, Frey C, Schüssel K and Müller WE: Mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptotic cell death, and Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Pharmacol. 66:1627–1634. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Parks JK, Smith TS, Trimmer PA, Bennett JP Jr and Parker WD Jr: Neurotoxic Abeta peptides increase oxidative stress in vivo through NMDA-receptor and nitric-oxide-synthase mechanisms, and inhibit complex IV activity and induce a mitochondrial permeability transition in vitro. J Neurochem. 76:1050–1056. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Hauptmann S, Scherping I, Dröse S, Brandt U, Schulz KL, Jendrach M, Leuner K, Eckert A and Müller WE: Mitochondrial dysfunction: An early event in Alzheimer pathology accumulates with age in AD transgenic mice. Neurobiol Aging. 30:1574–1586. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Cucchiara B and Kasner SE: Use of statins in CNS disorders. J Neurol Sci. 187:81–89. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Simons M, Schwärzler F, Lütjohann D, von Bergmann K, Beyreuther K, Dichgans J, Wormstall H, Hartmann T and Schulz JB: Treatment with simvastatin in normocholesterolemic patients with Alzheimer's disease: A 26-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ann Neurol. 52:346–350. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Tong XK, Lecrux C, Rosa-Neto P and Hamel E: Age-dependent rescue by simvastatin of Alzheimer's disease cerebrovascular and memory deficits. J Neurosci. 32:4705–4715. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Tong XK, Nicolakakis N, Fernandes P, Ongali B, Brouillette J, Quirion R and Hamel E: Simvastatin improves cerebrovascular function and counters soluble amyloid-beta, inflammation and oxidative stress in aged APP mice. Neurobiol Dis. 35:406–414. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Chuang SC, Liao HJ, Li CJ, Wang GJ, Chang JK and Ho ML: Simvastatin enhances human osteoblast proliferation involved in mitochondrial energy generation. Eur J Pharmacol. 714:74–82. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Zhao XH, Xu ZR, Zhang Q and Yang YM: Simvastatin protects human osteosarcoma cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through mitochondrial-mediated signaling. Mol Med Rep. 5:483–488. 2012.

25 

Xu MF, Xiong YY, Liu JK, Qian JJ, Zhu L and Gao J: Asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene in Centella asiatica, attenuates glutamate-induced cognitive deficits in mice and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 33:578–587. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Piqué M, Barragán M, Dalmau M, Bellosillo B, Pons G and Gil J: Aspirin induces apoptosis through mitochondrial cytochrome c release. FEBS Lett. 480:193–196. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Danial NN and Korsmeyer SJ: Cell death: Critical control points. Cell. 116:205–219. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Zamzami N, Marchetti P, Castedo M, Decaudin D, Macho A, Hirsch T, Susin SA, Petit PX, Mignotte B and Kroemer G: Sequential reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species in early programmed cell death. J Exp Med. 182:367–377. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

St-Pierre J, Drori S, Uldry M, Silvaggi JM, Rhee J, Jäger S, Handschin C, Zheng K, Lin J, Yang W, et al: Suppression of reactive oxygen species and neurodegeneration by the PGC-1 transcriptional coactivators. Cell. 127:397–408. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Mei Z, Yan P, Situ B, Mou Y and Liu P: Cryptotanshinione inhibits β-amyloid aggregation and protects damage from β-amyloid in SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Res. 37:622–628. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Ma L and Li W: Emodin inhibits LOVO colorectal cancer cell proliferation via the regulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and cytochrome c. Exp Ther Med. 8:1225–1228. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Ricci JE, Gottlieb RA and Green DR: Caspase-mediated loss of mitochondrial function and generation of reactive oxygen species during apoptosis. J Cell Biol. 160:65–75. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Camilleri A, Zarb C, Caruana M, Ostermeier U, Ghio S, Högen T, Schmidt F, Giese A and Vassallo N: Mitochondrial membrane permeabilisation by amyloid aggregates and protection by polyphenols. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1828:2532–2543. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Wang X, Wang W, Li L, Perry G, Lee HG and Zhu X: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1842:1240–1247. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Santos RX, Correia SC, Wang X, Perry G, Smith MA, Moreira PI and Zhu X: Alzheimer's disease: Diverse aspects of mitochondrial malfunctioning. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 3:570–581. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

36 

García-Escudero V, Martín-Maestro P, Perry G and Avila J: Deconstructing mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2013:1621522013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Swerdlow RH, Burns JM and Khan SM: The Alzheimer's disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: Progress and perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1842:1219–1231. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar :

38 

Cadonic C, Sabbir MG and Albensi BC: Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurobiol. 53:6078–6090. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Rhein V, Song X, Wiesner A, Ittner LM, Baysang G, Meier F, Ozmen L, Bluethmann H, Dröse S, Brandt U, et al: Amyloid-β and tau synergistically impair the oxidative phosphorylation system in triple transgenic Alzheimer's disease mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106:20057–20062. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

Gottlieb E, Armour SM, Harris MH and Thompson CB: Mitochondrial membrane potential regulates matrix configuration and cytochrome c release during apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 10:709–717. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Hansson Petersen CA, Alikhani N, Behbahani H, Wiehager B, Pavlov PF, Alafuzoff I, Leinonen V, Ito A, Winblad B, Glaser E, et al: The amyloid beta-peptide is imported into mitochondria via the TOM import machinery and localized to mitochondrial cristae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105:13145–13150. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Picone P, Nuzzo D, Caruana L, Scafidi V and Di Carlo M: Mitochondrial dysfunction: Different routes to Alzheimer's disease therapy. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014:7801792014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Li Y, Liu Q, Sun J, Wang J, Liu X and Gao J: Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Int J Mol Med 41: 2997-3005, 2018.
APA
Li, Y., Liu, Q., Sun, J., Wang, J., Liu, X., & Gao, J. (2018). Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 41, 2997-3005. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3456
MLA
Li, Y., Liu, Q., Sun, J., Wang, J., Liu, X., Gao, J."Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41.5 (2018): 2997-3005.
Chicago
Li, Y., Liu, Q., Sun, J., Wang, J., Liu, X., Gao, J."Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41, no. 5 (2018): 2997-3005. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3456
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Li Y, Liu Q, Sun J, Wang J, Liu X and Gao J: Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. Int J Mol Med 41: 2997-3005, 2018.
APA
Li, Y., Liu, Q., Sun, J., Wang, J., Liu, X., & Gao, J. (2018). Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 41, 2997-3005. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3456
MLA
Li, Y., Liu, Q., Sun, J., Wang, J., Liu, X., Gao, J."Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41.5 (2018): 2997-3005.
Chicago
Li, Y., Liu, Q., Sun, J., Wang, J., Liu, X., Gao, J."Mitochondrial protective mechanism of simvastatin protects against amyloid β peptide-induced injury in SH-SY5Y cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 41, no. 5 (2018): 2997-3005. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3456
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team