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Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
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Review Open Access

A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Anca Oana Docea
    • Aristidis Tsatsakis
    • Dana Albulescu
    • Oana Cristea
    • Ovidiu Zlatian
    • Marco Vinceti
    • Sterghios A. Moschos
    • Dimitris Tsoukalas
    • Marina Goumenou
    • Nikolaos Drakoulis
    • Josef M. Dumanov
    • Victor A. Tutelyan
    • Gennadii G. Onischenko
    • Michael Aschner
    • Demetrios A. Spandidos
    • Daniela Calina
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania, Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Radiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania, Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, I‑41125 Modena, Italy, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle‑Upon‑Tyne NE1 8ST, UK, Metabolomic Medicine, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece, Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece, Mycological Institute US EU, Subclinical Research Group, Sparta, NJ 07871, USA, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia, The State Education Institution of Higher Professional Training, The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University under Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 119992 Moscow, Russia, Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
    Copyright: © Docea et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1631-1643
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    Published online on: March 27, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4555
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Abstract

The new outbreak of coronavirus from December 2019 has brought attention to an old viral enemy and has raised concerns as to the ability of current protection measures and the healthcare system to handle such a threat. It has been known since the 1960s that coronaviruses can cause respiratory infections in humans; however, their epidemic potential was understood only during the past two decades. In the present review, we address current knowledge on coronaviruses from a short history to epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation of the disease, as well as treatment and prevention strategies. Although a great amount of research and efforts have been made worldwide to prevent further outbreaks of coronavirus‑associated disease, the spread and lethality of the 2019 outbreak (COVID‑19) is proving to be higher than previous epidemics on account of international travel density and immune naivety of the population. Only strong, joint and coordinated efforts of worldwide healthcare systems, researchers, and pharmaceutical companies and receptive national leaders will succeed in suppressing an outbreak of this scale.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Docea AO, Tsatsakis A, Albulescu D, Cristea O, Zlatian O, Vinceti M, Moschos SA, Tsoukalas D, Goumenou M, Drakoulis N, Drakoulis N, et al: A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review). Int J Mol Med 45: 1631-1643, 2020.
APA
Docea, A.O., Tsatsakis, A., Albulescu, D., Cristea, O., Zlatian, O., Vinceti, M. ... Calina, D. (2020). A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 45, 1631-1643. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4555
MLA
Docea, A. O., Tsatsakis, A., Albulescu, D., Cristea, O., Zlatian, O., Vinceti, M., Moschos, S. A., Tsoukalas, D., Goumenou, M., Drakoulis, N., Dumanov, J. M., Tutelyan, V. A., Onischenko, G. G., Aschner, M., Spandidos, D. A., Calina, D."A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 45.6 (2020): 1631-1643.
Chicago
Docea, A. O., Tsatsakis, A., Albulescu, D., Cristea, O., Zlatian, O., Vinceti, M., Moschos, S. A., Tsoukalas, D., Goumenou, M., Drakoulis, N., Dumanov, J. M., Tutelyan, V. A., Onischenko, G. G., Aschner, M., Spandidos, D. A., Calina, D."A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 45, no. 6 (2020): 1631-1643. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4555
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Docea AO, Tsatsakis A, Albulescu D, Cristea O, Zlatian O, Vinceti M, Moschos SA, Tsoukalas D, Goumenou M, Drakoulis N, Drakoulis N, et al: A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review). Int J Mol Med 45: 1631-1643, 2020.
APA
Docea, A.O., Tsatsakis, A., Albulescu, D., Cristea, O., Zlatian, O., Vinceti, M. ... Calina, D. (2020). A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review). International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 45, 1631-1643. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4555
MLA
Docea, A. O., Tsatsakis, A., Albulescu, D., Cristea, O., Zlatian, O., Vinceti, M., Moschos, S. A., Tsoukalas, D., Goumenou, M., Drakoulis, N., Dumanov, J. M., Tutelyan, V. A., Onischenko, G. G., Aschner, M., Spandidos, D. A., Calina, D."A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 45.6 (2020): 1631-1643.
Chicago
Docea, A. O., Tsatsakis, A., Albulescu, D., Cristea, O., Zlatian, O., Vinceti, M., Moschos, S. A., Tsoukalas, D., Goumenou, M., Drakoulis, N., Dumanov, J. M., Tutelyan, V. A., Onischenko, G. G., Aschner, M., Spandidos, D. A., Calina, D."A new threat from an old enemy: Re‑emergence of coronavirus (Review)". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 45, no. 6 (2020): 1631-1643. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4555
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