Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
July-2020 Volume 46 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2020 Volume 46 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound

  • Authors:
    • Ping Liu
    • Jeong‑Wook Choi
    • Min‑Kyeong Lee
    • Youn Hee Choi
    • Taek‑Jeong Nam
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 351-359
    |
    Published online on: April 8, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4571
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The skin protects body from environmental damage. Skin wounds lead to microbial infection and harmful agent injury. Thus, wound repair is crucial for the recovery of the normal function of skin tissue. The present study investigated the promoting effects of spirulina protein (SPCP) in mice on skin wound repair and also aimed to elucidate the potential underlying mechanisms. The results revealed that SPCP promoted the skin wound repair in a mouse model of full‑thickness excisional wounds. SPCP induced an increase in the expression level of α‑smooth muscle actin (α‑SMA). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were enhanced by SPCP treatment in the granulation tissue. In addition, SPCP decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the granulation tissue. Western blot analysis revealed that SPCP enhanced the phosphorylation and activation of protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal‑regulated kinase (ERK). Moreover, the expression level of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‑β1) was increased in the SPCP‑treated groups. The phosphorylation level of Smad2 was also increased by treatment of SPCP. Furthermore, SPCP promoted the expression of collagen in the granulation tissue. Taken together, these findings indicate that SPCP exerts a promoting effect on skin wound repair. The Akt, ERK and TGF‑β1 signaling pathways are involved in this process.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1 

Kageyama H and Waditee-Sirisattha R: Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging properties of mycosporine-like amino acids: Molecular and cellular mechanisms in the protection of skin-aging. Mar Drugs. 17:pii: E222. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Hyun YJ, Piao MJ, Kang KA, Zhen AX, Madushan Fernando PDS, Kang HK, Ahn YS and Hyun JW: Effect of fermented fish oil on fine particulate matter-induced skin aging. Mar Drugs. 17:pii: E61. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Takeo M, Lee W and Ito M: Wound healing and skin regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 5:a0232672015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Martin P: Wound healing-aiming for perfect skin regeneration. Science. 276:75–81. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Hu L, Wang J, Zhou X, Xiong Z, Zhao J, Yu R, Huang F, Zhang H and Chen L: Exosomes derived from human adipose mensen-chymal stem cells accelerates cutaneous wound healing via optimizing the characteristics of fibroblasts. Sci Rep. 6:329932016. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Chiquet M, Katsaros C and Kletsas D: Multiple functions of gingival and mucoperiosteal fibroblasts in oral wound healing and repair. Periodontol 2000. 68:21–40. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Barrientos S, Stojadinovic O, Golinko MS, Brem H and Tomic-Canic M: Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 16:585–601. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Crowe MJ, Doetschman T and Greenhalgh DG: Delayed wound healing in immunodeficient TGF-beta 1 knockout mice. J Invest Dermatol. 115:3–11. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Philipp K, Riedel F, Sauerbier M, Hörmann K and Germann G: Targeting TGF-beta in human keratinocytes and its potential role in wound healing. Int J Mol Med. 14:589–593. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Tracy LE, Minasian RA and Caterson EJ: Extracellular matrix and dermal fibroblast function in the healing wound. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 5:119–136. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Zhou ZQ, Chen Y, Chai M, Tao R, Lei YH, Jia YQ, Shu J, Ren J, Li G, Wei WX, et al: Adipose extracellular matrix promotes skin wound healing by inducing the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into fibroblasts. Int J Mol Med. 43:890–900. 2019.

12 

Xue M and Jackson CJ: Extracellular matrix reorganization during wound healing and its impact on abnormal scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 4:119–136. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Guo S and Dipietro LA: Factors affecting wound healing. J Dent Res. 89:219–229. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Yang Y, Xia T, Zhi W, Wei L, Weng J, Zhang C and Li X: Promotion of skin regeneration in diabetic rats by electrospun core-sheath fibers loaded with basic fibroblast growth factor. Biomaterials. 32:4243–4254. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Moulin V: Growth factors in skin wound healing. Eur J Cell Biol. 68:1–7. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Derynck R, Zhang Y and Feng XH: Smads: Transcriptional activators of TGF-beta responses. Cell. 95:737–740. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Rolfe KJ, Richardson J, Vigor C, Irvine LM, Grobbelaar AO and Linge C: A role for TGF-beta 1-induced cellular responses during wound healing of the non-scarring early human fetus? J Invest Dermatol. 127:2656–2667. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Wynn TA: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. J Pathol. 214:199–210. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Sauer H, Wartenberg M and Hescheler J: Reactive oxygen species as intracellular messengers during cell growth and differentiation. Cell Physiol Biochem. 11:173–186. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Dunnill C, Patton T, Brennan J, Barrett J, Dryden M, Cooke J, Leaper D and Georgopoulos NT: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and wound healing: The functional role of ROS and emerging ROS-modulating technologies for augmentation of the healing process. Int Wound J. 14:89–96. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Sen CK, Khanna S, Babior BM, Hunt TK, Ellison EC and Roy S: Oxidant-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in human keratinocytes and cutaneous wound healing. J Biol Chem. 277:33284–33290. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Park HH, Park NY, Kim SG, Jeong KT, Lee EJ and Lee E: Potential wound healing activities of galla rhois in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Am J Chin Med. 43:1625–1636. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Pozzolini M, Millo E, Oliveri C, Mirata S, Salis A, Damonte G, Arkel M and Scarfì S: Elicited ROS scavenging activity, photo-protective, and wound-healing properties of collagen-derived peptides from the marine sponge chondrosia reniformis. Mar Drugs. 16:pii: E465. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Son DH, Yang DJ, Sun JS, Kim SK, Kang N, Kang JY, Choi YH, Lee JH, Moh SH, Shin DM and Kim KW: A novel peptide, nicotinyl-isoleucine-valine-histidine (NA-IVH), promotes antioxidant gene expression and wound healing in HaCaT cells. Mar Drugs. 16:pii: E262. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Kubatka P, Kapinová A, Kružliak P, Kello M, Výbohová D, Kajo K, Novák M, Chripková M, Adamkov M, Péč M, et al: Antineoplastic effects of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the breast cancer model. Nutrition. 31:560–569. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Sheih IC, Fang TJ, Wu TK and Lin PH: Anticancer and antioxidant activities of the peptide fraction from algae protein waste. J Agric Food Chem. 58:1202–1207. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Liu P, Lee MK, Choi JW, Choi Y and Nam TJ: Crude protein from spirulina increases the viability of CCD-986sk cells via the EGFR/MAPK signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med. 43:771–778. 2019.

28 

Liu P, Choi JW, Lee MK, Choi YH and Nam TJ: Wound healing potential of spirulina protein on CCD-986sk cells. Mar Drugs. 17:pii: E130. 2019.

29 

Plikus MV, Guerrero-Juarez CF, Ito M, Li YR, Dedhia PH, Zheng Y, Shao M, Gay DL, Ramos R, Hsi TC, et al: Regeneration of fat cells from myofibroblasts during wound healing. Science. 355:748–752. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Verrecchia F and Mauviel A: Transforming growth factor-beta signaling through the Smad pathway: Role in extracellular matrix gene expression and regulation. J Invest Dermatol. 118:211–215. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Wu HY, Wu JL and Ni ZL: Overexpression of microRNA-202-3p protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of TGF-β1/Smads signaling pathway by targeting TRPM6. Cell Cycle. 18:621–637. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Joshi A, Joshi VK, Pandey D and Hemalatha S: Systematic investigation of ethanolic extract from Leea macrophylla: Implications in wound healing. J Ethnopharmacol. 191:95–106. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zhao X, Wu H, Guo B, Dong R, Qiu Y and Ma PX: Antibacterial anti-oxidant electroactive injectable hydrogel as self-healing wound dressing with hemostasis and adhesiveness for cutaneous wound healing. Biomaterials. 122:34–47. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Kim HS, Park SY, Moon SH, Lee JD and Kim S: Autophagy in human skin fibroblasts: Impact of age. Int J Mol Sci. 19:pii: E2254. 2018.

35 

Pereira RF and Bártolo PJ: Traditional therapies for skin wound healing. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 5:208–229. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Schäfer M and Werner S: Oxidative stress in normal and impaired wound repair. Pharmacol Res. 58:165–171. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Landén NX, Li D and Ståhle M: Transition from inflammation to proliferation: A critical step during wound healing. Cell Mol Life Sci. 73:3861–3885. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Nimse SB and Pal D: Free radicals, natural antioxidants, and their reaction mechanisms. RSC Adv. 5:27986–8006. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Sies H: Hydrogen peroxide as a central redox signaling molecule in physiological oxidative stress: Oxidative eustress. Redox Biol. 11:613–619. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Meloche S and Pouysségur J: The ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway as a master regulator of the G1-to S-phase transition. Oncogene. 26:3227–3239. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

He Z, Jiang J, Kokkinaki M, Golestaneh N, Hofmann MC and Dym M: Gdnf upregulates c-Fos transcription via the Ras/Erk1/2 pathway to promote mouse spermatogonial stem cell proliferation. Stem Cells. 26:266–278. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Mebratu Y and Tesfaigzi Y: How ERK1/2 activation controls cell proliferation and cell death: Is subcellular localization the answer? Cell Cycle. 8:1168–1175. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Coutant A, Rescan C, Gilot D, Loyer P, Guguen-Guillouzo C and Baffet G: PI3K-FRAP/mTOR pathway is critical for hepatocyte proliferation whereas MEK/ERK supports both proliferation and survival. Hepatology. 36:1079–1088. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Engelman JA, Luo J and Cantley LC: The evolution of phospha-tidylinositol 3-kinases as regulators of growth and metabolism. Nat Rev Genet. 7:606–619. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Kornasio R, Riederer I, Butler-Browne G, Mouly V, Uni Z and Halevy O: Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) stimulates myogenic cell proliferation, differentiation and survival via the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1793:755–763. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Schultz GS and Wysocki A: Interactions between extracellular matrix and growth factors in wound healing. Wound Repair Regen. 17:153–162. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Hinz B: Formation and function of the myofibroblast during tissue repair. J Invest Dermatol. 127:526–537. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Kadler KE, Baldock C, Bella J and Boot-Handford RP: Collagens at a glance. J Cell Sci. 120:1955–1958. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Lenselink EA: Role of fibronectin in normal wound healing. Int Wound J. 12:313–316. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu P, Choi JW, Lee MK, Choi YH and Nam TJ: Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound. Int J Mol Med 46: 351-359, 2020.
APA
Liu, P., Choi, J., Lee, M., Choi, Y.H., & Nam, T. (2020). Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46, 351-359. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4571
MLA
Liu, P., Choi, J., Lee, M., Choi, Y. H., Nam, T."Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46.1 (2020): 351-359.
Chicago
Liu, P., Choi, J., Lee, M., Choi, Y. H., Nam, T."Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46, no. 1 (2020): 351-359. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4571
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu P, Choi JW, Lee MK, Choi YH and Nam TJ: Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound. Int J Mol Med 46: 351-359, 2020.
APA
Liu, P., Choi, J., Lee, M., Choi, Y.H., & Nam, T. (2020). Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46, 351-359. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4571
MLA
Liu, P., Choi, J., Lee, M., Choi, Y. H., Nam, T."Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46.1 (2020): 351-359.
Chicago
Liu, P., Choi, J., Lee, M., Choi, Y. H., Nam, T."Spirulina protein promotes skin wound repair in a mouse model of full-thickness dermal excisional wound". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46, no. 1 (2020): 351-359. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4571
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team