Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Molecular Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1107-3756 Online ISSN: 1791-244X
Journal Cover
September-2020 Volume 46 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2020 Volume 46 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells

  • Authors:
    • Po‑Min Yang
    • Kai‑Chun Cheng
    • Shao‑Ho Yuan
    • Being‑Sun Wung
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao‑kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 81267, Taiwan, R.O.C., Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan, R.O.C.
    Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 1096-1106
    |
    Published online on: June 23, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4656
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The most common cause of vision loss among the elderly is age‑related macular degeneration (AMD). The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential cytoprotective and anti‑inflammatory effects of carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules (CORMs), and their ability to activate the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2)‑related genes in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, as well as the inhibition of endothelial cell migration. It was first determined that CORM2 and CORM3 suppressed blue light‑induced cell damage. In addition, a decrease in the level of cleaved poly(ADP‑ribose) polymerase 1 protein and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential were considered to reflect the anti‑apoptotic activity of CORMs. Furthermore, CORM2 induced Nrf‑2 activation and the expression of the Nrf2‑related genes heme oxygenase‑1 and glutamate‑cysteine ligase. Pretreatment with CORM2 abolished the blue light‑induced increase in oxidative stress, suggesting that CORM2‑induced antioxidant activity was involved in the cytoprotection against blue light. It was also demonstrated that CORMs markedly suppressed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α‑induced intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 expression. Moreover, it was further observed that CORMs exert their inhibitory effects through blocking nuclear factor‑κB/p65 nuclear translocation and IκBα degradation in TNFα‑treated RPE cells. It was observed that CORM2, but not CORM3, protected against oxidative stress‑induced cell damage. CORMs abolished vascular endothelial growth factor‑induced migration of endothelial cells. The findings of the present study demonstrated the cytoprotective, antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects of CORMs on RPE cells and anti‑angiogenic effects on endothelial cells, suggesting the potential clinical application of CORMs as anti‑AMD agents.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Kokotas H, Grigoriadou M and Petersen MB: Age-related macular degeneration: Genetic and clinical findings. Clin Chem Lab Med. 49:601–616. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Kent D and Sheridan C: Choroidal neovascularization: A wound healing perspective. Mol Vis. 9:747–755. 2003.

3 

Vicente-Tejedor J, Marchena M, Ramírez L, García-Ayuso D, Gómez-Vicente V, Sánchez-Ramos C, de la Villa P and Germain F: Removal of the blue component of light significantly decreases retinal damage after high intensity exposure. PLoS One. 13:e01942182018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Strauss O: The retinal pigment epithelium in visual function. Physiol Rev. 85:845–81. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Cousins SW, Espinosa-Heidmann DG and Csaky KG: Monocyte activation in patients with age-related macular degeneration: A biomarker of risk for choroidal neovascularization? Arch Ophthalmol. 122:1013–1018. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Yang L, Froio RM, Sciuto TE, Dvorak AM, Alon R and Luscinskas FW: ICAM-1 regulates neutrophil adhesion and transcellular migration of TNF-alpha-activated vascular endothelium under flow. Blood. 106:584–592. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Ledebur HC and Parks TP: Transcriptional regulation of the inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 gene by inflammatory cytokines in human endothelial cells. Essential roles of a variant NF-kappaB site and p65 homodimers. J Biol Chem. 270:933–943. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Tak PP and Firestein GS: NF-kappaB: A key role in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Invest. 107:7–11. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Nakanishi-Ueda T, Majima HJ, Watanabe K, Ueda T, Indo HP, Suenaga S, Hisamitsu T, Ozawa T, Yasuhara H and Koide R: Blue LED light exposure develops intracellular reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and subsequent cellular injuries in cultured bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells. Free Radic Res. 47:774–780. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Itoh K, Chiba T, Takahashi S, Ishii T, Igarashi K, Katoh Y, Oyake T, Hayashi N, Satoh K, Hatayama I, et al: An Nrf2/small Maf heterodimer mediates the induction of phase II detoxifying enzyme genes through antioxidant response elements. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 236:313–322. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Alam J, Stewart D, Touchard C, Boinapally S, Choi AM and Cook JL: Nrf2, a Cap'n'Collar transcription factor, regulates induction of the heme oxygenase-1 gene. J Biol Chem. 274:26071–26078. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

McMahon M, Itoh K, Yamamoto M, Chanas SA, Henderson CJ, McLellan LI, Wolf CR, Cavin C and Hayes JD: The Cap'n'Collar basic leucine zipper transcription factor Nrf2 (NF-E2 p45-related factor 2) controls both constitutive and inducible expression of intestinal detoxification and glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. Cancer Res. 61:3299–3307. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Townsend DM, Tew KD and Tapiero H: The importance of glutathione in human disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 57:145–155. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Kim KM, Pae HO, Zheng M, Park R, Kim YM and Chung HT: Carbon monoxide induces heme oxygenase-1 via activation of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis triggered by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Circ Res. 101:919–927. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Schwer CI, Mutschler M, Stoll P, Goebel U, Humar M, Hoetzel A and Schmidt R: Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 inhibits pancreatic stellate cell proliferation by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/heme oxygenase-1 signaling. Mol Pharmacol. 77:660–669. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Shin DY, Chung J, Joe Y, Pae HO, Chang KC, Cho GJ, Wolf CR, Cavin C and Hayes JD: Pretreatment with CO-releasing molecules suppresses hepcidin expression during inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress through inhibition of the STAT3 and CREBH pathways. Blood. 119:2523–2532. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Ryter SW, Alam J and Choi AM: Heme oxygenase-1/carbon monoxide: From basic science to therapeutic applications. Physiol Rev. 86:583–650. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Bannenberg GL and Vieira HL: Therapeutic applications of the gaseous mediators carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. Expert Opin Ther Pat. 19:663–682. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Queiroga CS, Vercelli A and Vieira HL: Carbon monoxide and the CNS: Challenges and achievements. Br J Pharmacol. 172:1533–1545. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar :

20 

Lian KC, Chuang JJ, Hsieh CW, Wung BS, Huang GD, Jian TY and Sun YW: Dual mechanisms of NF-kappaB inhibition in carnosol-treated endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 245:21–35. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Kamencic H, Lyon A, Paterson P and Juurlink BH: Monochlorobimane fluorometric method to measure tissue glutathione. Anal Biochem. 286:35–37. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Braut-Boucher F, Pichon J, Rat P, Adolphe M, Aubery M and Font J: A non-isotopic, highly sensitive, fluorimetric, cell-cell adhesion microplate assay using calcein AM-labeled lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods. 178:41–51. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Yang D, Elner SG, Bian ZM, Till GO, Petty HR and Elner VM: Pro-inflammatory cytokines increase reactive oxygen species through mitochondria and NADPH oxidase in cultured RPE cells. Exp Eye Res. 85:462–472. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Sparrow JR, Hicks D and Hamel CP: The retinal pigment epithelium in health and disease. Curr Mol Med. 10:802–823. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Pavan B and Dalpiaz A: Retinal pigment epithelial cells as a therapeutic tool and target against retinopathies. Drug Discov Today. 23:1672–1679. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

King A, Gottlieb E, Brooks DG, Murphy MP and Dunaief JL: Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species mediate blue light-induced death of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Photochem Photobiol. 79:470–475. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Choi YK, Kim CK, Lee H, Jeoung D, Ha KS, Kwon YG, Kim KW and Kim YM: Carbon monoxide promotes VEGF expression by increasing HIF-1alpha protein level via two distinct mechanisms, translational activation and stabilization of HIF-1alpha protein. J Biol Chem. 285:32116–32125. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Samiec PS, Drews-Botsch C, Flagg EW, Kurtz JC, Sternberg P Jr, Reed RL and Jones DP: Glutathione in human plasma: Decline in association with aging, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med. 24:699–704. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Yang PM, Wu ZZ, Zhang YQ and Wung BS: Lycopene inhibits ICAM-1 expression and NF-κB activation by Nrf2-regulated cell redox state in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Life Sci. 155:94–101. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Mandal MN, Patlolla JM, Zheng L, Agbaga MP, Tran JT, Wicker L, Kasus-Jacobi A, Elliott MH, Rao CV and Anderson RE: Curcumin protects retinal cells from light-and oxidant stress-induced cell death. Free Radic Biol Med. 46:672–679. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Liao BC, Hsieh CW, Liu YC, Tzeng TT, Sun YW and Wung BS: Cinnamaldehyde inhibits the tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules in endothelial cells by suppressing NF-kappaB activation. Effects upon IkappaB and Nrf2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 229:161–171. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Yeh PY, Li CY, Hsieh CW, Yang YC, Yang PM and Wung BS: CO-releasing molecules and increased heme oxygenase-1 induce protein S-glutathionylation to modulate NF-kappaB activity in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 70:1–13. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Hernández-Zimbrón LF, Zamora-Alvarado R, Ochoa-De la Paz L, Velez-Montoya R, Zenteno E, Gulias-Cañizo R, Quiroz-Mercado H and Gonzalez-Salinas R: Age-related macular degeneration: New paradigms for treatment and management of AMD. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018:83746472018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Martin DF, Maguire MG, Ying GS, Grunwald JE, Fine SL and Jaffe GJ: Ranibizumab and bevacizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med. 364:1897–1908. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Ahmad S, Hewett PW, Fujisawa T, Sissaoui S, Cai M, Gueron G, Al-Ani B, Cudmore M, Ahmed SF, Wong MK, et al: Carbon monoxide inhibits sprouting angiogenesis and vascular endo-thelial growth factor receptor-2 phosphorylation. Thromb Haemost. 113:329–337. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Yang PM, Huang YT, Zhang YQ, Hsieh CW and Wung BS: Carbon monoxide releasing molecule induces endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through a calcium and phosphati-dylinositol 3-kinase/Akt mechanism. Vascul Pharmacol. 87:209–218. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yang PM, Cheng KC, Yuan SH and Wung BS: Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 46: 1096-1106, 2020.
APA
Yang, P., Cheng, K., Yuan, S., & Wung, B. (2020). Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46, 1096-1106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4656
MLA
Yang, P., Cheng, K., Yuan, S., Wung, B."Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46.3 (2020): 1096-1106.
Chicago
Yang, P., Cheng, K., Yuan, S., Wung, B."Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46, no. 3 (2020): 1096-1106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4656
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang PM, Cheng KC, Yuan SH and Wung BS: Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med 46: 1096-1106, 2020.
APA
Yang, P., Cheng, K., Yuan, S., & Wung, B. (2020). Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 46, 1096-1106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4656
MLA
Yang, P., Cheng, K., Yuan, S., Wung, B."Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46.3 (2020): 1096-1106.
Chicago
Yang, P., Cheng, K., Yuan, S., Wung, B."Carbon monoxide‑releasing molecules protect against blue light exposure and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells". International Journal of Molecular Medicine 46, no. 3 (2020): 1096-1106. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4656
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team