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International Journal of Oncology
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Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
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International Journal of Molecular Medicine

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International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

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Article

Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways

  • Authors:
    • Eui-Yeun Yi
    • Yung-Jin Kim
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
  • Pages: 1879-1885
    |
    Published online on: August 31, 2012
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1616
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Abstract

Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels form existing vessels surrounding a tumor. The process of angiogenesis is an important step for tumor growth and metastasis, as is inflammation. Thus, angiogenesis inhibitors that suppress inflammation have been studied as an anticancer treatment. Recently, many research groups have investigated the anti-angiogenic activity of natural compounds since some have been demonstrated to have anticancer properties. Among many natural compounds, we focused on betaine, which is known to suppress inflammation. Betaine, trimethylglycine (TMG), was first discovered in the juice of sugar beets and was later shown to be present in wheat, shellfish and spinach. In Southeast Asia, betaine is used in traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of hepatic disorders. Here, we report the anti-angiogenic action of betaine. Betaine inhibited in vitro angiogenic cascade, tube formation, migration and invasion of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Betaine also inhibited in vivo angiogenesis in the mouse Matrigel plug assay. The mRNA expression levels of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in HUVECs were decreased by betaine treatment. In addition, betaine suppressed NF-κB and Akt activation.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yi E and Kim Y: Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways. Int J Oncol 41: 1879-1885, 2012.
APA
Yi, E., & Kim, Y. (2012). Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways. International Journal of Oncology, 41, 1879-1885. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1616
MLA
Yi, E., Kim, Y."Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways". International Journal of Oncology 41.5 (2012): 1879-1885.
Chicago
Yi, E., Kim, Y."Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways". International Journal of Oncology 41, no. 5 (2012): 1879-1885. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1616
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yi E and Kim Y: Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways. Int J Oncol 41: 1879-1885, 2012.
APA
Yi, E., & Kim, Y. (2012). Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways. International Journal of Oncology, 41, 1879-1885. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1616
MLA
Yi, E., Kim, Y."Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways". International Journal of Oncology 41.5 (2012): 1879-1885.
Chicago
Yi, E., Kim, Y."Betaine inhibits in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis through suppression of the NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways". International Journal of Oncology 41, no. 5 (2012): 1879-1885. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2012.1616
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