Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
July-2015 Volume 47 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
July-2015 Volume 47 Issue 1

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Anne Shilkaitis
    • Albert Green
    • Konstantin Christov
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
  • Pages: 35-42
    |
    Published online on: May 18, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.3013
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Most studies on cellular senescence (CS) have been performed in vitro by employing cytotoxic agents, irradiation, chromatin and telomerase modulators or by activating certain oncogenes. All these approaches usually lead to DNA damage, gene instability and/or chromatin alterations that primarily affect p53-p21 signaling. Little is known on whether retinoids and rexinoids, which are cell differentiation agents, can also induce CS in vitro and in vivo, and which molecular mechanisms are involved in promoting the senescent phenotype. We reviewed the recent publications on CS induced by retinoids and rexinoids in ER+ and ER- breast cancer cell lines and in corresponding animal models of mammary carcinogenesis which simulate those of human breast cancer. The role of retinoic acid receptors β2 and 5 (RARβ2 and RARβ5) and of receptor independent genes involved in mediating the senescence program of retinoids and rexinoids in ER+ and ER- breast cancer cells is discussed. Potential strategists for clinical implication of CS as biomarker of prognosis and of response to treatment with retinoids, rexinoids and with other cell differentiation and antitumor agents are outlined.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Veronesi U, De Palo G, Marubini E, Costa A, Formelli F, Mariani L, Decensi A, Camerini T, Del Turco MR, Di Mauro MG, et al: Randomized trial of fenretinide to prevent second breast malignancy in women with early breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 91:1847–1856. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Veronesi U, Mariani L, Decensi A, Formelli F, Camerini T, Miceli R, Di Mauro MG, Costa A, Marubini E, Sporn MB, et al: Fifteen-year results of a randomized phase III trial of fenretinide to prevent second breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 17:1065–1071. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Lazzeroni M and DeCensi A: Breast cancer prevention by anti-hormones and other drugs: Where do we stand? Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 27:657–672. vii2013. View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Garattini E, Bolis M, Garattini SK, Fratelli M, Centritto F, Paroni G, Gianni’ M, Zanetti A, Pagani A, Fisher JN, et al: Retinoids and breast cancer: From basic studies to the clinic and back again. Cancer Treat Rev. 40:739–749. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Chiesa MD, Passalacqua R, Michiara M, Franciosi V, Di Costanzo F, Bisagni G, Camisa R, Buti S, Tomasello G and Cocconi G; Italian Oncology Group for Clinical Research. Tamoxifen vs Tamoxifen plus 13-cis-retinoic acid vs Tamoxifen plus Interferon alpha-2a as first-line endocrine treatments in advanced breast cancer: Updated results of a phase II, prospective, randomised multicentre trial. Acta Biomed. 78:204–209. 2007.

6 

Decensi A, Robertson C, Guerrieri-Gonzaga A, Serrano D, Cazzaniga M, Mora S, Gulisano M, Johansson H, Galimberti V, Cassano E, et al: Randomized double-blind 2 × 2 trial of low-dose tamoxifen and fenretinide for breast cancer prevention in high-risk premenopausal women. J Clin Oncol. 27:3749–3756. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Bryan M, Pulte ED, Toomey KC, Pliner L, Pavlick AC, Saunders T and Wieder R: A pilot phase II trial of all-trans retinoic acid (Vesanoid) and paclitaxel (Taxol) in patients with recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. Invest New Drugs. 29:1482–1487. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Chambon P: A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. FASEB J. 10:940–954. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Tang XH and Gudas LJ: Retinoids, retinoic acid receptors, and cancer. Annu Rev Pathol. 6:345–364. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Wang Q, Lee D, Sysounthone V, Chandraratna RAS, Christakos S, Korah R and Wieder R: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and retonic acid analogues induce differentiation in breast cancer cells with function- and cell-specific additive effects. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 67:157–168. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Christov KT, Shilkaitis AL, Kim ES, Steele VE and Lubet RA: Chemopreventive agents induce a senescence-like phenotype in rat mammary tumours. Eur J Cancer. 39:230–239. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Shilkaitis A, Green A, Christov K, Shilkaitis A, Punj V and Steele VE: DHEA inhibits the progression phase of mammary carcinogenesis by inducing cellular senescence via a p16 dependent but p53 independent mechanism. Breast Cancer Res. 7:132–140. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Christov K, Grubbs CJ, Shilkaitis A, Juliana MM and Lubet RA: Short-term modulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis and preventive/therapeutic efficacy of various agents in a mammary cancer model. Clin Cancer Res. 13:5488–5496. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Shilkaitis A, Bratescu L, Green A, Yamada T and Christov K: Bexarotene induces cellular senescence in MMTV-Neu mouse model of mammary carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 6:299–308. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Sugrue MM, Shin DY, Lee SW and Aaronson SA: Wild-type p53 triggers a rapid senescence program in human tumor cells lacking functional p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94:9648–9653. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Chang BD, Xuan Y, Broude EV, Zhu H, Schott B, Fang J and Roninson IB: Role of p53 and p21waf1/cip1 in senescence-like terminal proliferation arrest induced in human tumor cells by chemotherapeutic drugs. Oncogene. 18:4808–4818. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Chang BD, Broude EV, Dokmanovic M, Zhu H, Ruth A, Xuan Y, Kandel ES, Lausch E, Christov K and Roninson IB: A senescence-like phenotype distinguishes tumor cells that undergo terminal proliferation arrest after exposure to anticancer agents. Cancer Res. 59:3761–3767. 1999.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Campisi J: Senescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: Good citizens, bad neighbors. Cell. 120:513–522. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Bartkova J, Rezaei N, Liontos M, Karakaidos P, Kletsas D, Issaeva N, Vassiliou LV, Kolettas E, Niforou K, Zoumpourlis VC, et al: Oncogene-induced senescence is part of the tumorigenesis barrier imposed by DNA damage checkpoints. Nature. 444:633–637. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Collado M and Serrano M: The power and the promise of oncogene-induced senescence markers. Nat Rev Cancer. 6:472–476. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Sarkisian CJ, Keister BA, Stairs DB, Boxer RB, Moody SE and Chodosh LA: Dose-dependent oncogene-induced senescence in vivo and its evasion during mammary tumorigenesis. Nat Cell Biol. 9:493–505. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kuilman T and Peeper DS: Senescence-messaging secretome: SMS-ing cellular stress. Nat Rev Cancer. 9:81–94. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Capparelli C, Chiavarina B, Whitaker-Menezes D, Pestell TG, Pestell RG, Hulit J, Andò S, Howell A, Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Sotgia F, et al: CDK inhibitors (p16/p19/p21) induce senescence and autophagy in cancer-associated fibroblasts, ‘fueling’ tumor growth via paracrine interactions, without an increase in neoangiogenesis. Cell Cycle. 11:3599–3610. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Mumcuoglu M, Bagislar S, Yuzugullu H, Alotaibi H, Senturk S, Telkoparan P, Gur-Dedeoglu B, Cingoz B, Bozkurt B, Tazebay UH, et al: The ability to generate senescent progeny as a mechanism underlying breast cancer cell heterogeneity. PLoS One. 5:e112882010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Dokmanovic M, Chang BD, Fang J and Roninson IB: Retinoid-induced growth arrest of breast carcinoma cells involves co-activation of multiple growth-inhibitory genes. Cancer Biol Ther. 1:24–27. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Tanaka T, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML and De Luca LM: Involvement of all-trans-retinoic acid in the breakdown of retinoic acid receptors alpha and gamma through proteasomes in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 61:1347–1355. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Brown NE, Jeselsohn R, Bihani T, Hu MG, Foltopoulou P, Kuperwasser C and Hinds PW: Cyclin D1 activity regulates autophagy and senescence in the mammary epithelium. Cancer Res. 72:6477–6489. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Angelini PD, Zacarias Fluck MF, Pedersen K, Parra-Palau JL, Guiu M, Bernadó Morales C, Vicario R, Luque-García A, Navalpotro NP, Giralt J, et al: Constitutive HER2 signaling promotes breast cancer metastasis through cellular senescence. Cancer Res. 73:450–458. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kim HT, Kong G, Denardo D, Li Y, Uray I, Pal S, Mohsin S, Hilsenbeck SG, Bissonnette R, Lamph WW, et al: Identification of biomarkers modulated by the rexinoid LGD1069 (bexarotene) in human breast cells using oligonucleotide arrays. Cancer Res. 66:12009–12018. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Bruno S, Ghiotto F, Tenca C, Mazzarello AN, Bono M, Luzzi P, Casciaro S, Recchia A, Decensi A, Morabito F, et al: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide promotes apoptosis of resting and proliferating B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and potentiates fludarabine and ABT-737 cytotoxicity. Leukemia. 26:2260–2268. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Wainwright LJ, Lasorella A and Iavarone A: Distinct mechanisms of cell cycle arrest control the decision between differentiation and senescence in human neuroblastoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:9396–9400. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Paroni G, Fratelli M, Gardini G, Bassano C, Flora M, Zanetti A, Guarnaccia V, Ubezio P, Centritto F, Terao M, et al: Synergistic antitumor activity of lapatinib and retinoids on a novel subtype of breast cancer with coamplification of ERBB2 and RARA. Oncogene. 31:3431–3443. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Han J, Hendzel MJ and Allalunis-Turner J: Notch signaling as a therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment? Breast Cancer Res. 13:210–221. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Deisenroth C, Itahana Y, Tollini L, Jin A and Zhang Y: p53-Inducible DHRS3 is an endoplasmic reticulum protein associated with lipid droplet accumulation. J Biol Chem. 286:28343–28356. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Morales M, Arenas EJ, Urosevic J, Guiu M, Fernández E, Planet E, Fenwick RB, Fernández-Ruiz S, Salvatella X, Reverter D, et al: RARRES3 suppresses breast cancer lung metastasis by regulating adhesion and differentiation. EMBO Mol Med. 6:865–881. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Azouz A, Wu YL, Hillion J, Tarkanyi I, Karniguian A, Aradi J, Lanotte M, Chen GQ, Chehna M and Ségal-Bendirdjian E: Epigenetic plasticity of hTERT gene promoter determines retinoid capacity to repress telomerase in maturation-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Leukemia. 24:613–622. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Jin RU and Mills JC: RAB26 coordinates lysosome traffic and mitochondrial localization. J Cell Sci. 127:1018–1032. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Uray IP, Shen Q, Seo HS, Kim H, Lamph WW, Bissonnette RP and Brown PH: Rexinoid-induced expression of IGFBP-6 requires RARbeta-dependent permissive cooperation of retinoid receptors and AP-1. J Biol Chem. 284:345–353. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar :

39 

Widschwendter M, Berger J, Daxenbichler G, Müller-Holzner E, Widschwendter A, Mayr A, Marth C and Zeimet AG: Loss of retinoic acid receptor beta expression in breast cancer and morphologically normal adjacent tissue but not in the normal breast tissue distant from the cancer. Cancer Res. 57:4158–4161. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Liu Y, Lee MO, Wang HG, Li Y, Hashimoto Y, Klaus M, Reed JC and Zhang X: Retinoic acid receptor beta mediates the growth-inhibitory effect of retinoic acid by promoting apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol. 16:1138–1149. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

41 

Pappas JJ, Toulouse A, Basik M, Levesque L and Bradley WEC: Knock-down of RARβ2 identifies a dual role of cancer, genes. Chromosom Cancer. 50:700–714. 1911. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Peng X, Maruo T, Cao Y, Punj V, Mehta R, Das Gupta TK and Christov K: A novel RARbeta isoform directed by a distinct promoter P3 and mediated by retinoic acid in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res. 64:8911–8918. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Christov K: The novel RARbeta isoform (β5) is a potential target of retinoids in breast cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 9:142–147. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Bosch A, Bertran SP, Lu Y, Garcia A, Jones AM, Dawson MI and Farias EF: Reversal by RARα agonist Am580 of c-Myc-induced imbalance in RARα/RARγ expression during MMTV-Myc tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res. 14:R1212012. View Article : Google Scholar

45 

Chen Y, Dokmanovic M, Stein WD, Ardecky RJ and Roninson IB: Agonist and antagonist of retinoic acid receptors cause similar changes in gene expression and induce senescence-like growth arrest in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 66:8749–8761. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Sirchia SM, Ferguson AT, Sironi E, Subramanyan S, Orlandi R, Sukumar S and Sacchi N: Evidence of epigenetic changes affecting the chromatin state of the retinoic acid receptor beta2 promoter in breast cancer cells. Oncogene. 19:1556–1563. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Dimri GP, Lee X, Basile G, Acosta M, Scott G, Roskelley C, Medrano EE, Linskens M, Rubelj I and Pereira-Smith O: A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92:9363–9367. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Bednarek A, Shilkaitis A, Green A, Lubet R, Kelloff G, Christov K and Aldaz CM: Suppression of cell proliferation and telomerase activity in 4-(hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-treated mammary tumors. Carcinogenesis. 20:879–883. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Feldser DM and Greider CW: Short telomeres limit tumor progression in vivo by inducing senescence. Cancer Cell. 11:461–469. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Collado M, Gil J, Efeyan A, Guerra C, Schuhmacher AJ, Barradas M, Benguría A, Zaballos A, Flores JM, Barbacid M, et al: Tumour biology: Senescence in premalignant tumours. Nature. 436:6422005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Michaloglou C, Vredeveld LC, Soengas MS, Denoyelle C, Kuilman T, van der Horst CM, Majoor DM, Shay JW, Mooi WJ and Peeper DS: BRAFE600-associated senescence-like cell cycle arrest of human naevi. Nature. 436:720–724. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

te Poele RH, Okorokov AL, Jardine L, Cummings J and Joel SP: DNA damage is able to induce senescence in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 62:1876–1883. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

53 

Green DR and Walczak H: Apoptosis therapy: Driving cancers down the road to ruin. Nat Med. 19:131–133. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

Collado M and Serrano M: Senescence in tumours: Evidence from mice and humans. Nat Rev Cancer. 10:51–57. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Nardella C, Clohessy JG, Alimonti A and Pandolfi PP: Pro-senescence therapy for cancer treatment. Nat Rev Cancer. 11:503–511. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Brown PH, Subbaramaiah K, Salmon AP, Baker R, Newman RA, Yang P, Zhou XK, Bissonnette RP, Dannenberg AJ and Howe LR: Combination chemoprevention of HER2/Neu-induced breast cancer using COX-2 inhibitor and an RXR-selective retinoid. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 1:208–214. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Shilkaitis A, Green A and Christov K: Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review). Int J Oncol 47: 35-42, 2015.
APA
Shilkaitis, A., Green, A., & Christov, K. (2015). Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 47, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.3013
MLA
Shilkaitis, A., Green, A., Christov, K."Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 47.1 (2015): 35-42.
Chicago
Shilkaitis, A., Green, A., Christov, K."Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 47, no. 1 (2015): 35-42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.3013
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Shilkaitis A, Green A and Christov K: Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review). Int J Oncol 47: 35-42, 2015.
APA
Shilkaitis, A., Green, A., & Christov, K. (2015). Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 47, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.3013
MLA
Shilkaitis, A., Green, A., Christov, K."Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 47.1 (2015): 35-42.
Chicago
Shilkaitis, A., Green, A., Christov, K."Retinoids induce cellular senescence in breast cancer cells by RAR-β dependent and independent pathways: Potential clinical implications (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 47, no. 1 (2015): 35-42. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2015.3013
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team