Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
December-2023 Volume 63 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
December-2023 Volume 63 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Mohd Adnan Kausar
    • Sadaf Anwar
    • Hemat El-Sayed El-Horany
    • Farida Habib Khan
    • Neetu Tyagi
    • Mohammad Zeeshan Najm
    • Sadaf
    • Alaa Abdulaziz Eisa
    • Chandrajeet Dhara
    • Saumyatika Gantayat
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81411, Saudi Arabia, Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha'il, Hail 55473, Saudi Arabia, Bone Biology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA, School of Biosciences, Apeejay Stya University, Sohna, Gurugram 122003, Haryana, Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, Okhla, New Delhi 110025, India, Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Medina 30002, Saudi Arabia
    Copyright: © Kausar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 130
    |
    Published online on: October 10, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2023.5578
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cancer is the primary and one of the most prominent causes of the rising global mortality rate, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths annually. Specific methods have been devised to cure cancerous tumours. Effective therapeutic approaches must be developed, both at the cellular and genetic level. Immunotherapy offers promising results by providing sustained remission to patients with refractory malignancies. Genetically modified T‑lymphocytic cells have emerged as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of solid tumours, haematological malignancies, and relapsed/refractory B‑lymphocyte malignancies as a result of recent clinical trial findings; the treatment is referred to as chimeric antigen receptor T‑cell therapy (CAR T‑cell therapy). Leukapheresis is used to remove T‑lymphocytes from the leukocytes, and CARs are created through genetic engineering. Without the aid of a major histocompatibility complex, these genetically modified receptors lyse malignant tissues by interacting directly with the carcinogen. Additionally, the outcomes of preclinical and clinical studies reveal that CAR T‑cell therapy has proven to be a potential therapeutic contender against metastatic breast cancer (BCa), triple‑negative, and HER 2+ve BCa. Nevertheless, unique toxicities, including (cytokine release syndrome, on/off‑target tumour recognition, neurotoxicities, anaphylaxis, antigen escape in BCa, and the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment in solid tumours, negatively impact the mechanism of action of these receptors. In this review, the potential of CAR T‑cell immunotherapy and its method of destroying tumour cells is explored using data from preclinical and clinical trials, as well as providing an update on the approaches used to reduce toxicities, which may improve or broaden the effectiveness of the therapies used in BCa.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

National Cancer Institute: What is cancer? 2021, https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer.

2 

Blackadar CB: Historical review of the causes of cancer. World J Clin Oncol. 7:54–86. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Debela DT, Muzazu SG, Heraro KD, Ndalama MT, Mesele BW, Haile DC, Kitui SK and Manyazewal T: New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives. SAGE Open Med. 9:205031212110343662021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Decker WK and Safdar A: Bioimmunoadjuvants for the treatment of neoplastic and infectious disease: Coley's legacy revisited. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 20:271–281. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Valent P, Groner B, Schumacher U, Superti-Furga G, Busslinger M, Kralovics R, Zielinski C, Penninger JM, Kerjaschki D, Stingl G, et al: Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915) and his contributions to the foundation and birth of translational medicine. J Innate Immun. 8:111–120. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Rosenberg SA: IL-2: The first effective immunotherapy for human cancer. J Immunol. 192:5451–5458. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Pierpont TM, Limper CB and Richards KL: Past, present, and future of rituximab-the world's first oncology monoclonal antibody therapy. Front Oncol. 8:163. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

June CH, O'Connor RS, Kawalekar OU, Ghassemi S and Milone MC: CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. Science. 359:1361–1365. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP, Yang JC, Morgan RA and Dudley ME: Adoptive cell transfer: A clinical path to effective cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 8:299–308. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Gross G, Waks T and Eshhar Z: Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:10024–10028. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Graham C, Hewitson R, Pagliuca A and Benjamin R: Cancer immunotherapy with CAR-T cells-behold the future. Clin Med (Lond). 18:324–328. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Maus MV: A decade of CAR T cell evolution. Nat Cancer. 3:270–271. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Cameron BJ, Gerry AB, Dukes J, Harper JV, Kannan V, Bianchi FC, Grand F, Brewer JE, Gupta M, Plesa G, et al: Identification of a Titin-derived HLA-A1-presented peptide as a cross-reactive target for engineered MAGE A3-directed T cells. Sci Transl Med. 5:197ra1032013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

June CH, Riddell SR and Schumacher TN: Adoptive cellular therapy: A race to the finish line. Sci Transl Med. 7:280ps72015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Lee YH and Kim CH: Evolution of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy: current status and future perspectives. Arch Pharm Res. 42:607–616. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Titov A, Valiullina A, Zmievskaya E, Zaikova E, Petukhov A, Miftakhova R, Bulatov E and Rizvanov A: Advancing CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors: Lessons learned from lymphoma treatment. Cancers (Basel). 12:1252020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Jayaraman J, Mellody MP, Hou AJ, Desai RP, Fung AW, Pham AHT, Chen YY and Zhao W: CAR-T design: Elements and their synergistic function. EBioMedicine. 58:1029312020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Xie YJ, Dougan M, Jailkhani N, Ingram J, Fang T, Kummer L, Momin N, Pishesha N, Rickelt S, Hynes RO and Ploegh H: Nanobody-based CAR T cells that target the tumor microenvironment inhibit the growth of solid tumors in immunocompetent mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 116:7624–7631. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Barber A, Rynda A and Sentman CL: Chimeric NKG2D expressing T cells eliminate immunosuppression and activate immunity within the ovarian tumor microenvironment. J Immunol. 183:6939–6947. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Lynn RC, Feng Y, Schutsky K, Poussin M, Kalota A, Dimitrov DS and Powell DJ Jr: High-affinity FRβ-specific CAR T cells eradicate AML and normal myeloid lineage without HSC toxicity. Leukemia. 30:1355–1364. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Guest RD, Hawkins RE, Kirillova N, Cheadle EJ, Arnold J, O'Neill A, Irlam J, Chester KA, Kemshead JT, Shaw DM, et al: The role of extracellular spacer regions in the optimal design of chimeric immune receptors: Evaluation of four different scFvs and antigens. J Immunother. 28:203–211. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Hudecek M, Sommermeyer D, Kosasih PL, Silva-Benedict A, Liu L, Rader C, Jensen MC and Riddell SR: The nonsignaling extracellular spacer domain of chimeric antigen receptors is decisive for in vivo antitumor activity. Cancer Immunol Res. 3:125–135. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Zhang C, Liu J, Zhong JF and Zhang X: Engineering CAR-T cells. Biomark Res. 5:222017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Sterner RC and Sterner RM: CAR-T cell therapy: Current limitations and potential strategies. Blood Cancer J. 11:692021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Mohanty R, Chowdhury CR, Arega S, Sen P, Ganguly P and Ganguly N: CAR T cell therapy: A new era for cancer treatment (Review). Oncol Rep. 42:2183–2195. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Zhang Q, Ping J, Huang Z, Zhang X, Zhou J, Wang G, Liu S and Ma J: CAR-T cell therapy in cancer: Tribulations and road ahead. J Immunol Res. 2020:19243792020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Louis CU, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Pule M, Yvon E, Myers GD, Rossig C, Russell HV, Diouf O, Liu E, et al: Antitumor activity and long-term fate of chimeric antigen receptor-positive T cells in patients with neuroblastoma. Blood. 118:6050–6056. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Duong CP, Yong CS, Kershaw MH, Slaney CY and Darcy PK: Cancer immunotherapy utilizing gene-modified T cells: From the bench to the clinic. Mol Immunol. 67:46–57. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Qian L, Li D, Ma L, He T, Qi F, Shen J and Lu XA: The novel anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors with humanized scFv (single-chain variable fragment) trigger leukemia cell killing. Cell Immunol. 304:49–54. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Lock D, Mockel-Tenbrinck N, Drechsel K, Barth C, Mauer D, Schaser T, Kolbe C, Al Rawashdeh W, Brauner J, Hardt O, et al: Automated manufacturing of potent CD20-directed chimeric antigen receptor t cells for clinical use. Hum Gene Ther. 28:914–925. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Zhao Z, Condomines M, van der Stegen SJC, Perna F, Kloss CC, Gunset G, Plotkin J and Sadelain M: Structural design of engineered costimulation determines tumor rejection kinetics and persistence of CAR T cells. Cancer Cell. 28:415–428. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Hombach A, Hombach AA and Abken H: Adoptive immunotherapy with genetically engineered T cells: Modification of the IgG1 Fc 'spacer' domain in the extracellular moiety of chimeric antigen receptors avoids 'off-target'activation and unintended initiation of an innate immune response. Gene Ther. 17:1206–1213. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zhong XS, Matsushita M, Plotkin J, Riviere I and Sadelain M: Chimeric antigen receptors combining 4-1BB and CD28 signaling domains augment PI3kinase/AKT/Bcl-XL activation and CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor eradication. Mol Ther. 18:413–420. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Quintarelli C, Orlando D, Boffa I, Guercio M, Polito VA, Petretto A, Lavarello C, Sinibaldi M, Weber G, Del Bufalo F, et al: Choice of costimulatory domains and of cytokines determines CAR T-cell activity in neuroblastoma. Oncoimmunology. 7:e14335182018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Abate-Daga D, Lagisetty KH, Tran E, Zheng Z, Gattinoni L, Yu Z, Burns WR, Miermont AM, Teper Y, Rudloff U, et al: A novel chimeric antigen receptor against prostate stem cell antigen mediates tumor destruction in a humanized mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Hum Gene Ther. 25:1003–1012. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Pulè MA, Straathof KC, Dotti G, Heslop HE, Rooney CM and Brenner MK: A chimeric T cell antigen receptor that augments cytokine release and supports clonal expansion of primary human T cells. Mol Ther. 12:933–941. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Beatty GL and Moon EK: Chimeric antigen receptor T cells are vulnerable to immunosuppressive mechanisms present within the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology. 3:e9700272014. View Article : Google Scholar

38 

Chmielewski M and Abken H: TRUCKs: The fourth generation of CARs. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 15:1145–1154. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kueberuwa G, Kalaitsidou M, Cheadle E, Hawkins RE and Gilham DE: CD19 CAR T cells expressing IL-12 eradicate lymphoma in fully lymphoreplete mice through induction of host immunity. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 8:41–51. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

40 

John LB, Devaud C, Duong CP, Yong CS, Beavis PA, Haynes NM, Chow MT, Smyth MJ, Kershaw MH and Darcy PK: Anti-PD-1 antibody therapy potently enhances the eradication of established tumors by gene-modified T cells. Clin Cancer Res. 19:5636–5646. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Kim DW and Cho JY: Recent advances in allogeneic CAR-T cells. Biomolecules. 10:2632020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Kagoya Y, Tanaka S, Guo T, Anczurowski M, Wang CH, Saso K, Butler MO, Minden MD and Hirano N: A novel chimeric antigen receptor containing a JAK-STAT signaling domain mediates superior antitumor effects. Nat Med. 24:352–359. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Dai H, Wang Y, Lu X and Han W: Chimeric antigen receptors modified T-cells for cancer therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst. 108:djv4392016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Li D, Li X, Zhou WL, Huang Y, Liang X, Jiang L, Yang X, Sun J, Li Z, Han WD and Wang W: Genetically engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 4:352019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Levine BL, Miskin J, Wonnacott K and Keir C: Global manufacturing of CAR T cell therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 4:92–101. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

46 

Benmebarek MR, Karches CH, Cadilha BL, Lesch S, Endres S and Kobold S: Killing mechanisms of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Int J Mol Sci. 20:12832019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Guo S and Deng CX: Effect of stromal cells in tumor microenvironment on metastasis initiation. Int J Biol Sci. 14:2083–2093. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Morton JJ, Bird G, Keysar SB, Astling DP, Lyons TR, Anderson RT, Glogowska MJ, Estes P, Eagles JR, Le PN, et al: XactMice: Humanizing mouse bone marrow enables microenvironment reconstitution in a patient-derived xenograft model of head and neck cancer. Oncogene. 35:290–300. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

49 

Najima Y, Tomizawa-Murasawa M, Saito Y, Watanabe T, Ono R, Ochi T, Suzuki N, Fujiwara H, Ohara O, Shultz LD, et al: Induction of WT1-specific human CD8+ T cells from human HSCs in HLA class I Tg NOD/SCID/IL2rgKO mice. Blood. 127:722–734. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar :

50 

Yin L and Wang XJ, Chen DX, Liu XN and Wang XJ: Humanized mouse model: A review on preclinical applications for cancer immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res. 10:4568–4584. 2020.

51 

Zitvogel L, Pitt JM, Daillère R, Smyth MJ and Kroemer G: Mouse models in on immunology. Nat Rev Cancer. 16:759–773. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Slabik C, Kalbarczyk M, Danisch S, Zeidler R, Klawonn F, Volk V, Krönke N, Feuerhake F, Ferreira de Figueiredo C, Blasczyk R, et al: CAR-T cells targeting Epstein-Barr virus gp350 validated in a humanized mouse model of EBV infection and lymphoproliferative disease. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 18:504–524. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Jin CH, Xia J, Rafiq S, Huang X, Hu Z, Zhou X, Brentjens RJ and Yang YG: Modeling anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy in humanized mice with human immunity and autologous leukemia. EBioMedicine. 39:173–181. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar :

54 

Gulati P, Rühl J, Kannan A, Pircher M, Schuberth P, Nytko KJ, Pruschy M, Sulser S, Haefner M, Jensen S, et al: Aberrant Lck signal via CD28 costimulation augments antigen-specific functionality and tumor control by redirected T cells with PD-1 blockade in humanized mice. Clin Cancer Res. 24:3981–3993. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Roskoski R Jr: The ErbB/HER family of protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer. Pharmacol Res. 79:34–74. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

56 

Szöőr Á, Tóth G, Zsebik B, Szabó V, Eshhar Z, Abken H and Vereb G: Trastuzumab derived HER2-specific CARs for the treatment of trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer: CAR T cells penetrate and eradicate tumors that are not accessible to antibodies. Cancer Lett. 484:1–8. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

57 

Liu Y, Zhou Y, Huang KH, Li Y, Fang X, An L, Wang F, Chen Q, Zhang Y, Shi A, et al: EGFR-specific CAR-T cells trigger cell lysis in EGFR-positive TNBC. Aging (Albany NY). 11:11054–11072. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Corti C, Venetis K, Sajjadi E, Zattoni L, Curigliano G and Fusco N: CAR-T cell therapy for triple-negative breast cancer and other solid tumors: Preclinical and clinical progress. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 31:593–605. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Wei J, Sun H, Zhang A, Wu X, Li Y, Liu J, Duan Y, Xiao F, Wang H, Lv M, et al: A novel AXL chimeric antigen receptor endows T cells with anti-tumor effects against triple negative breast cancers. Cell Immunol. 331:49–58. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Wallstabe L, Mades A, Frenz S, Einsele H, Rader C and Hudecek M: CAR T cells targeting αvβ3 integrin are effective against advanced cancer in preclinical models. Adv Cell Gene Ther. 1:e112018. View Article : Google Scholar

61 

Zhao X, Qu J, Hui Y, Zhang H, Sun Y, Liu X, Zhao X, Zhao Z, Yang Q, Wang F and Zhang S: Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of c-Met overexpression in breast cancer. Oncotarget. 8:56758–56767. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Han Y, Xie W, Song DG and Powell DJ Jr: Control of triple-negative breast cancer using ex vivo self-enriched, costimulated NKG2D CAR T cells. J Hematol Oncol. 11:922018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Zhou R, Yazdanifar M, Roy LD, Whilding LM, Gavrill A, Maher J and Mukherjee P: CAR T cells targeting the tumor MUC1 glycoprotein reduce triple-negative breast cancer growth. Front Immunol. 10:11492019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Wallstabe L, Göttlich C, Nelke LC, Kühnemundt J, Schwarz T, Nerreter T, Einsele H, Walles H, Dandekar G, Nietzer SL and Hudecek M: ROR1-CAR T cells are effective against lung and breast cancer in advanced microphysiologic 3D tumor models. JCI Insight. 4:e1263452019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Zhao Z, Li Y, Liu W and Li X: Engineered IL-7 receptor enhances the therapeutic effect of AXL-CAR-T cells on triple-negative breast cancer. Biomed Res Int. 2020:47951712020.PubMed/NCBI

66 

Caratelli S, Arriga R, Sconocchia T, Ottaviani A, Lanzilli G, Pastore D, Cenciarelli C, Venditti A, Del Principe MI, Lauro D, et al: In vitro elimination of epidermal growth factor receptor-overexpressing cancer cells by CD32A-chimeric receptor T cells in combination with cetuximab or panitumumab. Int J Cancer. 146:236–247. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

67 

Song DG, Ye Q, Poussin M, Chacon JA, Figini M and Powell DJ Jr: Effective adoptive immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer by folate receptor-alpha redirected CAR T cells is influenced by surface antigen expression level. J Hematol Oncol. 9:562016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Seitz CM, Schroeder S, Knopf P, Krahl AC, Hau J, Schleicher S, Martella M, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Kneilling M, Pichler B, et al: GD2-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells prevent metastasis formation by elimination of breast cancer stem-like cells. Oncoimmunology. 9:16833452019. View Article : Google Scholar

69 

Yang Y, Vedvyas Y, McCloskey JE, Min IM and Jin MM: ICAM-1 targeting CAR T cell therapy for triple negative breast cancer. Cancer Res. 79(13 Suppl): S23222019. View Article : Google Scholar

70 

Hu W, Zi Z, Jin Y, Li G, Shao K, Cai Q, Ma X and Wei F: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PD-1 disruption enhances human mesothelin-targeted CAR T cell effector functions. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 68:365–377. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

71 

Petrovic K, Robinson J, Whitworth K, Jinks E, Shaaban A and Lee SP: TEM8/ANTXR1-specific CAR T cells mediate toxicity in vivo. PLoS One. 14:e02240152019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Byrd TT, Fousek K, Pignata A, Szot C, Samaha H, Seaman S, Dobrolecki L, Salsman VS, Oo HZ, Bielamowicz K, et al: TEM8/ANTXR1-specific CAR T cells as a targeted therapy for triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res. 78:489–500. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar :

73 

Bedoya DM, King T and Posey AD: Generation of CART cells targeting oncogenic TROP2 for the elimination of epithelial malignancies. Cytotherapy. 21(Suppl): S11–S12. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar

74 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Genetically Modified T-cells in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Refractory Malignant Glioma. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02208362. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02208362.

75 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): CART-EGFRvIII + Pembrolizumab in GBM. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03726515. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03726515.

76 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): GPC3-CAR-T Cells for Immunotherapy of Cancer With GPC3 Expression. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03198546. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03198546.

77 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Her2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor Expressing T Cells in Advanced Sarcoma. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00902044. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2010, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00902044.

78 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): CEA-Expressing Liver Metastases Safety Study of Intrahepatic Infusions of Anti-CEA Designer T Cells (HITM). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT01373047. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2011, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01373047.

79 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Autologous Redirected RNA Meso CAR T Cells for Pancreatic Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT01897415. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01897415.

80 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): CAR T Cell Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03323944. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03323944.

81 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Clinical Study of CAR-CLD18 T Cells in Patients With Advanced Gastric Adenocarcinoma and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03159819. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03159819.

82 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Safety and Efficacy of CCT301 CAR-T in Adult Subjects With Recurrent or Refractory Stage IV Renal Cell Carcinoma. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03393936. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03393936.

83 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): PSCA-CAR T Cells in Treating Patients With PSCA+ Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03873805. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03873805.

84 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): CART-PSMA-TGFβRDN Cells for Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03089203. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03089203.

85 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Autologous huMNC2-CAR44 or huMNC2-CAR22 T Cells for Breast Cancer Targeting Cleaved Form of MUC1 (MUC1*). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04020575. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04020575.

86 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): MOv19-BBz CAR T Cells in aFR Expressing Recurrent High Grade Serous Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03585764. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03585764.

87 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Cyclophosphamide Followed by Intravenous and Intraperitoneal Infusion of Autologous T Cells Genetically Engineered to Secrete IL-12 and to Target the MUC16ecto Antigen in Patients With Recurrent MUC16ecto+ Solid Tumors. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02498912. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02498912.

88 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): T-Cell Therapy for Advanced Breast Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02792114. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02792114.

89 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): T Cells Expressing HER2-specific Chimeric Antigen Receptors(CAR) for Patients With HER2-Positive CNS Tumors (iCAR). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02442297. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02442297.

90 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): HER2-CAR T Cells in Treating Patients With Recurrent Brain or Leptomeningeal Metastases. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03696030. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03696030.

91 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Malignant Pleural Disease Treated With Autologous T Cells Genetically Engineered to Target the Cancer-Cell Surface Antigen Mesothelin. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02414269. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02414269.

92 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Precursor B Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) Treated With Autologous T Cells Genetically Targeted to the B Cell Specific Antigen CD19. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT01044069. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2010, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01044069.

93 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Treatment of Relapsed or Chemotherapy Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia or Indolent B Cell Lymphoma Using Autologous T Cells Genetically Targeted to the B Cell Specific Antigen CD19. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00466531. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2007, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00466531.

94 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): CD19 Chimeric Receptor Expressing T Lymphocytes In B-Cell Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma, ALL & CLL (CRETI-NH). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00586391. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2009, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00586391.

95 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): CD19 Chimeric Receptor Expressing T Lymphocytes In B-Cell Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma, ALL & CLL (CRETI-NH). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00608270. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2009, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00608270.

96 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Anti-CD22 Chimeric Receptor T Cells in Pediatric and Young Adults With Recurrent or Refractory CD22-expressing B Cell Malignancies. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02315612. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02315612.

97 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Re-directed T Cells for the Treatment (FAP)-Positive Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT01722149. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01722149.

98 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Engineered Neuroblastoma Cellular Immunotherapy (ENCIT)-01. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02311621. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02311621.

99 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Study of bb21217 in Multiple Myeloma. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03274219. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03274219.

100 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Kappa-CD28 T Lymphocytes, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, B-cell Lymphoma or Multiple Myeloma, CHARKALL (CHARKALL). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00881920. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2009, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00881920.

101 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): KSafety and Efficacy of ALLO-501 Anti-CD19 Allogeneic CAR T Cells in Adults With Relapsed/Refractory Large B Cell or Follicular Lymphoma (ALPHA). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03939026. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03939026.

102 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Dose-escalation, Dose-expansion Study of Safety of PBCAR0191 in Patients With r/r NHL and r/r B-cell ALL. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03666000. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03666000.

103 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): A Safety and Efficacy Study Evaluating CTX110 in Subjects With Relapsed or Refractory B-Cell Malignancies (CARBON). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04035434. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04035434.

104 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Study Evaluating Safety and Efficacy of UCART123 in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AMELI-01). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03190278. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2017, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03190278.

105 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Safety and Efficacy of ALLO-715 BCMA Allogenic CAR T Cells in in Adults With Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma (UNIVERSAL) (UNIVERSAL). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04093596. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04093596.

106 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): SaalloSHRINK - Standard cHemotherapy Regimen and Immunotherapy With Allogeneic NKG2D-based CYAD-101 Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cells (alloSHRINK). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03692429. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03692429.

107 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Adoptive Transfer of Autologous T Cells Targeted to Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) for the Treatment of Castrate Metastatic Prostate Cancer (CMPC). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT01140373. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2010, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01140373.

108 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): 3rd Generation GD-2 Chimeric Antigen Receptor and iCaspase Suicide Safety Switch, Neuroblastoma, GRAIN (GRAIN). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT01822652. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01822652.

109 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): iC9-GD2-CARVZV-CTLs/Refractory or Metastatic GD2-positive Sarcoma and Neuroblastoma (VEGAS). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT01953900. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2014, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01953900.

110 

Almond LM, Charalampakis M, Ford SJ, Gourevitch D and Desai A: Myeloid sarcoma: Presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 17:263–267. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Locke FL, Neelapu SS, Bartlett NL, Siddiqi T, Chavez JC, Hosing CM, Ghobadi A, Budde LE, Bot A, Rossi JM, et al: Phase 1 results of ZUMA-1: A multicenter study of KTE-C19 anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy in refractory aggressive lymphoma. Mol Ther. 25:285–295. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

112 

Jain MD, Bachmeier CA, Phuoc VH and Chavez JC: Axicabtagene ciloleucel (KTE-C19), an anti-CD19 CAR T therapy for the treatment of relapsed/refractory aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 14:1007–1017. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Abramson JS, Palomba ML, Gordon LI, Lunning MA, Wang M, Arnason J, Mehta A, Purev E, Maloney DG, Andreadis C, et al: Lisocabtagene maraleucel for patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphomas (TRANSCEND NHL 001): A multicentre seamless design study. Lancet. 396:839–852. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Abbott RC, Cross RS and Jenkins MR: Finding the keys to the CAR: Identifying novel target antigens for T cell redirection immunotherapies. Int J Mol Sci. 21:5152020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Posey AD Jr, Schwab RD, Boesteanu AC, Steentoft C, Mandel U, Engels B, Stone JD, Madsen TD, Schreiber K, Haines KM, et al: Engineered CAR T cells targeting the cancer-associated Tn-glycoform of the membrane mucin MUC1 control adenocarcinoma. Immunity. 44:1444–1454. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Li X, Ding Y, Zi M, Sun L, Zhang W, Chen S and Xu Y: CD19, from bench to bedside. Immunol Lett. 183:86–95. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Ahmed N, Brawley VS, Hegde M, Robertson C, Ghazi A, Gerken C, Liu E, Dakhova O, Ashoori A, Corder A, et al: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-specific chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for the immunotherapy of HER2-positive sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 33:16882015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Cortesi L, Rugo HS and Jackisch C: An overview of PARP inhibitors for the treatment of breast cancer. Target Oncol. 16:255–282. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

119 

Ye F, Dewanjee S, Li Y, Jha NK, Chen ZS, Kumar A, Vishakha, Behl T, Jha SK and Tang H: Advancements in clinical aspects of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in breast cancer. Mol Cancer. 22:1052023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Schoninger SF and Blain SW: The ongoing search for biomarkers of CDK4/6 inhibitor responsiveness in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 19:3–12. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Martorana F, Motta G, Pavone G, Motta L, Stella S, Vitale SR, Manzella L and Vigneri P: AKT inhibitors: New weapons in the fight against breast cancer? Front Pharmacol. 12:6622322021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Goutsouliak K, Veeraraghavan J, Sethunath V, De Angelis C, Osborne CK, Rimawi MF and Schiff R: Towards personalized treatment for early stage HER2-positive breast cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 17:233–250. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar

123 

Tóth G, Szöllősi J, Abken H, Vereb G and Szöőr Á: A small number of HER2 redirected CAR T cells significantly improves immune response of adoptively transferred mouse lymphocytes against human breast cancer xenografts. Int J Mol Sci. 21:10392020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Toulouie S, Johanning G and Shi Y: Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy in breast cancer: Development and challenges. J Cancer. 12:1212–1219. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Chaffer CL and Weinberg RA: A perspective on cancer cell metastasis. Science. 331:1559–1564. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Carter P, Presta L, Gorman CM, Ridgway JB, Henner D, Wong WL, Rowland AM, Kotts C, Carver ME and Shepard HM: Humanization of an anti-p185HER2 antibody for human cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:4285–4289. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

127 

Bou-Dargham MJ, Draughon S, Cantrell V, Khamis ZI and Sang QA: Advancements in human breast cancer targeted therapy and immunotherapy. J Cancer. 12:6949–6963. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Rivas SR, Valdez MJM, Govindarajan V, Seetharam D, Doucet-O'Hare TT, Heiss JD and Shah AH: The role of HERV-K in cancer stemness. Viruses. 14:20192022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Zhao J, Rycaj K, Geng S, Li M, Plummer JB, Yin B, Liu H, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yan Y, et al: Expression of human endogenous retrovirus type K envelope protein is a novel candidate prognostic marker for human breast cancer. Genes Cancer. 2:914–922. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

130 

Pegram M and Slamon D: Biological rationale for HER2/neu (c-erbB2) as a target for monoclonal antibody therapy. Semin Oncol. 27(Suppl 9): S13–S19. 2000.

131 

Walsh EM, Keane MM, Wink DA, Callagy G and Glynn SA: Review of triple negative breast cancer and the impact of inducible nitric oxide synthase on tumor biology and patient outcomes. Crit Rev Oncog. 21:333–351. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

132 

Tsutsui S, Ohno S, Murakami S, Hachitanda Y and Oda S: Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its relationship to the estrogen receptor status in 1029 patients with breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 71:67–75. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

133 

Nasiri F, Kazemi M, Mirarefin SMJ, Mahboubi Kancha M, Ahmadi Najafabadi M, Salem F, Dashti Shokoohi S, Evazi Bakhshi S and Safarzadeh Kozani P and Safarzadeh Kozani P: CAR-T cell therapy in triple-negative breast cancer: Hunting the invisible devil. Front Immunol. 13:10187862022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Pantelidou C, Sonzogni O, De Oliveria Taveira M, Mehta AK, Kothari A, Wang D, Visal T, Li MK, Pinto J, Castrillon JA, et al: PARP inhibitor efficacy depends on CD8+ T-cell recruitment via intratumoral sting pathway activation in BRCA-deficient models of triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Discov. 9:722–737. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Ternette N, Olde Nordkamp MJM, Müller J, Anderson AP, Nicastri A, Hill AVS, Kessler BM and Li D: Immunopeptidomic profiling of HLA-A2-positive triple negative breast cancer identifies potential immunotherapy target antigens. Proteomics. 18:17004652018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

136 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Clinical Study of Recombinant Anti-HER2 Humanized Monoclonal Antibody (GB221) for Injection. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04164615. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04164615.

137 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Concurrent WOKVAC Vaccination, Chemotherapy, and HER2-Targeted Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Before Surgery for the Treatment of Patients With Breast Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04329065. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04329065.

138 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Anti-HER2 Bispecific Antibody ZW25 Activity in Combination With Chemotherapy With/Without Tislelizumab. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04276493. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04276493.

139 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Clinical Study of Recombinant Anti-HER2 Humanized Monoclonal Antibody for Injection. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04170595. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04170595.

140 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): A Study of RC48-ADC Administered Intravenously to Patients With HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer With or Without Liver Metastases. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03500380. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03500380.

141 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Monoclonal Antibody Plus Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer That Overexpresses HER2. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00019812. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2003, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00019812.

142 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Paclitaxel Plus Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Treating Women With Recurrent or Metastatic Breast Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00003539. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2004, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00003539.

143 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Trastuzumab and Interleukin-2 in Treating Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00006228. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2003, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00006228.

144 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Chemotherapy Plus Monoclonal Antibody Therapy in Treating Women With Stage II or Stage IIIA Breast Cancer That Overexpresses HER2. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00003992. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2004, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00003992.

145 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Impact of Pegfilgrastim on Trastuzumab Anti-tumor Effect and ADCC in Operable HER2+ Breast Cancer Breast Cancer (BREASTIMMU02). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03571633. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03571633.

146 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): A Study of Pertuzumab in Participants With Metastatic Breast Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02491892. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02491892.

147 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Trastuzumab and Pertuzumab in Treating Patients With Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer That Did Not Respond to Previous Trastuzumab. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT00301899. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2006, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00301899.

148 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): A Study of MRG002 in the Treatment of Patients With HER2-positive Unresectable Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04924699. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2021, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04924699.

149 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): ARX788 in HER2-positive, Metastatic Breast Cancer Subjects (ACE-Breast-03). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04829604. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2021, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04829604.

150 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Haplo / Allogeneic NKG2DL-targeting Chimeric Antigen Receptor-grafted γδ T Cells for Relapsed or Refractory Solid Tumour. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04107142. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04107142.

151 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): A Study to Investigate LYL797 in Adults With Solid Tumors. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT05274451. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2022, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05274451.

152 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): A Biomarker Screening Protocol for Participants With Solid Tumors (START). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT05891197. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2023, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05891197.

153 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): cMet CAR RNA T Cells Targeting Breast Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT01837602. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2013, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01837602.

154 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Treatment of Relapsed and/or Chemotherapy Refractory Advanced Malignancies by CART-meso. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02580747. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02580747.

155 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Phase I/II Study of Anti-Mucin1 (MUC1) CAR T Cells for Patients With MUC1+ Advanced Refractory Solid Tumor. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02587689. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02587689.

156 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): Multi-4SCAR-T Therapy Targeting Breast Cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT04430595. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04430595.

157 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): EpCAM CAR-T for Treatment of Advanced Solid Tumors. ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT02915445. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2016, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02915445.

158 

National Library of Medicine (NLM): C7R-GD2.CART Cells for Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma and Other GD2 Positive Cancers (GAIL-N). ClinicalTrials.gov ID, NCT03635632. NLM; Bethesda, MD: 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03635632.

159 

Bonifant CL, Jackson HJ, Brentjens RJ and Curran KJ: Toxicity and management in CAR T-cell therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 3:160112016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

160 

Almåsbak H, Aarvak T and Vemuri MC: CAR T cell therapy: A game changer in cancer treatment. J Immunol Res. 2016:54746022016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

161 

Abreu TR, Fonseca NA, Gonçalves N and Moreira JN: Current challenges and emerging opportunities of CAR-T cell therapies. J Control Release. 319:246–261. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

162 

Hege KM, Bergsland EK, Fisher GA, Nemunaitis JJ, Warren RS, McArthur JG, Lin AA, Schlom J, June CH and Sherwin SA: Safety, tumor trafficking and immunogenicity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells specific for TAG-72 in colorectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 5:222017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

163 

Chen H, Wang F, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Fan X, Cao X, Liu J, Yang Y, Wang B, et al: Management of cytokine release syndrome related to CAR-T cell therapy. Front Med. 13:610–617. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

164 

Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL, Louis CU, Ahmed N, Jensen M, Grupp SA and Mackall CL: Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome. Blood. 124:188–195. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

165 

Teachey DT, Rheingold SR, Maude SL, Zugmaier G, Barrett DM, Seif AE, Nichols KE, Suppa EK, Kalos M, Berg RA, et al: Cytokine release syndrome after blinatumomab treatment related to abnormal macrophage activation and ameliorated with cytokine-directed therapy. Blood. 121:5154–5157. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

166 

Lee DW, Kochenderfer JN, Stetler-Stevenson M, Cui YK, Delbrook C, Feldman SA, Fry TJ, Orentas R, Sabatino M, Shah NN, et al: T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults: A phase 1 dose-escalation trial. Lancet. 385:517–528. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar

167 

Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Feldman SA, Wilson WH, Spaner DE, Maric I, Stetler-Stevenson M, Phan GQ, Hughes MS, Sherry RM, et al: B-cell depletion and remissions of malignancy along with cytokine-associated toxicity in a clinical trial of anti-CD19 chimeric-antigen-receptor-transduced T cells. Blood. 119:2709–2720. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar :

168 

Brentjens RJ, Davila ML, Riviere I, Park J, Wang X, Cowell LG, Bartido S, Stefanski J, Taylor C, Olszewska M, et al: CD19-targeted T cells rapidly induce molecular remissions in adults with chemotherapy-refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Transl Med. 5:177ra382013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

169 

Grupp SA, Kalos M, Barrett D, Aplenc R, Porter DL, Rheingold SR, Teachey DT, Chew A, Hauck B, Wright JF, et al: Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med. 368:1509–1518. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

170 

Curran KJ, Pegram HJ and Brentjens RJ: Chimeric antigen receptors for T cell immunotherapy: Current understanding and future directions. J Gene Med. 14:405–415. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

171 

Lamers CH, Sleijfer S, Vulto AG, Kruit WH, Kliffen M, Debets R, Gratama JW, Stoter G and Oosterwijk E: Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with autologous T-lymphocytes genetically retargeted against carbonic anhydrase IX: First clinical experience. J Clin Oncol. 24:e20–e22. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

172 

Morgan RA, Yang JC, Kitano M, Dudley ME, Laurencot CM and Rosenberg SA: Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing ERBB2. Mol Ther. 18:843–851. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

173 

Marin V, Cribioli E, Philip B, Tettamanti S, Pizzitola I, Biondi A, Biagi E and Pule M: Comparison of different suicide-gene strategies for the safety improvement of genetically manipulated T cells. Hum Gene Ther Methods. 23:376–386. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

174 

Rubin DB, Danish HH, Ali AB, Li K, LaRose S, Monk AD, Cote DJ, Spendley L, Kim AH, Robertson MS, et al: Neurological toxicities associated with chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. Brain. 142:1334–1348. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

175 

Miao L, Zhang Z, Ren Z and Li Y: Reactions related to CAR-T cell therapy. Front Immunol. 12:6632012021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

176 

Maus MV, Haas AR, Beatty GL, Albelda SM, Levine BL, Liu X, Zhao Y, Kalos M and June CH: T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors can cause anaphylaxis in humans. Cancer Immunol Res. 1:26–31. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

177 

Zhao Y, Moon E, Carpenito C, Paulos CM, Liu X, Brennan AL, Chew A, Carroll RG, Scholler J, Levine BL, et al: Multiple injections of electroporated autologous T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor mediate regression of human disseminated tumor. Cancer Res. 70:9053–9061. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

178 

Barrett DM, Zhao Y, Liu X, Jiang S, Carpenito C, Kalos M, Carroll RG, June CH and Grupp SA: Treatment of advanced leukemia in mice with mRNA engineered T cells. Hum Gene Ther. 22:1575–1586. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

179 

Chang K and Pastan I: Molecular cloning of mesothelin, a differentiation antigen present on mesothelium, mesotheliomas, and ovarian cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:136–140. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

180 

Lindau D, Gielen P, Kroesen M, Wesseling P and Adema GJ: The immunosuppressive tumour network: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells and natural killer T cells. Immunology. 138:105–115. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar :

181 

Ko HJ, Lee JM, Kim YJ, Kim YS, Lee KA and Kang CY: Immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells can be converted into immunogenic APCs with the help of activated NKT cells: An alternative cell-based antitumor vaccine. J Immunol. 182:1818–1828. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

182 

Davis RJ, Van Waes C and Allen CT: Overcoming barriers to effective immunotherapy: MDSCs, TAMs, and Tregs as mediators of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol. 58:59–70. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

183 

Fedorov VD, Themeli M and Sadelain M: PD-1- and CTLA-4-based inhibitory chimeric antigen receptors (iCARs) divert off-target immunotherapy responses. Sci Transl Med. 5:215ra1722013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

184 

Chmielewski M, Kopecky C, Hombach AA and Abken H: IL-12 release by engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors can effectively Muster an antigen-independent macrophage response on tumor cells that have shut down tumor antigen expression. Cancer Res. 71:5697–5706. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

185 

Pegram HJ, Lee JC, Hayman EG, Imperato GH, Tedder TF, Sadelain M and Brentjens RJ: Tumor-targeted T cells modified to secrete IL-12 eradicate systemic tumors without need for prior conditioning. Blood. 119:4133–4141. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

186 

Patel U, Abernathy J, Savani BN, Oluwole O, Sengsayadeth S and Dholaria B: CAR T cell therapy in solid tumors: A review of current clinical trials. EJHaem. 3(Suppl 1): S24–S31. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar

187 

Włodarczyk M and Pyrzynska B: CAR-NK as a rapidly developed and efficient immunotherapeutic strategy against cancer. Cancers (Basel). 15:1172022. View Article : Google Scholar

188 

Hawkins ER, D'Souza RR and Klampatsa A: Armored CAR T-cells: The next chapter in T-cell cancer immunotherapy. Biologics. 15:95–105. 2021.PubMed/NCBI

189 

Rafiq S, Hackett CS and Brentjens RJ: Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 17:147–167. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar :

190 

Xia L, Zheng Z, Liu JY, Chen YJ, Ding J, Hu GS, Hu YH, Liu S, Luo WX, Xia NS and Liu W: Targeting triple-negative breast cancer with combination therapy of EGFR CAR T cells and CDK7 inhibition. Cancer Immunol Res. 9:707–722. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

191 

Zhang H, Qin C, An C, Zheng X, Wen S, Chen W, Liu X, Lv Z, Yang P, Xu W, et al: Application of the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing technique in basic research, diagnosis, and therapy of cancer. Mol Cancer. 20:1262021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

192 

Yan T, Zhu L and Chen J: Current advances and challenges in CAR T-Cell therapy for solid tumors: Tumor-associated antigens and the tumor microenvironment. Exp Hematol Oncol. 12:142023. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

193 

Collins DC, Sundar R, Lim JSJ and Yap TA: Towards precision medicine in the clinic: From biomarker discovery to novel therapeutics. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 38:25–40. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Kausar MA, Anwar S, El-Horany HE, Khan FH, Tyagi N, Najm MZ, Sadaf , Eisa AA, Dhara C, Gantayat S, Gantayat S, et al: Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 63: 130, 2023.
APA
Kausar, M.A., Anwar, S., El-Horany, H.E., Khan, F.H., Tyagi, N., Najm, M.Z. ... Gantayat, S. (2023). Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 63, 130. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2023.5578
MLA
Kausar, M. A., Anwar, S., El-Horany, H. E., Khan, F. H., Tyagi, N., Najm, M. Z., Sadaf, , Eisa, A. A., Dhara, C., Gantayat, S."Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 63.6 (2023): 130.
Chicago
Kausar, M. A., Anwar, S., El-Horany, H. E., Khan, F. H., Tyagi, N., Najm, M. Z., Sadaf, , Eisa, A. A., Dhara, C., Gantayat, S."Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 63, no. 6 (2023): 130. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2023.5578
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Kausar MA, Anwar S, El-Horany HE, Khan FH, Tyagi N, Najm MZ, Sadaf , Eisa AA, Dhara C, Gantayat S, Gantayat S, et al: Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 63: 130, 2023.
APA
Kausar, M.A., Anwar, S., El-Horany, H.E., Khan, F.H., Tyagi, N., Najm, M.Z. ... Gantayat, S. (2023). Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 63, 130. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2023.5578
MLA
Kausar, M. A., Anwar, S., El-Horany, H. E., Khan, F. H., Tyagi, N., Najm, M. Z., Sadaf, , Eisa, A. A., Dhara, C., Gantayat, S."Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 63.6 (2023): 130.
Chicago
Kausar, M. A., Anwar, S., El-Horany, H. E., Khan, F. H., Tyagi, N., Najm, M. Z., Sadaf, , Eisa, A. A., Dhara, C., Gantayat, S."Journey of CAR T‑cells: Emphasising the concepts and advancements in breast cancer (Review)". International Journal of Oncology 63, no. 6 (2023): 130. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2023.5578
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team