Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular and Clinical Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 2049-9450 Online ISSN: 2049-9469
Journal Cover
November-2025 Volume 23 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2025 Volume 23 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data1.pdf
    • Supplementary_Data2.pdf
Article Open Access

Prolonged exposure to axitinib alters the molecular profile of Caki‑2 renal cell carcinoma cells

  • Authors:
    • Yuko Nakayama
    • Aya Ino
    • Kazuhiro Yamamoto
    • Kohji Takara
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo 670‑8524, Japan, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Hyogo 650‑8530, Japan, Department of Integrated Clinical and Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700‑8558, Japan
    Copyright: © Nakayama et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 101
    |
    Published online on: September 22, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2896
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Axitinib, an oral second‑generation multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is used as a second‑line treatment for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, patients often develop resistance after initial responsiveness, necessitating the elucidation of the underlying resistance mechanisms. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying axitinib resistance using the Caki‑2 human papillary RCC model cells. Cells tolerating 0.1 µM axitinib were designated as Caki/AX cells. Cell viability was assessed using the water‑soluble tetrazolium salt assay. Notably, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of axitinib and sunitinib were significantly higher in Caki/AX cells than those in Caki‑2 cells, indicating 2.83‑ and 1.2‑fold resistance, respectively. By contrast, the IC50 values of sorafenib and erlotinib were decreased in Caki/AX cells. Moreover, Caki/AX cells showed resistance to everolimus, temsirolimus and rapamycin, and decreased sensitivity to vinblastine, vincristine, paclitaxel, doxorubicin and SN‑38 compared with Caki‑2 cells. Notably, etoposide, 5‑fluorouracil, cisplatin and carboplatin sensitivities were comparable in both cell types. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that the mRNA levels of the ATP‑binding cassette subfamily B member 1 and subfamily G member 2 were significantly higher in Caki/AX cells than those in Caki‑2 cells. A PCR array related to vascular endothelial growth factor signalling showed that the mRNA levels of FIGF (also known as vascular endothelial growth factor D) and sphingosine kinase 1 were upregulated, whereas those of Rac family small GTPase 2 were downregulated in Caki/AX cells. Overall, these findings suggested that the upregulation of the ATP‑binding cassette subfamily B member 1, FIGF and sphingosine kinase 1 mRNA levels, and downregulation of the Rac family small GTPase 2 mRNA levels may contribute to acquired resistance in Caki/AX cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

(A) Growth curves of Caki-2 and
Caki/AX cells. Each cell line was seeded in a 96-well plate on day
0. Cell counts were determined using the water-soluble tetrazolium
salt-1 assay from day 0 to 12. Symbols indicate the growth curves
of Caki-2 (○) and Caki/AX (●) cells. Each point represents the mean
± standard deviation of values from 12 independent experiments, and
error bars are included in the symbols. (B) Microscopic images of
Caki-2 and Caki/AX cells.

Figure 2

ABCB1 (left) and ABCG2
(right) mRNA levels in Caki-2 and Caki/AX cells. Relative target
gene expression is expressed as 2-ΔCq. ΔCq was
calculated by subtracting the Cq of the internal standard (β-actin)
from that of the target gene. Open (□) and closed (■) bars indicate
the Caki-2 and Caki/AX cells, respectively. Each bar represents the
mean ± standard deviation (n=4). **P<0.01 (unpaired
Student's t-test). ABC, ATP-binding cassette.

Figure 3

Volcano plot of the vascular
endothelial growth factor-related signalling polymerase chain
reaction array results in Caki-2 and Caki/AX cells. Graph shows
Caki-2 vs. Caki/AX cells, and fold-difference indicates the
normalized gene expression (2-ΔCq) in Caki/AX cells
divided by that (2-ΔCq) in Caki-2 cells. Black line
indicates a fold-difference of 1 in gene expression. Dotted line
indicates a two-fold change in gene expression. Dashed-dotted line
indicates a P-value threshold of 0.05, determined via the Student's
t-test.
View References

1 

Hsieh JJ, Purdue MP, Signoretti S, Swanton C, Albiges L, Schmidinger M, Heng DY, Larkin J and Ficarra V: Renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 3(17009)2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Ljungberg B, Albiges L, Abu-Ghanem Y, Bensalah K, Dabestani S, Fernández-Pello S, Giles RH, Hofmann F, Hora M, Kuczyk MA, et al: European association of urology guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: The 2019 update. Eur Urol. 75:799–810. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Saliby RM, Saad E, Labaki C, Xu W, Braun DA, Viswanathan SR and Bakouny Z: Novel targeted therapies for renal cell carcinoma: Building on the successes of vascular endothelial growth factor and mTOR inhibition. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 37:1015–1026. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Escudier B and Gore M: Axitinib for the management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Drugs RD. 11:113–126. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Bellesoeur A, Carton E, Alexandre J, Goldwasser F and Huillard O: Axitinib in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: Design, development, and place in therapy. Drug Des Devel Ther. 11:2801–2811. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Tiako Meyo M, Chen J, Goldwasser F, Hirsch L and Huillard O: A profile of avelumab plus axitinib in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 18:683–698. 2022.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Hoshi S, Numahata K, Kanno H, Sato M, Kuromoto A, Nezu K, Sakai T, Konno C, Ishizuka Y, Izumi H, et al: Updated recommendation on molecular-targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell cancer. Mol Clin Oncol. 7:591–594. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Jakobsson M, Strambi A, Nilsson F, Arpegård J and Dalén J: Real-world experience of second-line axitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Analysis of the Swedish population. Future Oncol. 20:1385–1392. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Powles T, Albiges L, Bex A, Comperat E, Grünwald V, Kanesvaran R, Kitamura H, McKay R, Porta C, Procopio G, et al: Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 35:692–706. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Figlin RA, Kaufmann I and Brechbiel J: Targeting PI3K and mTORC2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: New strategies for overcoming resistance to VEGFR and mTORC1 inhibitors. Int J Cancer. 133:788–796. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Sweeney PL, Suri Y, Basu A, Koshkin VS and Desai A: Mechanisms of tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Drug Resist. 6:858–873. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Ou X, Gao G, Habaz IA and Wang Y: Mechanisms of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor-targeted therapy and overcoming strategies. MedComm (2020). 5(e694)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Nakayama Y, Enomoto D, Yamamoto K and Takara K: Molecular characteristics of everolimus-resistant renal cell carcinoma cells generated by continuous exposure to everolimus. Anticancer Res. 43:4349–4357. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Nakayama Y, Ino A, Yamamoto K and Takara K: Down-regulation of ABCB1 in everolimus-resistant renal cell carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res. 44:2871–2876. 2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Fujita M, Tohji C, Honda Y, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura T, Yagami T, Yamamori M and Okamura N: Cytotoxicity of 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) through PPARγ-independent pathway and the involvement of the JNK and Akt pathway in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Med Sci. 9:555–566. 2012.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Chen Y, Tortorici MA, Garrett M, Hee B, Klamerus KJ and Pithavala YK: Clinical pharmacology of axitinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 52:713–725. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Rini BI, Garrett M, Poland B, Dutcher JP, Rixe O, Wilding G, Stadler WM, Pithavala YK, Kim S, Tarazi J and Motzer RJ: Axitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Results of a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 53:491–504. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Fukudo M, Tamaki G, Azumi M, Kakizaki H, Matsumoto S and Tasaki Y: Absorption of the orally active multikinase inhibitor axitinib as a therapeutic index to guide dose titration in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 39:595–604. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Takara K, Sakaeda T, Yagami T, Kobayashi H, Ohmoto N, Horinouchi M, Nishiguchi K and Okumura K: Cytotoxic effects of 27 anticancer drugs in HeLa and MDR1-overexpressing derivative cell lines. Biol Pharm Bull. 25:771–778. 2002.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Nakayama Y, Ino A, Yamamoto K and Takara K: Involvement of everolimus-induced ABCB1 downregulation in drug-drug interactions. Biomed Rep. 21(184)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Takara K, Obata Y, Yoshikawa E, Kitada N, Sakaeda T, Ohnishi N and Yokoyama T: Molecular changes to HeLa cells on continuous exposure to cisplatin or paclitaxel. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 58:785–793. 2006.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Takara K, Kitada N, Yoshikawa E, Yamamoto K, Horibe S, Sakaeda T, Nishiguchi K, Ohnishi N and Yokoyama T: Molecular changes to HeLa cells on continuous exposure to SN-38, an active metabolite of irinotecan hydrochloride. Cancer Lett. 278:88–96. 2009.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Kitada N, Takara K, Minegaki T, Itoh C, Tsujimoto M, Sakaeda T and Yokoyama T: Factors affecting sensitivity to antitumor platinum derivatives of human colorectal tumor cell lines. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 62:577–584. 2008.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Minegaki T, Takara K, Hamaguchi R, Tsujimoto M and Nishiguchi K: Factors affecting the sensitivity of human-derived esophageal carcinoma cell lines to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. Oncol Lett. 5:427–434. 2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Poller B, Iusuf D, Sparidans RW, Wagenaar E, Beijnen JH and Schinkel AH: Differential impact of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2) on axitinib brain accumulation and oral plasma pharmacokinetics. Drug Metab Dispos. 39:729–735. 2011.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Thomas-Schoemann A, Blanchet B, Bardin C, Noé G, Boudou-Rouquette P, Vidal M and Goldwasser F: Drug interactions with solid tumour-targeted therapies. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 89:179–196. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Sato H, Siddig S, Uzu M, Suzuki S, Nomura Y, Kashiba T, Gushimiyagi K, Sekine Y, Uehara T, Arano Y, et al: Elacridar enhances the cytotoxic effects of sunitinib and prevents multidrug resistance in renal carcinoma cells. Eur J Pharmacol. 746:258–266. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Beretta GL, Cassinelli G, Pennati M, Zuco V and Gatti L: Overcoming ABC transporter-mediated multidrug resistance: The dual role of tyrosine kinase inhibitors as multitargeting agents. Eur J Med Chem. 142:271–289. 2017.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Lieu CH, Tran H, Jiang ZQ, Mao M, Overman MJ, Lin E, Eng C, Morris J, Ellis L, Heymach JV, et al: The association of alternate VEGF ligands with resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. PLoS One. 8(e77117)2013.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Alkafaas SS, Elsalahaty MI, Ismail DF, Radwan MA, Elkafas SS, Loutfy SA, Elshazli RM, Baazaoui N, Ahmed AE, Hafez W, et al: The emerging roles of sphingosine 1-phosphate and SphK1 in cancer resistance: A promising therapeutic target. Cancer Cell Int. 24(89)2024.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Bao JM, Zhi X, Yuan HY, Chen TY, Chen MK, Zhou JH, Xue KY, Yang JK and Liu CD: Overexpression of SPHK1 associated with targeted therapy resistance in predicting poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma. Transl Cancer Res. 12:572–584. 2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Walliser C, Hermkes E, Schade A, Wiese S, Deinzer J, Zapatka M, Désiré L, Mertens D, Stilgenbauer S and Gierschik P: The phospholipase Cγ2 mutants R665W and L845F identified in ibrutinib-resistant chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients are hypersensitive to the Rho GTPase Rac2 protein. J Biol Chem. 291:22136–22148. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Pasqualucci L: Epigenetic rewiring of BCR signaling as a novel mechanism of ibrutinib resistance in ABC-DLBCL. Blood Cancer Discov. 2:555–558. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Shaffer AL III, Phelan JD, Wang JQ, Huang D, Wright GW, Kasbekar M, Choi J, Young RM, Webster DE, Yang Y, et al: Overcoming acquired epigenetic resistance to BTK inhibitors. Blood Cancer Discov. 2:630–647. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Wu W, Wang W, Franzen CA, Guo H, Lee J, Li Y, Sukhanova M, Sheng D, Venkataraman G, Ming M, et al: Inhibition of B-cell receptor signaling disrupts cell adhesion in mantle cell lymphoma via RAC2. Blood Adv. 5:185–197. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

37 

Lin WH, Cooper LM and Anastasiadis PZ: Cadherins and catenins in cancer: Connecting cancer pathways and tumor microenvironment. Front Cell Dev Biol. 11(1137013)2023.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Nakayama Y, Ino A, Yamamoto K and Takara K: Prolonged exposure to axitinib alters the molecular profile of Caki‑2 renal cell carcinoma cells. Mol Clin Oncol 23: 101, 2025.
APA
Nakayama, Y., Ino, A., Yamamoto, K., & Takara, K. (2025). Prolonged exposure to axitinib alters the molecular profile of Caki‑2 renal cell carcinoma cells. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 23, 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2896
MLA
Nakayama, Y., Ino, A., Yamamoto, K., Takara, K."Prolonged exposure to axitinib alters the molecular profile of Caki‑2 renal cell carcinoma cells". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 23.5 (2025): 101.
Chicago
Nakayama, Y., Ino, A., Yamamoto, K., Takara, K."Prolonged exposure to axitinib alters the molecular profile of Caki‑2 renal cell carcinoma cells". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 23, no. 5 (2025): 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2896
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Nakayama Y, Ino A, Yamamoto K and Takara K: Prolonged exposure to axitinib alters the molecular profile of Caki‑2 renal cell carcinoma cells. Mol Clin Oncol 23: 101, 2025.
APA
Nakayama, Y., Ino, A., Yamamoto, K., & Takara, K. (2025). Prolonged exposure to axitinib alters the molecular profile of Caki‑2 renal cell carcinoma cells. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 23, 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2896
MLA
Nakayama, Y., Ino, A., Yamamoto, K., Takara, K."Prolonged exposure to axitinib alters the molecular profile of Caki‑2 renal cell carcinoma cells". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 23.5 (2025): 101.
Chicago
Nakayama, Y., Ino, A., Yamamoto, K., Takara, K."Prolonged exposure to axitinib alters the molecular profile of Caki‑2 renal cell carcinoma cells". Molecular and Clinical Oncology 23, no. 5 (2025): 101. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2025.2896
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team