Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
May-2016 Volume 13 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2016 Volume 13 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Piperlongumine inhibits gastric cancer cells via suppression of the JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling pathway

  • Authors:
    • Baoji Song
    • Hongjie Zhan
    • Quan Bian
    • Junping Gu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China, Department of Gastric Cancer, Tianjin Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Treatment of Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
  • Pages: 4475-4480
    |
    Published online on: April 5, 2016
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5091
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Piperlongumine (PL), a major active component of long peppers, has been reported to possess anti‑cancer properties; however, its effect on gastric cancer (GC) has remained to be demonstrated. The present study assessed the effects of PL on the MKN45 and AGS GC cell lines and explored the underlying mechanisms. An MTT assay revealed that PL suppressed the proliferation of GC cells, while flow cytometric analysis showed that PL inhibited cell cycle progression. Furthermore, Transwell assays revealed the inhibitory effects of PL on the invasion and migration of GC cells. In addition, PL reduced the phosphorylation of Janus kinase (JAK)1, JAK2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 in a concentration‑dependent manner, as indicated by western blot analysis, and decreased the expression of STAT3‑dependent tumor‑associated genes in GC cells, as revealed by PCR analysis. In conclusion, the present study was the first, to the best of our knowledge, to reveal the efficacy of PL against GC. The consumption of long peppers is therefore recommended for the prevention and treatment of GC, and PL may be a promising candidate drug for treating GC.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E and Forman D: Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 61:69–90. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Lordick F, Allum W, Carneiro F, Mitry E, Tabernero J, Tan P, Van Cutsem E, van de Velde C and Cervantes A: Unmet needs and challenges in gastric cancer: The way forward. Cancer Treat Rev. 40:692–700. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

SR A, Cervantes A and van de Velde CJ: Gastric cancer: Epidemiology, pathology and treatment. Ann Oncol. 14(Suppl 2): ii31–ii36. 2003.

4 

Falcone A: Future strategies and adjuvant treatment of gastric cancer. Ann Oncol. 14(Suppl 2): ii45–ii47. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Ang SD: Gastric cancer surgery: Can east meet west? J Surg Oncol. 102:7362010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Krejs GJ: Gastric cancer: Epidemiology and risk factors. Dig Dis. 28:600–603. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Li W, Qin J, Sun YH and Liu TS: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer: A meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 16:5621–5628. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Ahn HS, Lee HJ, Yoo MW, Jeong SH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Kim WH, Lee KU and Yang HK: Changes in clinicopathological features and survival after gastrectomy for gastric cancer over a 20-year period. Br J Surg. 98:255–260. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Park BS, Son DJ, Park YH, Kim TW and Lee SE: Antiplatelet effects of acidamides isolated from the fruits of Piper longum L. Phytomedicine. 14:853–855. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Yang YC, Lee SG, Lee HK, Kim MK, Lee SH and Lee HS: A piperidine amide extracted from Piper longum L. fruit shows activity against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. J Agr Food Chem. 50:3765–3767. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Son DJ, Kim SY, Han SS, Kim CW, Kumar S, Park BS, Lee SE, Yun YP, Jo H and Park YH: Piperlongumine inhibits atherosclerotic plaque formation and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by suppressing PDGF receptor signaling. Biochem Bioph Res Commun. 427:349–354. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Bang JS, Oh da H, Choi HM, Sur BJ, Lim SJ, Kim JY, Yang HI, Yoo MC, Hahm DH and Kim KS: Anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic effects of piperine in human interleukin 1beta-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and in rat arthritis models. Arthritis Res Ther. 11:R492009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Fontenele JB, Leal L, Silveira ER, Felix FH, Bezerra Felipe CF and Viana GS: Antiplatelet effects of piplartine, an alkamide isolated from Piper tuberculatum: Possible involvement of cyclooxygenase blockade and antioxidant activity. J Pharm Pharmacol. 61:511–515. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Tsai IL, Lee FP, Wu CC, Duh CY, Ishikawa T, Chen JJ, Chen YC, Seki H and Chen IS: New cytotoxic cyclobutanoid amides, a new furanoid lignan and anti-platelet aggregation constituents from Piper arborescens. Planta Med. 71:535–542. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Wakade AS, Shah AS, Kulkarni MP and Juvekar AR: Protective effect of Piper longum L. on oxidative stress induced injury and cellular abnormality in adriamycin induced cardiotoxicity in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 46:528–533. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

16 

Cícero Bezerra Felipe F, Trajano Sousa Filho J, de Oliveira Souza LE, Alexandre Silveira J, Esdras de Andrade Uchoa D, Rocha Silveira E, Deusdênia Loiola Pessoa O and de Barros Viana GS: Piplartine, an amide alkaloid from Piper tuberculatum, presents anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in mice. Phytomedicine. 14:605–612. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Vedhanayaki G, Shastri GV and Kuruvilla A: Analgesic activity of Piper longum Linn. root. Indian J Exp Biol. 41:649–651. 2003.

18 

Randhawa H, Kibble K, Zeng H, Moyer M and Reindl K: Activation of ERK signaling and induction of colon cancer cell death by piperlongumine. Toxicol In Vitro. 27:1626–1633. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Dhillon H, Chikara S and Reindl KM: Piperlongumine induces pancreatic cancer cell death by enhancing reactive oxygen species and DNA damage. Toxicol Rep. 1:309–318. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Gong LH, Chen XX, Wang H, Jiang QW, Pan SS, Qiu JG, Mei XL, Xue YQ, Qin WM and Zheng FY: Piperlongumine induces apoptosis and synergizes with cisplatin or paclitaxel in human ovarian cancer cells. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014:9068042014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Jackson C, Judd LM, Menheniott T, Kronborg I, Dow C, Yeomans ND, Boussioutas A, Robb L and Giraud A: Augmented gp130-mediated cytokine signalling accompanies human gastric cancer progression. J Pathol. 213:140–151. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kanda N, Seno H, Konda Y, Marusawa H, Kanai M, Nakajima T, Kawashima T, Nanakin A, Sawabu T, Uenoyama Y, et al: STAT3 is constitutively activated and supports cell survival in association with survivin expression in gastric cancer cells. Oncogene. 23:4921–4929. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Heinrich P, Behrmann I, Haan S, Hermanns HM, Müller-Newen G and Schaper F: Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation. Biochem J. 374:1–20. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Böger C, Behrens HM and Röcken C: Ki67 - an unsuitable marker of gastric cancer prognosis unmasks intratumoral heterogeneity. J Surg Oncol. 113:46–54. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Wang Y, Zhou X, Shan B, Han J, Wang F, Fan X, Lv Y, Chang L and Liu W: Downregulation of microRNA-33a promotes cyclin dependent kinase 6, cyclin D1 and PIM1 expression and gastric cancer cell proliferation. Mol Med Rep. 12:6491–6500. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Gao XH, Yang XQ, Wang BC, Liu SP and Wang FB: Overexpression of twist and matrix metalloproteinase-9 with metastasis and prognosis in gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 14:5055–5060. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Jatiani SS, Baker SJ, Silverman LR and Reddy EP: JAK/STAT pathways in cytokine signaling and myeloproliferative disorders: Approaches for targeted therapies. Genes Cancer. 1:979–993. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Wu H, Huang M, Cao P, Wang T, Shu Y and Liu P: MiR-135a targets JAK2 and inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Biol Ther. 13:281–288. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Xiong H, Zhang ZG, Tian XQ, Sun DF, Liang QC, Zhang YJ, Lu R, Chen YX and Fang JY: Inhibition of JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and reduces tumor cell invasion in colorectal cancer cells. Neoplasia. 10:287–297. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Ingley E and Klinken SP: Cross-regulation of JAK and Src kinases. Growth Factors. 24:89–95. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Akira S: Roles of STAT3 defined by tissue-specific gene targeting. Oncogene. 19:2607–2611. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Avalle L, Pensa S, Regis G, Novelli F and Poli V: STAT1 and STAT3 in tumorigenesis: A matter of balance. JAKSTAT. 1:65–72. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Chang Q, Bournazou E, Sansone P, Berishaj M, Gao SP, Daly L, Wels J, Theilen T, Granitto S, Zhang X, et al: The IL-6/JAK/Stat3 feed-forward loop drives tumorigenesis and metastasis. Neoplasia. 15:848–862. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Mukhopadhyay A1, Banerjee S, Stafford LJ, Xia C, Liu M and Aggarwal BB: Curcumin-induced suppression of cell proliferation correlates with down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression and CDK4-mediated retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Oncogene. 21:8852–8861. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Weinstein IB: Disorders in cell circuitry during multistage carcinogenesis: the role of homeostasis. Carcinogenesis. 21:857–864. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Yu LF, Zhu YB, Qiao MM, Zhong J, Tu SP and Wu YL: Constitutive activation and clinical significance of Stat3 in human gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. Chin Med J. 84:2064–2069. 2004.In Chinese.

38 

Judd LM, Menheniott TR, Ling H, Jackson CB, Howlett M, Kalantzis A, Priebe W and Giraud AS: Inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway reduces gastric cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. PloS One. 9:e959932014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kim MJ, Nam HJ, Kim HP, Han SW, Im SA, Kim TY, Oh DY and Bang YJ: OPB–31121, a novel small molecular inhibitor, disrupts the JAK2/STAT3 pathway and exhibits an antitumor activity in gastric cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 335:145–152. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Khanna P, Chua PJ, Bay BH and Baeg GH: The JAK/STAT signaling cascade in gastric carcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol. 47:1617–1626. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

41 

Huang W, Yu LF, Zhong J, Wu W, Zhu JY, Jiang FX and Wu YL: Stat3 is involved in angiotensin II-induced expression of MMP2 in gastric cancer cells. Dig Dis Sci. 54:2056–2062. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar

42 

Tactacan CM, Phua YW, Liu L, Zhang L, Humphrey ES, Cowley M, Pinese M, Biankin AV and Daly RJ: The pseudokinase SgK223 promotes invasion of pancreatic ductal epithelial cells through JAK1/Stat3 signaling. Mol Cancer. 14:139–149. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Song B, Zhan H, Bian Q and Gu J: Piperlongumine inhibits gastric cancer cells via suppression of the JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 13: 4475-4480, 2016.
APA
Song, B., Zhan, H., Bian, Q., & Gu, J. (2016). Piperlongumine inhibits gastric cancer cells via suppression of the JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 13, 4475-4480. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5091
MLA
Song, B., Zhan, H., Bian, Q., Gu, J."Piperlongumine inhibits gastric cancer cells via suppression of the JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 13.5 (2016): 4475-4480.
Chicago
Song, B., Zhan, H., Bian, Q., Gu, J."Piperlongumine inhibits gastric cancer cells via suppression of the JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 13, no. 5 (2016): 4475-4480. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5091
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Song B, Zhan H, Bian Q and Gu J: Piperlongumine inhibits gastric cancer cells via suppression of the JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 13: 4475-4480, 2016.
APA
Song, B., Zhan, H., Bian, Q., & Gu, J. (2016). Piperlongumine inhibits gastric cancer cells via suppression of the JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 13, 4475-4480. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5091
MLA
Song, B., Zhan, H., Bian, Q., Gu, J."Piperlongumine inhibits gastric cancer cells via suppression of the JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 13.5 (2016): 4475-4480.
Chicago
Song, B., Zhan, H., Bian, Q., Gu, J."Piperlongumine inhibits gastric cancer cells via suppression of the JAK1,2/STAT3 signaling pathway". Molecular Medicine Reports 13, no. 5 (2016): 4475-4480. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.5091
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team