Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
February-2019 Volume 19 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2019 Volume 19 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

A novel four‑snoRNA signature for predicting the survival of patients with uveal melanoma

  • Authors:
    • Qiong Yi
    • Wen‑Jin Zou
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, P.R. China
  • Pages: 1294-1301
    |
    Published online on: December 14, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9766
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Uveal melanoma (UM), the predominant histological subtype of intraocular malignant tumors in adults, often results in high rates of mortality; effective prognostic signatures used to predict the survival of patients with UM are limited. Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in the processes of carcinogenesis and tumor progression, but knowledge of their application as prognostic markers in UM is limited. In the present study, the expression profiles of snoRNAs in UM were determined; a total of 60 snoRNAs were notably associated with the overall survival of patients with UM via univariate Cox survival analysis. Subsequently, a prognostic signature based on four snoRNAs was proposed, which retained their prognostic significance determined by a multivariate Cox survival analysis. The formula is as follows: ACA17 * (‑1.602) + ACA45 * 0.803 + HBII‑276 * 0.603 + SNORD12 * 1.348. Furthermore, the results of in silico analysis indicated that perturbation of the phototransduction, GABAergic synapse and amphetamine addiction pathways may be the potential molecular mechanisms underlying the poor prognosis of patients with UM. Collectively, the present study proposed a potential prognostic signature for patients with UM and the prospective mechanisms at the genome‑wide level were determined.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

View References

1 

Álvarez-Rodríguez B, Latorre A, Posch C and Somoza Á: Recent advances in uveal melanoma treatment. Med Res Rev. 37:1350–1372. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Komatsubara KM, Manson DK and Carvajal RD: Selumetinib for the treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma: Past and future perspectives. Future Oncol. 12:1331–1344. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Reichstein D: New concepts in the molecular understanding of uveal melanoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 28:219–227. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Vasalaki M, Fabian ID, Reddy MA, Cohen VM and Sagoo MS: Ocular oncology: Advances in retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma and conjunctival melanoma. Br Med Bull. 121:107–119. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Kaliki S and Shields CL: Uveal melanoma: Relatively rare but deadly cancer. Eye (Lond). 31:241–257. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Shields CL, Kels JG and Shields JA: Melanoma of the eye: Revealing hidden secrets, one at a time. Clin Dermatol. 33:183–196. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Helgadottir H and Höiom V: The genetics of uveal melanoma: Current insights. Appl Clin Genet. 9:147–155. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Heppt MV, Steeb T, Schlager JG, Rosumeck S, Dressler C, Ruzicka T, Nast A and Berking C: Immune checkpoint blockade for unresectable or metastatic uveal melanoma: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev. 60:44–52. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Blum ES, Yang J, Komatsubara KM and Carvajal RD: Clinical management of uveal and conjunctival melanoma. Oncology (Williston Park). 30:29–32, 34-43, 48. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

10 

Krantz BA, Dave N, Komatsubara KM, Marr BP and Carvajal RD: Uveal melanoma: Epidemiology, etiology, and treatment of primary disease. Clin Ophthalmol. 11:279–289. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhou J, Jin B, Jin Y, Liu Y and Pan J: The antihelminthic drug niclosamide effectively inhibits the malignant phenotypes of uveal melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Theranostics. 7:1447–1462. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Cheng H, Chua V, Liao C, Purwin TJ, Terai M, Kageyama K, Davies MA, Sato T and Aplin AE: Co-targeting HGF/cMET signaling with MEK inhibitors in metastatic uveal melanoma. Mol Cancer Ther. 16:516–528. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Mahendraraj K, Lau CS, Lee I and Chamberlain RS: Trends in incidence, survival, and management of uveal melanoma: A population-based study of 7,516 patients from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database (1973–2012). Clin Ophthalmol. 10:2113–2119. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Andreoli MT, Mieler WF and Leiderman YI: Epidemiological trends in uveal melanoma. Br J Ophthalmol. 99:1550–1553. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Chandran SS, Somerville RPT, Yang JC, Sherry RM, Klebanoff CA, Goff SL, Wunderlich JR, Danforth DN, Zlott D, Paria BC, et al: Treatment of metastatic uveal melanoma with adoptive transfer of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes: A single-centre, two-stage, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 18:792–802. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Komatsubara KM and Carvajal RD: Immunotherapy for the treatment of uveal melanoma: Current status and emerging therapies. Curr Oncol Rep. 19:452017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Spagnolo F, Picasso V, Spano L, Tanda E, Venzano C and Queirolo P: Update on metastatic uveal melanoma: Progress and challenges. BioDrugs. 30:161–172. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

McMahon M, Contreras A and Ruggero D: Small RNAs with big implications: New insights into H/ACA snoRNA function and their role in human disease. Wiley Interdiscip Rev RNA. 6:173–189. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Zhou H, Xu Q, Ni C, Ye S, Xu X, Hu X, Jiang J, Hong Y, Huang D and Yang L: Prospects of noncoding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomed Res Int. 2018:65794362018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Koduru SV, Leberfinger AN and Ravnic DJ: Small non-coding RNA abundance in adrenocortical carcinoma: A footprint of a rare cancer. J Genomics. 5:99–118. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Siprashvili Z, Webster DE, Johnston D, Shenoy RM, Ungewickell AJ, Bhaduri A, Flockhart R, Zarnegar BJ, Che Y, Meschi F, et al: The noncoding RNAs SNORD50A and SNORD50B bind K-Ras and are recurrently deleted in human cancer. Nat Genet. 48:53–58. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Zhang Y, Xu C, Gu D, Wu M, Yan B, Xu Z, Wang Y and Liu H: H/ACA box small nucleolar RNA 7A promotes the self-renewal of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells. 35:222–235. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Huang C, Shi J, Guo Y, Huang W, Huang S, Ming S, Wu X, Zhang R, Ding J, Zhao W, et al: A snoRNA modulates mRNA 3′ end processing and regulates the expression of a subset of mRNAs. Nucleic Acids Res. 45:8647–8660. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Zhou F, Liu Y, Rohde C, Pauli C, Gerloff D, Köhn M, Misiak D, Bäumer N, Cui C, Göllner S, et al: AML1-ETO requires enhanced C/D box snoRNA/RNP formation to induce self-renewal and leukaemia. Nat Cell Biol. 19:844–855. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Xu B, Ye MH, Lv SG, Wang QX, Wu MJ, Xiao B, Kang CS and Zhu XG: SNORD47, a box C/D snoRNA, suppresses tumorigenesis in glioblastoma. Oncotarget. 8:43953–43966. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Patterson DG, Roberts JT, King VM, Houserova D, Barnhill EC, Crucello A, Polska CJ, Brantley LW, Kaufman GC, Nguyen M, et al: Human snoRNA-93 is processed into a microRNA-like RNA that promotes breast cancer cell invasion. NPJ Breast Cancer. 3:252017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Yoshida K, Toden S, Weng W, Shigeyasu K, Miyoshi J, Turner J, Nagasaka T, Ma Y, Takayama T, Fujiwara T and Goel A: SNORA21-an oncogenic small nucleolar RNA, with a prognostic biomarker potential in human colorectal cancer. EBioMedicine. 22:68–77. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Xu L, Ziegelbauer J, Wang R, Wu WW, Shen RF, Juhl H, Zhang Y and Rosenberg A: Distinct profiles for mitochondrial t-RNAs and small nucleolar RNAs in locally invasive and metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 22:773–784. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Ritchie ME, Phipson B, Wu D, Hu Y, Law CW, Shi W and Smyth GK: limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 43:e472015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Wickham H: ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. 2009.

31 

Xu H, Gong J and Liu H: High expression of lncRNA PVT1 independently predicts poor overall survival in patients with primary uveal melanoma. PLoS One. 12:e01896752017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Wan Q, Tang J, Han Y and Wang D: Co-expression modules construction by WGCNA and identify potential prognostic markers of uveal melanoma. Exp Eye Res. 166:13–20. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Robertson AG, Shih J, Yau C, Gibb EA, Oba J, Mungall KL, Hess JM, Uzunangelov V, Walter V, Danilova L, et al: Integrative analysis identifies four molecular and clinical subsets in uveal melanoma. Cancer Cell. 32:1512018. View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Field MG, Decatur CL, Kurtenbach S, Gezgin G, van der Velden PA, Jager MJ, Kozak KN and Harbour JW: PRAME as an independent biomarker for metastasis in uveal melanoma. Clin Cancer Res. 22:1234–1242. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Field MG, Durante MA, Decatur CL, Tarlan B, Oelschlager KM, Stone JF, Kuznetsov J, Bowcock AM, Kurtenbach S and Harbour JW: Epigenetic reprogramming and aberrant expression of PRAME are associated with increased metastatic risk in Class 1 and Class 2 uveal melanomas. Oncotarget. 7:59209–59219. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Brown JS, Flitcroft DI, Ying GS, Francis EL, Schmid GF, Quinn GE and Stone RA: In vivo human choroidal thickness measurements: Evidence for diurnal fluctuations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 50:5–12. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Wicks NL, Chan JW, Najera JA, Ciriello JM and Oancea E: UVA phototransduction drives early melanin synthesis in human melanocytes. Curr Biol. 21:1906–1911. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Szuścik I, Romanowska-Dixon B, Jakubowska B and Orlowska-Heitzman J: Uveal melanoma in patients with ocular or oculodermal melanocytosis. Klin Oczna. 110:380–383. 2008.(In Polish). PubMed/NCBI

39 

Kuzirian MS and Paradis S: Emerging themes in GABAergic synapse development. Prog Neurobiol. 95:68–87. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Zieger E, Lacalli TC, Pestarino M, Schubert M and Candiani S: The origin of dopaminergic systems in chordate brains: Insights from amphioxus. Int J Dev Biol. 61:749–761. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Vicente-Rodríguez M, Rojo Gonzalez L, Gramage E, Fernández-Calle R, Chen Y, Pérez-García C, Ferrer-Alcón M, Uribarri M, Bailey A and Herradón G: Pleiotrophin overexpression regulates amphetamine-induced reward and striatal dopaminergic denervation without changing the expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors: Implications for neuroinflammation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 26:1794–1805. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Baig AM: DARK side of amphetamine and analogues: pharmacology, syndromic manifestation, and management of amphetamine addiction. ACS Chem Neurosci. 9:2299–2303. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Ortells MO and Arias HR: Neuronal networks of nicotine addiction. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 42:1931–1935. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Yi Q and Zou WJ: A novel four‑snoRNA signature for predicting the survival of patients with uveal melanoma. Mol Med Rep 19: 1294-1301, 2019.
APA
Yi, Q., & Zou, W. (2019). A novel four‑snoRNA signature for predicting the survival of patients with uveal melanoma. Molecular Medicine Reports, 19, 1294-1301. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9766
MLA
Yi, Q., Zou, W."A novel four‑snoRNA signature for predicting the survival of patients with uveal melanoma". Molecular Medicine Reports 19.2 (2019): 1294-1301.
Chicago
Yi, Q., Zou, W."A novel four‑snoRNA signature for predicting the survival of patients with uveal melanoma". Molecular Medicine Reports 19, no. 2 (2019): 1294-1301. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9766
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yi Q and Zou WJ: A novel four‑snoRNA signature for predicting the survival of patients with uveal melanoma. Mol Med Rep 19: 1294-1301, 2019.
APA
Yi, Q., & Zou, W. (2019). A novel four‑snoRNA signature for predicting the survival of patients with uveal melanoma. Molecular Medicine Reports, 19, 1294-1301. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9766
MLA
Yi, Q., Zou, W."A novel four‑snoRNA signature for predicting the survival of patients with uveal melanoma". Molecular Medicine Reports 19.2 (2019): 1294-1301.
Chicago
Yi, Q., Zou, W."A novel four‑snoRNA signature for predicting the survival of patients with uveal melanoma". Molecular Medicine Reports 19, no. 2 (2019): 1294-1301. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9766
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team