Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
August-2020 Volume 22 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2020 Volume 22 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Effect of thymoquinone on Fusobacterium nucleatum‑associated biofilm and inflammation

  • Authors:
    • Ayano Tada
    • Haruyuki Nakayama‑Imaohji
    • Hisashi Yamasaki
    • Miad Elahi
    • Tamiko Nagao
    • Hirofumi Yagi
    • Masao Ishikawa
    • Koji Shibuya
    • Tomomi Kuwahara
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761‑0793, Japan, Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8501, Japan, Faculty of Nursing, Shikoku University, Ohjin, Tokushima 771‑1192, Japan, Laboratory for Oral Health Science, Tokyo 103‑0012, Japan
    Copyright: © Tada et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 643-650
    |
    Published online on: May 7, 2020
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11136
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Periodontitis affects oral tissues and induces systemic inflammation, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. Subgingival plaque accumulation is a trigger of periodontitis. Fusobacterium nucleatum (FN) contributes to subgingival biofilm complexity by intercalating with early and late bacterial colonizers on tooth surfaces. In addition, inflammatory responses to FN are associated with the progression of periodontitis. Nigella sativa Lin. seed, which is known as black cumin (BC), has been used as a herbal medicine to treat ailments such as asthma and infectious diseases. The current study examined the inhibitory effect of BC oil and its active constituents, thymol (TM) and thymoquinone (TQ), on FN‑associated biofilm and inflammation. FN‑containing biofilms were prepared by co‑cultivation with an early dental colonizer, Actinomyces naeslundii (AN). The stability and biomass of FN/AN dual species biofilms were significantly higher compared with FN alone. This effect was retained even with prefixed cells, indicating that FN/AN co‑aggregation is mediated by physicochemical interactions with cell surface molecules. FN/AN biofilm formation was significantly inhibited by 0.1% TM or TQ. Confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that treatment of preformed FN/AN biofilm with 0.01% of BC, TM or TQ significantly reduced biofilm thickness, and TQ demonstrated a cleansing effect equivalent to that of isopropyl methylphenol. TQ dose‑dependently suppressed TNF‑α production from a human monocytic cell line, THP‑1 exposed to FN, yet showed no toxicity to THP‑1 cells. These results indicated that oral hygiene care using TQ could reduce FN‑associated biofilm and inflammation in gingival tissue.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

View References

1 

Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, Lakshmanan A and Wade WG: The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol. 192:5002–5017. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Kolenbrander PE and London J: Adhere today, here tomorrow: Oral bacterial adherence. J Bacteriol. 175:3247–3252. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Rickard AH, Gilbert P, High NJ, Kolenbrander PE and Handley PS: Bacterial coaggregation: An integral process in the development of multi-species biofilms. Trends Microbiol. 11:94–100. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Han YW: Fusobacterium nucleatum: A commensal-turned pathogen. Curr Opin Microbiol. 23:141–147. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Sun Y, Shu R, Li CL and Zhang MZ: Gram-negative periodontal bacteria induce the activation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and cytokine production in human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol. 81:1488–1496. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

To TT, Gümüş P, Nizam N, Buduneli N and Darveau RP: Subgingival plaque in periodontal health antagonizes at Toll-like receptor 4 and inhibits E-selectin expression on endothelial cells. Infect Immun. 84:120–126. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Hong CY, Lin SK, Kok SH, Cheng SJ, Lee MS, Wang TM, Chen CS, Lin LD and Wang JS: The role of lipopolysaccharide in infectious bone resorption of periapical lesion. J Oral Pathol Med. 33:162–169. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Suwabe K, Yoshida Y, Nagano K and Yoshimura F: Identification of an L-methionine γ-lyase involved in the production of hydrogen sulfide from L-cysteine in Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. nucleatum ATCC 25586. Microbiology. 157:2992–3000. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Nakano M, Shin K, Wakabayashi H, Yamauchi K, Abe F and Hironaka S: Inactivating effects of the lactoperoxidase system on bacterial lyases involved in oral malodour production. J Med Microbiol. 64:1244–1252. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Rubinstein MR, Wang X, Liu W, Hao Y, Cai G and Han YW: Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin/β-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin. Cell Host Microbe. 14:195–206. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Allen-Vercoe E, Strauss J and Chadee K: Fusobacterium nucleatum: An emerging gut pathogen? Gut Microbes. 2:294–298. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Seymour GJ, Ford PJ, Cullinan MP, Leishman S and Yamazaki K: Relationship between periodontal infections and systemic disease. Clin Microbiol Infect. 13 (Suppl 4):S3–S10. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Imai H, Kita F, Ikesugi S, Abe M, Sogabe S, Nishimura-Danjobara Y, Miura H and Oyama Y: Cetylpyridinium chloride at sublethal levels increases the susceptibility of rat thymic lymphocytes to oxidative stress. Chemosphere. 170:118–123. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Hidalgo E and Dominguez C: Mechanisms underlying chlorhexidine-induced cytotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro. 15:271–276. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Chandra Shekar BR, Nagarajappa R, Suma S and Thakur R: Herbal extracts in oral health care-A review of the current scenario and its future needs. Pharmacogn Rev. 9:87–92. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Darvishi Khezri H, Haidari Gorji MA, Morad A and Gorji H: Comparison of the antibacterial effects of matrica & Persica™ and chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwashes in mechanically ventilated ICU patients: A double blind randomized clinical trial. Rev Chilena Infectol. 30:361–373. 2013.(In Spanish). View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Pedrazzi V, Leite MF, Tavares RC, Sato S, do Nascimento GC and Issa JP: Herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Baccharis dracunculifolia as agent for the control of biofilm: Clinical evaluation in humans. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015:7126832015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Filoche SK, Soma K and Sissons CH: Antimicrobial effects of essential oils in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 20:221–225. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ali BH and Blunden G: Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother Res. 17:299–305. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Gholamnezhad Z, Havakhah S and Boskabady MH: Preclinical and clinical effects of Nigella sativa and its constituent, thymoquinone: A review. J Ethnopharmacol. 190:372–386. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Kokoska L, Havlik J, Valterova I, Sovova H, Sajfrtova M and Jankovska I: Comparison of chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Nigella sativa seed essential oils obtained by different extraction methods. J Food Prot. 71:2475–2480. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Ozdemir H, Kara MI, Erciyas K, Ozer H and Ay S: Preventive effects of thymoquinone in a rat periodontitis model: A morphometric and histopathological study. J Periodontal Res. 47:74–80. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Nakasugi T, Murakawa T, Shibuya K and Morimoto M: Deodorizing substance in black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed oil. J Ole Sci. 66:877–882. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Saygun I, Nizam N, Keskiner I, Bal V, Kubar A, Acikel C, Serdar M and Slots J: Salivary infectious agents and periodontal disease status. J Periodontal Res. 46:235–239. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Zhou X, Liu X, Li J, Aprecio RM, Zhang W and Li Y: Real-time PCR quantification of six periodontal pathogens in saliva samples from healthy young adults. Clin Oral Investig. 19:937–946. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Chaieb K, Kouidhi B, Jrah H, Mahdouani K and Bakhrouf A: Antibacterial activity of thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa and its potency to prevent bacterial biofilm formation. BMC Complement Altern Med. 11:292011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Kouidhi B, Zmantar T, Jrah H, Souiden Y, Chaieb K, Mahdouani K and Bakhrouf A: Antibacterial and resistance-modifying activities of thymoquinone against oral pathogens. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 10:292011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Mansour M and Tornhamre S: Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene C4 synthase in human blood cells by thymoquinone. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 19:431–436. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Woo CC, Kumar AP, Sethi G and Tan KH: Thymoquinone: Potential cure for inflammatory disorders and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol. 83:443–451. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Shokri H: A review on the inhibitory potential of Nigella sativa against pathogenic and toxigenic fungi. Avicenna J Phytomed. 6:21–33. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

31 

El-Mahmoudy A, Matsuyama H, Borgan MA, Shimizu Y, El-Sayed MG, Minamoto N and Takewaki T: Thymoquinone suppresses expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol. 2:1603–1611. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Sethi G, Ahn KS and Aggarwal BB: Targeting nuclear factor-kappa B activation pathway by thymoquinone: Role in suppression of antiapoptotic gene products and enhancement of apoptosis. Mol Cancer Res. 6:1059–1070. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Mohamed A, Shoker A, Bendjelloul F, Mare A, Alzrigh M, Benghuzzi H and Desin T: Improvement of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by thymoquinone; an oxidative stress inhibitor. Biomed Sci Instrum. 39:440–445. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Sayed-Ahmed MM and Nagi MN: Thymoquinone supplementation prevents the development of gentamicin-induced acute renal toxicity in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 34:399–405. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Badary OA, Al-Shabanah OA, Nagi MN, Al-Bekairi AM and Elmazar MMA: Acute and subchronic toxicity of thymoquinone in mice. Drug Develop Res. 44:56–61. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar

36 

Steinmann A, Scatze M, Agathos M and Brett R: Allergic contact dermatitis from black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil after topical use. Contact Dermatitis. 36:268–269. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Zedlitz S, Kaufmann R and Bochncke WH: Allergic contact dermatitis from black cumin (Nigella sativa) oil-containing ointment. Contact Dermatitis. 46:1882002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Kapil H, Suresh DK, Bathia SC and Arora KS: Assessment of clinical efficacy of locally delivered 0.2% thymoquinone gel in the treatment of periodontitis. Saudi Dent J. 30:348–354. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Tada A, Nakayama‑Imaohji H, Yamasaki H, Elahi M, Nagao T, Yagi H, Ishikawa M, Shibuya K and Kuwahara T: Effect of thymoquinone on Fusobacterium nucleatum‑associated biofilm and inflammation. Mol Med Rep 22: 643-650, 2020.
APA
Tada, A., Nakayama‑Imaohji, H., Yamasaki, H., Elahi, M., Nagao, T., Yagi, H. ... Kuwahara, T. (2020). Effect of thymoquinone on Fusobacterium nucleatum‑associated biofilm and inflammation. Molecular Medicine Reports, 22, 643-650. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11136
MLA
Tada, A., Nakayama‑Imaohji, H., Yamasaki, H., Elahi, M., Nagao, T., Yagi, H., Ishikawa, M., Shibuya, K., Kuwahara, T."Effect of thymoquinone on Fusobacterium nucleatum‑associated biofilm and inflammation". Molecular Medicine Reports 22.2 (2020): 643-650.
Chicago
Tada, A., Nakayama‑Imaohji, H., Yamasaki, H., Elahi, M., Nagao, T., Yagi, H., Ishikawa, M., Shibuya, K., Kuwahara, T."Effect of thymoquinone on Fusobacterium nucleatum‑associated biofilm and inflammation". Molecular Medicine Reports 22, no. 2 (2020): 643-650. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11136
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Tada A, Nakayama‑Imaohji H, Yamasaki H, Elahi M, Nagao T, Yagi H, Ishikawa M, Shibuya K and Kuwahara T: Effect of thymoquinone on Fusobacterium nucleatum‑associated biofilm and inflammation. Mol Med Rep 22: 643-650, 2020.
APA
Tada, A., Nakayama‑Imaohji, H., Yamasaki, H., Elahi, M., Nagao, T., Yagi, H. ... Kuwahara, T. (2020). Effect of thymoquinone on Fusobacterium nucleatum‑associated biofilm and inflammation. Molecular Medicine Reports, 22, 643-650. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11136
MLA
Tada, A., Nakayama‑Imaohji, H., Yamasaki, H., Elahi, M., Nagao, T., Yagi, H., Ishikawa, M., Shibuya, K., Kuwahara, T."Effect of thymoquinone on Fusobacterium nucleatum‑associated biofilm and inflammation". Molecular Medicine Reports 22.2 (2020): 643-650.
Chicago
Tada, A., Nakayama‑Imaohji, H., Yamasaki, H., Elahi, M., Nagao, T., Yagi, H., Ishikawa, M., Shibuya, K., Kuwahara, T."Effect of thymoquinone on Fusobacterium nucleatum‑associated biofilm and inflammation". Molecular Medicine Reports 22, no. 2 (2020): 643-650. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2020.11136
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team