Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Molecular Medicine Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1791-2997 Online ISSN: 1791-3004
Journal Cover
April-2021 Volume 23 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2021 Volume 23 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Novel insights into di‑(2‑ethylhexyl)phthalate activation: Implications for the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid axis

  • Authors:
    • Haoyu Wu
    • Wanying Zhang
    • Yunbo Zhang
    • Zhen Kang
    • Xinxiunan Miao
    • Xiaolin Na
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Wu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 290
    |
    Published online on: February 22, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.11930
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Di (2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an environmental pollutant, is widely used as a plasticizer and causes serious pollution in the ecological environment. As previously reported, exposure to DEHP may cause thyroid dysfunction of the hypothalamic‑pituitary‑thyroid (HPT) axis. However, the underlying role of DEHP remains to be elucidated. The present study performed intragastrical administration of DEHP (150, 300 and 600 mg/kg) once a day for 90 consecutive days. DEHP‑stimulated oxidative stress increased the thyroid follicular cavity diameter and caused thyrocyte oedema. Furthermore, DEHP exposure altered mRNA and protein levels. Thus, DEHP may perturb TH homeostasis by affecting biosynthesis, biotransformation, bio‑transportation, receptor levels and metabolism through disruption of the HPT axis and activation of the thyroid‑stimulating hormone (TSH)/TSH receptor signaling pathway. These results identified the formerly unappreciated endocrine‑disrupting activities of phthalates and the molecular mechanisms of DEHP‑induced thyrotoxicity.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

View References

1 

Jabbar A, Pingitore A, Pearce SH, Zaman A, Iervasi G and Razvi S: Thyroid hormones and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 14:39–55. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Garmendia Madariaga A, Santos Palacios S, Guillén-Grima F and Galofre JC: The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: A meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 99:923–931. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

UE: Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the european parliament and of the council of 18 december 2006 concerning the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH). 2006, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/1907/2014-04-10

4 

Chaker L, Bianco AC, Jonklaas J and Peeters RP: Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 390:1550–1562. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Colella M, Cuomo D, Giacco A, Mallardo M, De Felice M and Ambrosino C: Thyroid hormones and functional ovarian reserve: Systemic vs. Peripheral dysfunctions. J Clin Med. 9:16792020. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Tomer Y: Genetic susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid disease: Past, present, and future. Thyroid. 20:715–725. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Brent GA: Environmental exposures and autoimmune thyroid disease. Thyroid. 20:755–761. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Lamb JC IV, Boffetta P, Foster WG, Goodman JE, Hentz KL, Rhomberg LR, Staveley J, Swaen G, Van Der Kraak G, Williams AL; Comments on the opinions published by Bergman, ; et al: (2015) on critical comments on the WHO-UNEP state of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals (Lamb et al., 2014). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 73:754–757. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ema M and Miyawaki E: Adverse effects on development of the reproductive system in male offspring of rats given monobutyl phthalate, a metabolite of dibutyl phthalate, during late pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol. 15:189–194. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Pan G, Hanaoka T, Yoshimura M, Zhang S, Wang P, Tsukino H, Inoue K, Nakazawa H, Tsugane S and Takahashi K: Decreased serum free testosterone in workers exposed to high levels of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP): A cross-sectional study in China. Environ Health Perspect. 114:1643–1648. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Api AM: Toxicological profile of diethyl phthalate: A vehicle for fragrance and cosmetic ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol. 39:97–108. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Kavlock R, Boekelheide K, Chapin R, Cunningham M, Faustman E, Foster P, Golub M, Henderson R, Hinberg I, Little R, et al: NTP center for the evaluation of risks to human reproduction: Phthalates expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of di-n-butyl phthalate. Reprod Toxicol. 16:489–527. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Howarth JA, Price SC, Dobrota M, Kentish PA and Hinton RH: Effects on male rats of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-hexylphthalate administered alone or in combination. Toxicol Lett. 121:35–43. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Boas M, Feldt-Rasmussen U and Main KM: Thyroid effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 355:240–248. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Weuve J, Sánchez BN, Calafat AM, Schettler T, Green RA, Hu H and Hauser R: Exposure to phthalates in neonatal intensive care unit infants: Urinary concentrations of monoesters and oxidative metabolites. Environ Health Perspect. 114:1424–1431. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

McLeod DS and Cooper DS: The incidence and prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. Endocrine. 42:252–265. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Earls AO, Axford IP and Braybrook JH: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of the migration of phthalate plasticisers from polyvinyl chloride toys and childcare articles. J Chromatogr A. 983:237–246. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Gimeno P, Thomas S, Bousquet C, Maggio AF, Civade C, Brenier C and Bonnet PA: Identification and quantification of 14 phthalates and 5 non-phthalate plasticizers in PVC medical devices by GC-MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 949-950:99–108. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Kambia K, Dine T, Gressier B, Dupin-Spriet T, Luyckx M and Brunet C: Evaluation of the direct toxicity of trioctyltrimellitate (TOTM), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and their hydrolysis products on isolated rat hepatocytes. Int J Artif Organs. 27:971–978. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Sampson J and de Korte D: DEHP-plasticised PVC: Relevance to blood services. Transfus Med. 21:73–83. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Heudorf U, Mersch-Sundermann V and Angerer J: Phthalates: Toxicology and exposure. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 210:623–634. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Ghisari M and Bonefeld-Jorgensen EC: Effects of plasticizers and their mixtures on estrogen receptor and thyroid hormone functions. Toxicol Lett. 189:67–77. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Hauser R and Calafat AM: Phthalates and human health. Occup Environ Med. 62:806–818. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Meeker JD and Ferguson KK: Relationship between urinary phthalate and bisphenol A concentrations and serum thyroid measures in U.S. adults and adolescents from the national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2007–2008. Environ Health Perspect. 119:1396–1402. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Marotta V, Russo G, Gambardella C, Grasso M, Sala DL, Chiofalo MG, D'Anna R, Puzziello A, Docimo G, Masone S, et al: Human exposure to bisphenol AF and diethylhexylphthalate increases susceptibility to develop differentiated thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodules. Chemosphere. 218:885–894. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Rais-Bahrami K, Nunez S, Revenis ME, Luban NL and Short BL: Follow-up study of adolescents exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) as neonates on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. Environ Health Perspect. 112:1339–1340. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Engel SM, Villanger GD, Nethery RC, Thomsen C, Sakhi AK, Drover SSM, Hoppin JA, Zeiner P, Knudsen GP, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, et al: Prenatal phthalates, maternal thyroid function, and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in the norwegian mother and child cohort. Environ Health Perspect. 126:0570042018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Gore AC, Chappell VA, Fenton SE, Flaws JA, Nadal A, Prins GS, Toppari J and Zoeller RT: EDC-2: The endocrine society's second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr Rev. 36:E1–E150. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

O'Shea PJ and Williams GR: Insight into the physiological actions of thyroid hormone receptors from genetically modified mice. J Endocrinol. 175:553–570. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Ravera S, Reyna-Neyra A, Ferrandino G, Amzel LM and Carrasco N: The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS): Molecular physiology and preclinical and clinical applications. Annu Rev Physiol. 79:261–289. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Postiglione MP, Parlato R, Rodriguez-Mallon A, Rosica A, Mithbaokar P, Maresca M, Marians RC, Davies TF, Zannini MS, De Felice M and Di Lauro R: Role of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor signaling in development and differentiation of the thyroid gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:15462–15467. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Dohán O, De la Vieja A, Paroder V, Riedel C, Artani M, Reed M, Ginter CS and Carrasco N: The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS): Characterization, regulation, and medical significance. Endocr Rev. 24:48–77. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Liu C, Zhao L, Wei L and Li L: DEHP reduces thyroid hormones via interacting with hormone synthesis-related proteins, deiodinases, transthyretin, receptors, and hepatic enzymes in rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 22:12711–12719. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Breous E, Wenzel A and Loos U: The promoter of the human sodium/iodide symporter responds to certain phthalate plasticisers. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 244:75–78. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Shen O, Du G, Sun H, Wu W, Jiang Y, Song L and Wang X: Comparison of in vitro hormone activities of selected phthalates using reporter gene assays. Toxicol Lett. 191:9–14. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Wenzel A, Franz C, Breous E and Loos U: Modulation of iodide uptake by dialkyl phthalate plasticisers in FRTL-5 rat thyroid follicular cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 244:63–71. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Johns LE, Ferguson KK, McElrath TF, Mukherjee B and Meeker JD: Associations between repeated measures of maternal urinary phthalate metabolites and thyroid hormone parameters during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 124:1808–1815. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Yao HY, Han Y, Gao H, Huang K, Ge X, Xu YY, Xu YQ, Jin ZX, Sheng J, Yan SQ, et al: Maternal phthalate exposure during the first trimester and serum thyroid hormones in pregnant women and their newborns. Chemosphere. 157:42–48. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Huang HB, Pan WH, Chang JW, Chiang HC, Guo YL, Jaakkola JJK and Huang PC: Does exposure to phthalates influence thyroid function and growth hormone homeostasis? The Taiwan environmental survey for toxicants (TEST) 2013. Environ Res. 153:63–72. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Luongo C, Dentice M and Salvatore D: Deiodinases and their intricate role in thyroid hormone homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 15:479–488. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

David RM, Moore MR, Finney DC and Guest D: Chronic toxicity of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in rats. Toxicol Sci. 55:433–443. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Reagan-Shaw S, Nihal M and Ahmad N: Dose translation from animal to human studies revisited. FASEB J. 22:659–661. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Pisoschi AM and Pop A: The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review. Eur J Med Chem. 97:55–74. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Yaping Z, Dongxing Y, Jixiang C, Tianshiu L and Huiqin C: Spectrophotometric determination of urinary iodine by flow-injection analysis with on-line catalytic digestion. Clin Chem. 42:2021–2027. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Zhang H, Wu M, Yang L, Wu J, Hu Y, Han J, Gu Y, Li X, Wang H, Ma L and Yang X: Evaluation of median urinary iodine concentration cut-off for defining iodine deficiency in pregnant women after a long term USI in China. Nutr Metab (Lond). 16:622019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

47 

Ma K, Wu H, Li P and Li B: LC3-II may mediate ATR-induced mitophagy in dopaminergic neurons through SQSTM1/p62 pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 50:1047–1061. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Chiamolera MI, Pazos-Moura CC and Wondisford FE: Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Compr Physiol. 6:1387–1428. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Yilmaz B, Terekeci H, Sandal S and Kelestimur F: Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Exposure, effects on human health, mechanism of action, models for testing and strategies for prevention. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 21:127–147. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Boas M, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Skakkebaek NE and Main KM: Environmental chemicals and thyroid function. Eur J Endocrinol. 154:599–611. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

51 

Ye H, Ha M, Yang M, Yue P, Xie Z and Liu C: Di2-ethylhexyl phthalate disrupts thyroid hormone homeostasis through activating the Ras/Akt/TRHr pathway and inducing hepatic enzymes. Sci Rep. 7:401532017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Vander JA, Luciano DS and Sherman JH: Human physiology: The Mechanism of Body Function. William C Brown Pub. Subsequent Edition (January 1, 1998).

53 

Moog NK, Entringer S, Heim C, Wadhwa PD, Kathmann N and Buss C: Influence of maternal thyroid hormones during gestation on fetal brain development. Neuroscience. 342:68–100. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

54 

McLanahan ED, Andersen ME and Fisher JW: A biologically based dose-response model for dietary iodide and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in the adult rat: Evaluation of iodide deficiency. Toxicol Sci. 102:241–253. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Mondal S, Raja K, Schweizer U and Mugesh G: Chemistry and biology in the biosynthesis and action of thyroid hormones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 55:7606–7630. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Citterio CE, Targovnik HM and Arvan P: The role of thyroglobulin in thyroid hormonogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 15:323–338. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Yamauchi I, Sakane Y, Yamashita T, Hirota K, Ueda Y, Kanai Y, Yamashita Y, Kondo E, Fujii T, Taura D, et al: Effects of growth hormone on thyroid function are mediated by type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in humans. Endocrine. 59:353–363. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Maia AL, Kim BW, Huang SA, Harney JW and Larsen PR: Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is the major source of plasma T3 in euthyroid humans. J Clin Invest. 115:2524–2533. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Bianco AC, Salvatore D, Gereben B, Berry MJ and Larsen PR: Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocr Rev. 23:38–89. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Salvatore D, Simonides WS, Dentice M, Zavacki AM and Larsen PR: Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle-new insights and potential implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 10:206–214. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Portulano C, Paroder-Belenitsky M and Carrasco N: The Na+/I-symporter (NIS): Mechanism and medical impact. Endocr Rev. 35:106–149. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Ferrandino G, Kaspari RR, Reyna-Neyra A, Boutagy NE, Sinusas AJ and Carrasco N: An extremely high dietary iodide supply forestalls severe hypothyroidism in Na(+)/I(−) symporter (NIS) knockout mice. Sci Rep. 7:53292017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Ji C, Jin X, He J and Yin Z: Use of TSHβ:EGFP transgenic zebrafish as a rapid in vivo model for assessing thyroid-disrupting chemicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 262:149–155. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Kim MJ, Moon S, Oh BC, Jung D, Choi K and Park YJ: Association between diethylhexyl phthalate exposure and thyroid function: A meta-analysis. Thyroid. 29:183–192. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Chiamolera MI and Wondisford FE: Minireview: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and the thyroid hormone feedback mechanism. Endocrinology. 150:1091–1096. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

De Felice M, Postiglione MP and Di Lauro R: Minireview: Thyrotropin receptor signaling in development and differentiation of the thyroid gland: Insights from mouse models and human diseases. Endocrinology. 145:4062–4067. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Taylor PN, Albrecht D, Scholz A, Gutierrez-Buey G, Lazarus JH, Dayan CM and Okosieme OE: Global epidemiology of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 14:301–316. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Kortenkamp A: Low dose mixture effects of endocrine disrupters and their implications for regulatory thresholds in chemical risk assessment. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 19:105–111. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Wu H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Kang Z, Miao X and Na X: Novel insights into di‑(2‑ethylhexyl)phthalate activation: Implications for the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid axis. Mol Med Rep 23: 290, 2021.
APA
Wu, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Kang, Z., Miao, X., & Na, X. (2021). Novel insights into di‑(2‑ethylhexyl)phthalate activation: Implications for the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid axis. Molecular Medicine Reports, 23, 290. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.11930
MLA
Wu, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Kang, Z., Miao, X., Na, X."Novel insights into di‑(2‑ethylhexyl)phthalate activation: Implications for the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid axis". Molecular Medicine Reports 23.4 (2021): 290.
Chicago
Wu, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Kang, Z., Miao, X., Na, X."Novel insights into di‑(2‑ethylhexyl)phthalate activation: Implications for the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid axis". Molecular Medicine Reports 23, no. 4 (2021): 290. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.11930
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Wu H, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Kang Z, Miao X and Na X: Novel insights into di‑(2‑ethylhexyl)phthalate activation: Implications for the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid axis. Mol Med Rep 23: 290, 2021.
APA
Wu, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Kang, Z., Miao, X., & Na, X. (2021). Novel insights into di‑(2‑ethylhexyl)phthalate activation: Implications for the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid axis. Molecular Medicine Reports, 23, 290. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.11930
MLA
Wu, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Kang, Z., Miao, X., Na, X."Novel insights into di‑(2‑ethylhexyl)phthalate activation: Implications for the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid axis". Molecular Medicine Reports 23.4 (2021): 290.
Chicago
Wu, H., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., Kang, Z., Miao, X., Na, X."Novel insights into di‑(2‑ethylhexyl)phthalate activation: Implications for the hypothalamus‑pituitary‑thyroid axis". Molecular Medicine Reports 23, no. 4 (2021): 290. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.11930
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team