Abramoff B and Caldera FE: Osteoarthritis: Pathology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Med Clin North Am. 104:293–311. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Goldring MB and Goldring SR: Articular cartilage and subchondral bone in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1192:230–237. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Xia B, Di Chen, Zhang J, Hu S, Jin H and Tong P: Osteoarthritis pathogenesis: A review of molecular mechanisms. Calcif Tissue Int. 95:495–505. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang Q, Ji Q, Wang X, Kang L, Fu Y, Yin Y, Li Z, Liu Y, Xu X and Wang Y: SOX9 is a regulator of ADAMTSs-induced cartilage degeneration at the early stage of human osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 23:2259–2268. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Tortorella MD and Malfait AM: Will the real aggrecanase(s) step up: Evaluating the criteria that define aggrecanase activity in osteoarthritis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 9:16–23. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Matsuo M, Nishida K, Yoshida A, Murakami T and Inoue H: Expression of caspase-3 and −9 relevant to cartilage destruction and chondrocyte apoptosis in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Acta Med Okayama. 55:333–340. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

Abdel-Sayed P and Pioletti DP: Strategies for improving the repair of focal cartilage defects. Nanomedicine (Lond). 10:2893–2905. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Medvedeva EV, Grebenik EA, Gornostaeva SN, Telpuhov VI, Lychagin AV, Timashev PS and Chagin AS: Repair of damaged articular cartilage: Current approaches and future directions. Int J Mol Sci. 19:23662018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hunter DJ and Bierma-Zeinstra S: Osteoarthritis. Lancet. 393:1745–1759. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rhee SM, You HJ and Han SK: Injectable tissue-engineered soft tissue for tissue augmentation. J Korean Med Sci. 29 (Suppl 3):S170–S175. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Schott EM, Farnsworth CW, Grier A, Lillis JA, Soniwala S, Dadourian GH, Bell RD, Doolittle ML, Villani DA, Awad H, et al: Targeting the gut microbiome to treat the osteoarthritis of obesity. JCI Insight. 3:e959972018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kuo SJ, Yang WH, Liu SC, Tsai CH, Hsu HC and Tang CH: Transforming growth factor β1 enhances heme oxygenase 1 expression in human synovial fibroblasts by inhibiting microRNA 519b synthesis. PLoS One. 12:e01760522017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang T and He C: Pro-inflammatory cytokines: The link between obesity and osteoarthritis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 44:38–50. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kapoor M, Martel-Pelletier J, Lajeunesse D, Pelletier JP and Fahmi H: Role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 7:33–42. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Nguyen L, Sharma A, Chakraborty C, Saibaba B, Ahn ME and Lee SS: Review of prospects of biological fluid biomarkers in osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 18:6012017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mabey T, Honsawek S, Tanavalee A, Yuktanandana P, Wilairatana V and Poovorawan Y: Plasma and synovial fluid inflammatory cytokine profiles in primary knee osteoarthritis. Biomarkers. 21:639–644. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Boehme KA and Rolauffs B: Onset and progression of human osteoarthritis-can growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, or differential miRNA expression concomitantly induce proliferation, ECM Degradation, and inflammation in articular cartilage? Int J Mol Sci. 19:22822018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Goldring MB and Goldring SR: Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol. 213:626–634. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sirikaew N, Chomdej S, Tangyuenyong S, Tangjitjaroen W, Somgird C, Thitaram C and Ongchai S: Proinflammatory cytokines and lipopolysaccharides up regulate MMP-3 and MMP-13 production in Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) chondrocytes: Attenuation by anti-arthritic agents. BMC Vet Res. 15:4192019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ho YJ, Lu JW, Ho LJ, Lai JH, Huang HS, Lee CC, Lin TY, Lien SB, Lin LC, Chen LW, et al: Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoarthritis effects of Cm-02 and Ck-02. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 517:155–163. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fearing BV and Van Dyke ME: In vitro response of macrophage polarization to a keratin biomaterial. Acta Biomater. 10:3136–3144. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dinarello CA: Overview of the interleukin-1 family of ligands and receptors. Semin Immunol. 25:389–393. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Melchiorri C, Meliconi R, Frizziero L, Silvestri T, Pulsatelli L, Mazzetti I, Borzì RM, Uguccioni M and Facchini A: Enhanced and coordinated in vivo expression of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide synthase by chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 41:2165–2174. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Massicotte F, Lajeunesse D, Benderdour M, Pelletier JP, Hilal G, Duval N and Martel-Pelletier J: Can altered production of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-beta and prostaglandin E(2) by isolated human subchondral osteoblasts identify two subgroups of osteoarthritic patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 10:491–500. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Farahat MN, Yanni G, Poston R and Panayi GS: Cytokine expression in synovial membranes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 52:870–875. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sohn DH, Sokolove J, Sharpe O, Erhart JC, Chandra PE, Lahey LJ, Lindstrom TM, Hwang I, Boyer KA, Andriacchi TP and Robinson WH: Plasma proteins present in osteoarthritic synovial fluid can stimulate cytokine production via Toll-like receptor 4. Arthritis Res Ther. 14:R72012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wojdasiewicz P, Poniatowski ŁA and Szukiewicz D: The role of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm. 2014:5614592014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Burrage PS, Mix KS and Brinckerhoff CE: Matrix metalloproteinases: Role in arthritis. Front Biosci. 11:529–543. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Verma P and Dalal K: ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5: Key enzymes in osteoarthritis. J Cell Biochem. 112:3507–3514. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Koshy PJ, Lundy CJ, Rowan AD, Porter S, Edwards DR, Hogan A, Clark IM and Cawston TE: The modulation of matrix metalloproteinase and ADAM gene expression in human chondrocytes by interleukin-1 and oncostatin M: A time-course study using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Arthritis Rheum. 46:961–967. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

El Mansouri FE, Chabane N, Zayed N, Kapoor M, Benderdour M, Martel-Pelletier J, Pelletier JP, Duval N and Fahmi H: Contribution of H3K4 methylation by SET-1A to interleukin-1-induced cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 63:168–179. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Gilman SC, Chang J, Zeigler PR, Uhl J and Mochan E: Interleukin-1 activates phospholipase A2 in human synovial cells. Arthritis Rheum. 31:126–130. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hardy MM, Seibert K, Manning PT, Currie MG, Woerner BM, Edwards D, Koki A and Tripp CS: Cyclooxygenase 2-dependent prostaglandin E2 modulates cartilage proteoglycan degradation in human osteoarthritis explants. Arthritis Rheum. 46:1789–1803. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lotz M: The role of nitric oxide in articular cartilage damage. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 25:269–282. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Haynes MK, Hume EL and Smith JB: Phenotypic characterization of inflammatory cells from osteoarthritic synovium and synovial fluids. Clin Immunol. 105:315–325. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Afonso V, Champy R, Mitrovic D, Collin P and Lomri A: Reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutases: Role in joint diseases. Joint Bone Spine. 74:324–329. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bodmer JL, Schneider P and Tschopp J: The molecular architecture of the TNF superfamily. Trends Biochem Sci. 27:19–26. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hosseinzadeh A, Kamrava SK, Joghataei MT, Darabi R, Shakeri-Zadeh A, Shahriari M, Reiter RJ, Ghaznavi H and Mehrzadi S: Ap MMR-21332-279469 optosis signaling pathways in osteoarthritis and possible protective role of melatonin. J Pineal Res. 61:411–425. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

MacEwan DJ: TNF receptor subtype signalling: Differences and cellular consequences. Cell Signal. 14:477–492. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Grell M, Douni E, Wajant H, Löhden M, Clauss M, Maxeiner B, Georgopoulos S, Lesslauer W, Kollias G, Pfizenmaier K and Scheurich P: The transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor is the prime activating ligand of the 80 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor. Cell. 83:793–802. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hsu H, Xiong J and Goeddel DV: The TNF receptor 1-associated protein TRADD signals cell death and NF-kappaB activation. Cell. 81:495–504. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hsu H, Huang J, Shu HB, Baichwal V and Goeddel DV: TNF-dependent recruitment of the protein kinase RIP to the TNF receptor-1 signaling complex. Immunity. 4:387–396. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Varfolomeev E, Goncharov T, Fedorova AV, Dynek JN, Zobel K, Deshayes K, Fairbrother WJ and Vucic D: c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 are critical mediators of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-induced NF-kappaB activation. J Biol Chem. 283:24295–24299. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

O'Donnell MA, Legarda-Addison D, Skountzos P, Yeh WC and Ting AT: Ubiquitination of RIP1 Regulates an NF-kappaB-Independent cell-death switch in TNF signaling. Curr Biol. 17:418–424. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ea CK, Deng L, Xia ZP, Pineda G and Chen ZJ: Activation of IKK by TNF alpha requires site-specific ubiquitination of RIP1 and polyubiquitin binding by NEMO. Mol Cell. 22:245–257. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bunning RA and Russell RG: The effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha and gamma-interferon on the resorption of human articular cartilage and on the production of prostaglandin E and of caseinase activity by human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 32:780–784. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Campbell IK, Piccoli DS, Roberts MJ, Muirden KD and Hamilton JA: Effects of tumor necrosis factor and on resorption of human articular cartilage and production of plasminogen activator by human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Rheum. 33:542–552. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lefebvre V, Peeters-Joris C and Vaes G: Modulation by interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor of production of collagenase, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases and collagen types in differentiated and dedifferentiated articular chondrocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1052:366–378. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Meyer FA, Yaron I and Yaron M: Synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effects of interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gamma-interferon on prostaglandin E, hyaluronic acid, and collagenase production by cultured synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Rheum. 33:1518–1525. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Saklatvala J: Tumour necrosis factor alpha stimulates resorption and inhibits synthesis of proteoglycan in cartilage. Nature. 322:547–549. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

van den Berg WB: Anti-cytokine therapy in chronic destructive arthritis. Arthritis Res. 3:18–26. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Brennan FM, Chantry D, Jackson AM, Maini RN and Feldmann M: Cytokine production in culture by cells isolated from the synovial membrane. J Autoimmun. 2 (Suppl 1):S177–S186. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar

O'Byrne E, Blancuzzi V, Wilson DE, Wong M and Jeng AY: Elevated substance P and accelerated cartilage degradation in rabbit knees injected with interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor. Arthritis Rheum. 33:1023–1028. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Pettipher ER, Higgs GA and Henderson B: Interleukin 1 induces leukocyte infiltration and cartilage proteoglycan degradation in the synovial joint. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83:8749–8753. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

van Beuningen HM, Arntz OJ and van den Berg WB: In vivo effects of interleukin-1 on articular cartilage. Prolongation of proteoglycan metabolic disturbances in old mice. Arthritis Rheum. 34:606–615. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ding X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Liu S, Lu H and Sun T: Cadherin-11 involves in synovitis and increases the migratory and invasive capacity of fibroblast-like synoviocytes of osteoarthritis. Int Immunopharmacol. 26:153–161. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Liu S, Cao C, Zhang Y, Liu G, Ren W, Ye Y and Sun T: PI3K/Akt inhibitor partly decreases TNF-α-induced activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in osteoarthritis. J Orthop Surg Res. 14:4252019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Porée B, Kypriotou M, Chadjichristos C, Beauchef G, Renard E, Legendre F, Melin M, Gueret S, Hartmann DJ, Malléin-Gerin F, et al: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or soluble IL-6 receptor down-regulation of human type II collagen gene expression in Articular chondrocytes requires a decrease of Sp1·Sp3 ratio and of the binding activity of both factors to the COL2A1 promoter. J Biol Chem. 283:4850–4865. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rowan AD, Koshy PJ, Shingleton WD, Degnan BA, Heath JK, Vernallis AB, Spaull JR, Life PF, Hudson K and Cawston TE: Synergistic effects of glycoprotein 130 binding cytokines in combination with interleukin-1 on cartilage collagen breakdown. Arthritis Rheum. 44:1620–1632. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cawston TE, Curry VA, Summers CA, Clark IM, Riley GP, Life PF, Spaull JR, Goldring MB, Koshy PJ, Rowan AD and Shingleton WD: The role of oncostatin M in animal and human connective tissue collagen turnover and its localization within the rheumatoid joint. Arthritis Rheum. 41:1760–1771. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Scanzello CR, Umoh E, Pessler F, Diaz-Torne C, Miles T, Dicarlo E, Potter HG, Mandl L, Marx R, Rodeo S, et al: Local cytokine profiles in knee osteoarthritis: Elevated synovial fluid interleukin-15 differentiates early from end-stage disease. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 17:1040–1048. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Honsawek S, Deepaisarnsakul B, Tanavalee A, Yuktanandana P, Bumrungpanichthaworn P, Malila S and Saetan N: Association of the IL-6-174G/C gene polymorphism with knee osteoarthritis in a Thai population. Genet Mol Res. 10:1674–1680. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Attur MG, Patel RN, Abramson SB and Amin AR: Interleukin-17 up-regulation of nitric oxide production in human osteoarthritis cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 40:1050–1053. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ryu JH, Yang S, Shin Y, Rhee J, Chun CH and Chun JS: Interleukin-6 plays an essential role in hypoxia-inducible factor 2α-induced experimental osteoarthritic cartilage destruction in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 63:2732–2743. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kwan Tat S, Padrines M, Théoleyre S, Heymann D and Fortun Y: IL-6, RANKL, TNF-alpha/IL-1: Interrelations in bone resorption pathophysiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 15:49–60. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chenoufi HL, Diamant M, Rieneck K, Lund B, Stein GS and Lian JB: Increased mRNA expression and protein secretion of interleukin-6 in primary human osteoblasts differentiated in vitro from rheumatoid and osteoarthritic bone. J Cell Biochem. 81:666–678. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sakao K, Takahashi KA, Arai Y, Saito M, Honjo K, Hiraoka N, Asada H, Shin-Ya M, Imanishi J, Mazda O and Kubo T: Osteoblasts derived from osteophytes produce interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-13 in osteoarthritis. J Bone Miner Metab. 27:412–423. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ding X, Cao Y, Xing Y, Ge S, Lin M and Li J: TIMP-1 mediates inflammatory and immune response to IL-6 in adult orbital xanthogranulomatous disease. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 28:288–297. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

De Hooge ASK, van de Loo FAJ, Bennink MB, Bennink MB, Arntz OJ, de Hooge P and van den Berg WB: Male IL-6 gene Knock Out mice developed more advanced osteoarthritis upon aging. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 13:66–73. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Steel JC, Waldmann TA and Morris JC: Interleukin-15 biology and its therapeutic implications in cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 33:35–41. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Perera LP: Interleukin 15: Its role in inflammation and immunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 48:457–464. 2000.PubMed/NCBI

Waldmann TA and Tagaya Y: The multifaceted regulation of interleukin-15 expression and the role of this cytokine in NK cell differentiation and host response to intracellular pathogens. Annu Rev Immunol. 17:19–49. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Baslund B, Tvede N, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, Larsson P, Panayi G, Petersen J, Petersen LJ, Beurskens FJ, Schuurman J, van de Winkel JG, et al: Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum. 52:2686–2692. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mcinnes IB, al-Mughales J, Field M, Leung BP, Huang FP, Dixon R, Sturrock RD, Wilkinson PC and Liew FY: The role of interleukin-15 in T-cell migration and activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med. 2:175–182. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Tao Y, Qiu X, Xu C, Sun B and Shi C: Expression and correlation of matrix metalloproteinase-7 and interleukin-15 in human osteoarthritis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8:9112–9118. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

Santos Savio A, Machado Diaz AC, Chico Capote A, Miranda Navarro J, Rodríguez Alvarez Y, Bringas Pérez R, Estévez del Toro M and Guillen Nieto GE: Differential expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-15Ralpha, IL-15, IL-6 and TNFalpha in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 16:512015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Badolato R, Ponzi AN, Millesimo M, Notarangelo LD and Musso T: Interleukin-15 (IL-15) induces IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 production in human monocytes. Blood. 90:2804–2809. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sun JM, Sun LZ, Liu J, Su BH and Shi L: Serum interleukin-15 levels are associated with severity of pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Dis Markers. 35:203–206. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chang SH and Dong C: Signaling of interleukin-17 family cytokines in immunity and inflammation. Cell Signal. 23:1069–1075. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang X, Angkasekwinai P, Dong C and Tang H: Structure and function of interleukin-17 family cytokines. Protein Cell. 2:26–40. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M and Kuchroo VK: IL-17 and Th17 cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 27:485–517. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Pawłowska J, Mikosik A, Soroczynska-Cybula M, Jóźwik A, Łuczkiewicz P, Mazurkiewicz S, Lorczyński A, Witkowski JM and Bryl E: Different distribution of CD4 and CD8 T cells in synovial membrane and peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients. Folia Histochem Cytobiol. 47:627–632. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

Ishii H, Tanaka H, Katoh K, Nakamura H, Nagashima M and Yoshino S: Characterization of infiltrating T cells and Th1/Th2-type cytokines in the synovium of patients with osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 10:277–281. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Suurmond J, Dorjée AL, Boon MR, Knol EF, Huizinga TW, Toes RE and Schuerwegh AJ: Mast cells are the main interleukin 17-positive cells in anticitrullinated protein antibody-positive and -negative rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovium. Arthritis Res Ther. 13:R1502011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Liu Y, Peng H, Meng Z and Wei M: Correlation of IL-17 Level in synovia and severity of knee osteoarthritis. Med Sci Monit. 21:1732–1736. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Koenders MI, Marijnissen RJ, Devesa I, Lubberts E, Joosten LA, Roth J, van Lent PL, van de Loo FA and van den Berg WB: Tumor necrosis factor-interleukin-17 interplay induces S100A8,interleukin-1β,and matrix metalloproteinases, and drives irreversible cartilage destruction in murine arthritis: Rationale for combination treatment during arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 63:2329–2339. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Honorati MC, Cattini L and Facchini A: VEGF production by osteoarthritic chondrocytes cultured in micromass and stimulated by IL-17 and TNF-alpha. Connect Tissue Res. 48:239–245. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Honorati MC, Neri S, Cattini L and Facchini A: Interleukin-17, a regulator of angiogenic factor release by synovial fibroblasts. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 14:345–352. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lubberts E, Joosten LA, van de Loo FA, van den Gersselaar LA and van den Berg WB: Reduction of interleukin-17-induced inhibition of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis in intact murine articular cartilage by interleukin-4. Arthritis Rheum. 43:1300–1306. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Okamura H, Tsutsui H, Komatsu T, Yutsudo M, Hakura A, Tanimoto T, Torigoe K, Okura T, Nukada Y, Hattori K, et al: Cloning of a new cytokine that induces IFN-gamma production by T cells. Nature. 378:88–91. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ghayur T, Banerjee S, Hugunin M, Butler D, Herzog L, Carter A, Quintal L, Sekut L, Talanian R, Paskind M, et al: Caspase-1 processes IFN-gamma-inducing factor and regulates LPS-induced IFN-gamma production. Nature. 386:619–623. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Malemud CJ: Cytokines as therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis. BioDrugs. 18:23–35. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Joosten LA, Radstake TR, Lubberts E, van den Bersselaar LA, van Riel PL, van Lent PL, Barrera P and van den Berg WB: Association of interleukin-18 expression with enhanced levels of both interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in knee synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 48:339–347. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Joosten LAB, Smeets RL, Koenders MI, van den Bersselaar LA, Helsen MM, Oppers-Walgreen B, Lubberts E, Iwakura Y, van de Loo FA and van den Berg WB: Interleukin-18 promotes joint inflammation and induces interleukin-1-driven cartilage destruction. Am J Pathol. 165:959–967. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Inoue H, Hiraoka K, Hoshino T, Okamoto M, Iwanaga T, Zenmyo M, Shoda T, Aizawa H and Nagata K: High levels of serum IL-18 promote cartilage loss through suppression of aggrecan synthesis. Bone. 42:1102–1110. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

John T, Kohl B, Mobasheri A, Ertel W and Shakibaei M: Interleukin-18 induces apoptosis in human articular chondrocytes. Histol Histopathol. 22:469–482. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

Dai SM, Shan ZZ, Nishioka K and Yudoh K: Implication of interleukin 18 in production of matrix metalloproteinases in Articular chondrocytes in arthritis: Direct effect on chondrocytes may not be pivotal. Ann Rheum Dis. 64:735–742. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Powers R, Garrett DS, March CJ, Frieden EA, Gronenborn AM and Clore GM: The high-resolution, three-dimensional solution structure of human interleukin-4 determined by multidimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biochemistry. 32:6744–6762. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wlodawer A, Pavlovsky A and Gustchina A: Crystal structure of human recombinant interleukin-4 at 2.25 A resolution. FEBS Lett. 309:59–64. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Carr C, Aykent S, Kimack NM and Levine AD: Disulfide assignments in recombinant mouse and human interleukin 4. Biochemistry. 30:1515–1523. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mueller TD, Zhang JL, Sebald W and Duschl A: Structure, binding, and antagonists in the IL-4/IL-13 receptor system. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1592:237–250. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Schlaak JF, Pfers I, Meyer Zum Büschenfelde KH and Märker-Hermann E: Different cytokine profiles in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondylarthropathies. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 14:155–162. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

Brown MA and Hural J: Functions of IL-4 and control of its expression. Crit Rev Immunol. 17:1–32. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang P, Wu P, Siegel MI, Egan RW and Billah MM: Interleukin (IL)-10 inhibits nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) activation in human monocytes. IL-10 and IL-4 suppress cytokine synthesis by different mechanisms. J Biol Chem. 270:9558–9563. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

te Velde AA, Huijbens RJ, Heije K, de Vries JE and Figdor CG: Interleukin-4 (IL-4) inhibits secretion of IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and human IL-6 by human monocytes. Blood. 76:1392–1397. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Paul WE: Interleukin-4: A prototypic immunoregulatory lymphokine. Blood. 77:1859–1870. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Vannier E, Miller MC and Dinarello CA: Coordinated antiinflammatory effects of interleukin 4: Interleukin 4 suppresses interleukin 1 production but up-regulates gene expression and synthesis of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:4076–4080. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hart PH, Vitti GF, Burgess DR, Whitty GA, Piccoli DS and Hamilton JA: Potential anti-inflammatory effects of interleukin 4: Suppression of human monocyte tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1, and prostaglandin E2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 86:3803–3807. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yeh LA, Augustine AJ, Lee P, Riviere LR and Sheldon A: Interleukin-4, an inhibitor of cartilage breakdown in bovine articular cartilage explants. J Rheumatol. 22:1740–1746. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

Van Meegeren ME, Roosendaal G, Jansen NW, Wenting MJ, van Wesel AC, van Roon JA and Lafeber FP: IL-4 alone and in combination with IL-10 protects against blood-Induced cartilage damage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 20:764–772. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

van Lent PL, Holthuysen AE, Slöetjes A, Lubberts E and van den Berg WB: Local overexpression of adeno-viral IL-4 protects cartilage from metallo proteinase-induced destruction during immune complex-mediated arthritis by preventing activation of pro-MMPs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 10:234–243. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Doi H, Nishida K, Yorimitsu M, Komiyama T, Kadota Y, Tetsunaga T, Yoshida A, Kubota S, Takigawa M and Ozaki T: Interleukin-4 downregulates the cyclic tensile stress-induced matrix metalloproteinases-13 and cathepsin B expression by rat normal chondrocytes. Acta Medica Okayama. 62:119–126. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

Yorimitsu M, Nishida K, Shimizu A, Doi H, Miyazawa S, Komiyama T, Nasu Y, Yoshida A, Watanabe S and Ozaki T: Intra-articular injection of interleukin-4 decreases nitric oxide production by chondrocytes and ameliorates subsequent destruction of cartilage in instability-induced osteoarthritis in rat knee joints. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 16:764–771. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

von Kaeppler EP, Wang Q, Raghu H, Bloom MS, Wong H and Robinson WH: Interleukin 4 promotes anti-inflammatory macrophages that clear cartilage debris and inhibits osteoclast development to protect against osteoarthritis. Clin Immunol. 229:1087842021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Shah SS and Mithoefer K: Current Applications of growth factors for knee cartilage repair and osteoarthritis treatment. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 13:641–650. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

McAlindon TE, Teale JD and Dieppe PA: Levels of insulin related growth factor 1 in osteoarthritis of the knee. Ann Rheum Dis. 52:229–231. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

McQuillan DJ, Handley CJ, Campbell MA, Bolis S, Milway VE and Herington AC: Stimulation of proteoglycan biosynthesis by serum and insulin-like growth factor-I in cultured bovine articular cartilage. Biochem J. 240:423–430. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

van Osch GJ, van den Berg WB, Hunziker EB, Hunziker EB and Häuselmann HJ: Differential effects of IGF-1 and TGF beta-2 on the assembly of proteoglycans in pericellular and territorial matrix by cultured bovine articular chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 6:187–195. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Sah RL, Chen AC, Grodzinsky AJ and Trippel SB: Differential effects of bFGF and IGF-I on matrix metabolism in calf and adult bovine cartilage explants. Arch Biochem Biophys. 308:137–147. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yaeger PC, Masi TL, de Ortiz JL, Binette F, Tubo R and McPherson JM: Synergistic action of transforming growth factor-beta and insulin-like growth factor-I induces expression of type II collagen and aggrecan genes in adult human articular chondrocytes. Exp Cell Res. 237:318–325. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Madry H, Kaul G, Cucchiarini M, Stein U, Zurakowski D, Remberger K, Menger MD, Kohn D and Trippel SB: Enhanced repair of articular cartilage defects in vivo by transplanted chondrocytes overexpressing insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). Gene Ther. 12:1171–1179. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fortier LA, Mohammed HO, Lust G and Nixon AJ: Insulin-like growth factor-I enhances cell-based repair of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 84:276–288. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Davies LC, Blain EJ, Gilbert SJ, Caterson B and Duance VC: The potential of IGF-1 and TGFbeta1 for promoting ‘adult’ articular cartilage repair: An in vitro study. Tissue Eng Part A. 14:1251–1261. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Longobardi L, O'Rear L, Aakula S, Johnstone B, Shimer K, Chytil A, Horton WA, Moses HL and Spagnoli A: Effect of IGF-I in the chondrogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in the presence or absence of TGF-beta signaling. J Bone Miner Res. 21:626–636. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Morisset S, Frisbie DD, Robbins PD, Nixon AJ and McIlwraith CW: IL-1ra/IGF-1 gene therapy modulates repair of microfractured chondral defects. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 462:221–228. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Mushtaq T, Bijman P, Ahmed SF and Farquharson C: Insulin-like growth factor-I augments chondrocyte hypertrophy and reverses glucocorticoid-mediated growth retardation in fetal mice metatarsal cultures. Endocrinology. 145:2478–2486. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Koike M, Yamanaka Y, Inoue M, Tanaka H, Nishimura R and Seino Y: Insulin-like growth factor-1 rescues the mutated FGF receptor 3 (G380R) expressing ATDC5 cells from apoptosis through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MAPK. J Bone Miner Res. 18:2043–2051. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fytili P, Giannatou E, Karachalios T, Malizos K and Tsezou A: Interleukin-10G and interleukin-10R microsatellite polymorphisms and osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 23:621–627. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

Jansen NWD, Roosendaal G, Hooiveld MJJ, Bijlsma JW, van Roon JA, Theobald M and Lafeber FP: Interleukin-10 protects against blood-induced joint damage. Br J Haematol. 142:953–961. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang Y and Lou S: Direct protective effect of interleukin-10 on articular chondrocytes in vitro. Chin Med J (Engl). 114:723–725. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

Behrendt P, Preusse-Prange A, Klüter T, Haake M, Rolauffs B, Grodzinsky AJ, Lippross S and Kurz B: IL-10 reduces apoptosis and extracellular matrix degradation after injurious compression of mature articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 24:1981–1988. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rudwaleit M, Yin Z, Siegert S, Grolms M, Radbruch A, Braun J and Sieper J: Response to methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis is associated with a decrease of T cell derived tumour necrosis factor alpha, increase of interleukin 10, and predicted by the initial concentration of interleukin 4. Ann Rheum Dis. 59:311–314. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zeng L, Kempf H, Murtaugh LC, Sato ME and Lassar AB: Shh establishes an Nkx3.2/Sox9 autoregulatory loop that is maintained by BMP signals to induce somitic chondrogenesis. Genes Dev. 16:1990–2005. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chimal-Monroy J, Rodriguez-Leon J, Montero JA, Gañan Y, Macias D, Merino R and Hurle JM: Analysis of the molecular cascade responsible for mesodermal limb chondrogenesis: Sox genes and BMP signaling. Dev Biol. 257:292–301. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Horbelt D, Denkis A and Knaus P: A portrait of transforming growth factor β superfamily signalling: Background matters. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 44:469–474. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Massagué J, Blain SW and Lo RS: TGFbeta signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disorders. Cell. 103:295–309. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Siegel PM and Massagué J: Cytostatic and apoptotic actions of TGF-beta in homeostasis and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 3:807–821. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Santo VE, Gomes ME, Mano JF and Reis RL: Controlled release strategies for bone, cartilage, and osteochondral engineering-part I: Recapitulation of native tissue healing and variables for the design of delivery systems. Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 19:308–326. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cals FL, Hellingman CA, Koevoet W, Baatenburg de Jong RJ and van Osch GJ: Effects of transforming growth factor-β subtypes on in vitro cartilage production and mineralization of human bone marrow stromal-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med. 6:68–76. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fortier LA, Barker JU, Strauss EJ, McCarrel TM and Cole BJ: The role of growth factors in cartilage repair. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 469:2706–2715. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhang RK, Li GW, Zeng C, Lin CX, Huang LS, Huang GX, Zhao C, Feng SY and Fang H: Mechanical stress contributes to osteoarthritis development through the activation of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Bone Joint Res. 7:587–594. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rosen DM, Stempien SA, Thompson AY, Brennan JE, Ellingsworth LR and Seyedin SM: Differentiation of rat mesenchymal cells by cartilage-inducing factor. Enhanced phenotypic expression by dihydrocytochalasin B. Exp Cell Res. 165:127–138. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Seyedin SM, Thompson AY, Bentz H, Rosen DM, McPherson JM, Conti A, Siegel NR, Galluppi GR and Piez KA: Cartilage-inducing factor-A. Apparent identity to transforming growth factor-beta. J Biol Chem. 261:5693–5695. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kato Y, Iwamoto M, Koike T, Suzuki F and Takano Y: Terminal differentiation and calcification in rabbit chondrocyte cultures grown in centrifuge tubes: Regulation by transforming growth factor beta and serum factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85:9552–9556. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Leonard CM, Fuld HM, Frenz DA, Downie SA, Massagué J and Newman SA: Role of transforming growth factor-beta in chondrogenic pattern formation in the embryonic limb: Stimulation of mesenchymal condensation and fibronectin gene expression by exogenenous TGF-beta and evidence for endogenous TGF-beta-like activity. Dev Biol. 145:99–109. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Xu C, Oyajobi BO, Frazer A, Kozaci LD, Russell RG and Hollander AP: Effects of growth factors and interleukin-1 alpha on proteoglycan and type II collagen turnover in bovine nasal and articular chondrocyte pellet cultures. Endocrinology. 137:3557–3565. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Ito T, Sawada R, Fujiwara Y, Seyama Y and Tsuchiya T: FGF-2 suppresses cellular senescence of human mesenchymal stem cells by down-regulation of TGF-beta2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 359:108–114. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Lin Y, Luo E, Chen X, Liu L, Qiao J, Yan Z, Li Z, Tang W, Zheng X and Tian W: Molecular and cellular characterization during chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells in vitro and cartilage formation in vivo. J Cell Mol Med. 9:929–939. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bian L, Zhai DY, Tous E, Rai R, Mauck RL and Burdick JA: Enhanced MSC chondrogenesis following delivery of TGF-β3 from alginate microspheres within hyaluronic acid hydrogels in-vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials. 2:6425–6434. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bhang SH, Jeon JY, La WG, Seong JY, Hwang JW, Ryu SE and Kim BS: Enhanced chondrogenic marker expression of human mesenchymal stem cells by interaction with both TGF-β3 and hyaluronic acid. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 58:271–276. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Barry F, Boynton RE, Liu B and Murphy JM: Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow: Differentiation-dependent gene expression of matrix components. Exp Cell Res. 268:189–200. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Dave K and Gomes VG: Interactions at scaffold interfaces: Effect of surface chemistry, structural attributes and bioaffinity. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 105:1100782019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Huang BJ, Hu JC and Athanasiou KA: Cell-based tissue engineering strategies used in the clinical repair of articular cartilage. Biomaterials. 98:1–22. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Yang J, Zhang YS, Yue K and Khademhosseini A: Cell-laden hydrogels for osteochondral and cartilage tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 57:1–25. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Kim YG, Choi J and Kim K: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for effective cartilage tissue repair and treatment of osteoarthritis. Biotechnol J. 15:e20000822020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S and Marshak DR: Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 284:143–147. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Traggiai E, Volpi S, Schena F, Gattorno M, Ferlito F, Moretta L and Martini A: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce both polyclonal expansion and differentiation of B cells isolated from healthy donors and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Stem Cells. 6:562–569. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Rasmusson I, Le Blanc K, Sundberg B and Ringdén O: Mesenchymal stem cells stimulate antibody secretion in human B cells. Scand J Immunol. 65:336–343. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Spaggiari GM, Capobianco A, Becchetti S, Mingari MC and Moretta L: Mesenchymal stem cell-natural killer cell interactions: Evidence that activated NK cells are capable of killing MSCs, whereas MSCs can inhibit IL-2-induced NK-cell proliferation. Blood. 107:1484–1490. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Liang X, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Tse HF and Lian Q: Paracrine mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy: Current status and perspectives. Cell Transplant. 23:1045–1059. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Théry C, Witwer KW, Aikawa E, Alcaraz MJ, Anderson JD, Andriantsitohaina R, Antoniou A, Arab T, Archer F, Atkin-Smith GK, et al: Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): A position statement of the international society for extracellular vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J Extracell Vesicles. 7:15357502018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Li X, Ellman M, Muddasani P, Wang JH, Cs-Szabo G, van Wijnen AJ and Im HJ: Prostaglandin E2 and its cognate EP receptors control human adult articular cartilage homeostasis and are linked to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 60:513–523. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cosenza S, Ruiz M, Toupet K, Jorgensen C and Noël D: Mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes and microparticles protect cartilage and bone from degradation in osteoarthritis. Sci Rep. 7:162142017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Song Y, Zhang TJ, Li Y and Gao Y: Mesenchymal stem cells decrease M1/M2 ratio and alleviate inflammation to improve limb ischemia in mice. Med Sci Monit. 26:e9232872020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Toh WS, Zhang B, Lai RC and Lim SK: Immune regulatory targets of mesenchymal stromal cell exosomes/small extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration. Cytotherapy. 20:1419–1426. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chang YH, Wu KC, Harn HJ, Lin SZ and Ding DC: Exosomes and stem cells in degenerative disease diagnosis and therapy. Cell Transplant. 27:349–363. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Wang Y, Yu D, Liu Z, Zhou F, Dai J, Wu B, Zhou J, Heng BC, Zou XH, Ouyang H and Liu H: Exosomes from embryonic mesenchymal stem cells alleviate osteoarthritis through balancing synthesis and degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix. Stem Cell Res Ther. 8:1892017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Temenoff JS and Mikos AG: Review: Tissue engineering for regeneration of articular cartilage. Biomaterials. 21:431–440. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Hutmacher DW: Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage. Biomaterials. 21:2529–2543. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zuluaga M, Gregnanin G, Cencetti C, Di Meo C, Gueguen V, Letourneur D, Meddahi-Pellé A, Pavon-Djavid G and Matricardi P: PVA/Dextran hydrogel patches as delivery system of antioxidant astaxanthin: A cardiovascular approach. Biomed Mater. 13:0150202017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Jiang T, Heng S, Huang X, Zheng L, Kai D, Loh XJ and Zhao J: Biomimetic poly(poly(ε-caprolactone)-Polytetrahydrofuran urethane) based nanofibers enhanced chondrogenic differentiation and cartilage regeneration. J Biomed Nanotechnol. 15:1005–1017. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Fasolino I, Raucci MG, Soriente A, Demitri C, Madaghiele M, Sannino A and Ambrosio L: Osteoinductive and anti-inflammatory properties of chitosan-based scaffolds for bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 105:1100462019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Bhardwaj N, Singh YP and Mandal BB: Silk fibroin scaffold-based 3D Co-culture model for modulation of chondrogenesis without hypertrophy via reciprocal Cross-talk and paracrine signaling. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 5:5240–5254. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, D'Ascola A, Traina P and Calatroni A: Chondroitin-4-sulphate inhibits NF-kB translocation and caspase activation in collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 16:1474–1483. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Avenoso A, D'Ascola A, Scuruchi M, Mandraffino G, Calatroni A, Saitta A, Campo S and Campo GM: Hyaluronan in the experimental injury of the cartilage: Biochemical action and protective effects. Inflamm Res. 67:5–20. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chen L, Liu J, Guan M, Zhou T, Duan X and Xiang Z: Growth factor and its polymer scaffold-based delivery system for cartilage tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine. 15:6097–6111. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Park E, Hart ML, Rolauffs B, Stegemann JP and T Annamalai R: Bioresponsive microspheres for on-demand delivery of anti-inflammatory cytokines for articular cartilage repair. J Biomed Mater Res A. 108:722–733. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Moutos FT, Glass KA, Compton SA, Ross AK, Gersbach CA, Guilak F and Estes BT: Anatomically shaped tissue-engineered cartilage with tunable and inducible anticytokine delivery for biological joint resurfacing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113:E4513–E4522. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Levinson C, Lee M, Applegate LA and Zenobi-Wong M: An injectable heparin-conjugated hyaluronan scaffold for local delivery of transforming growth factor β1 promotes successful chondrogenesis. Acta Biomater. 99:168–180. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Armiento AR, Stoddart MJ, Alini M and Eglin D: Biomaterials for articular cartilage tissue engineering: Learning from biology. Acta Biomater. 65:1–20. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Qasim M, Chae DS and Lee NY: Advancements and frontiers in nano-based 3D and 4D scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine. 14:4333–4351. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Zhao Y, Li Y, Qu R, Chen X, Wang W, Qiu C, Liu B, Pan X, Liu L, Vasilev K, et al: Cortistatin binds to TNF-α receptors and protects against osteoarthritis. EBioMedicine. 41:556–570. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Cui Z, Crane J, Xie H, Jin X, Zhen G, Li C, Xie L, Wang L, Bian Q, Qiu T, et al: Halofuginone attenuates osteoarthritis by inhibition of TGF-β activity and H-type vessel formation in subchondral bone. Ann Rheum Dis. 75:1714–1721. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Chavez RD and Serra R: Scaffoldless tissue-engineered cartilage for studying transforming growth factor beta-mediated cartilage formation. Biotechnol Prog. 36:e28972020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Goldring MB, Otero M, Plumb DA, Dragomir C, Favero M, El Hachem K, Hashimoto K, Roach HI, Olivotto E, Borzì RM and Marcu KB: Roles of inflammatory and anabolic cytokines in cartilage metabolism: Signals and multiple effectors converge upon MMP-13 regulation in osteoarthritis. Eur Cell Mater. 21:202–220. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Contentin R, Demoor M, Concari M, Desancé M, Audigié F, Branly T and Galéra P: Comparison of the chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and umbilical cord blood intended for cartilage tissue engineering. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 16:126–143. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI