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Potential impact of GCK, MIR-196A-2 and MIR-423 gene abnormalities on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asir and Tabuk regions of Saudi Arabia

  • Authors:
    • Mohammad Muzaffar Mir
    • Rashid Mir
    • Mushabab Ayed Abdullah Alghamdi
    • Javed Iqbal Wani
    • Imadeldin Elfaki
    • Zia Ul Sabah
    • Muhanad Alhujaily
    • Mohammed Jeelani
    • Vijaya Marakala
    • Muffarah Hamid Alharthi
    • Abdullah M. Al‑Shahrani
  • View Affiliations

    Affiliations: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology (MLT), Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
  • Published online on: March 14, 2022     https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12675
  • Article Number: 162
  • Copyright: © Mir et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and is associated with serious complications. The risk factors for T2DM include both genetic and lifestyle factors. Genome‑wide association studies have indicated the association of genetic variations with many diseases, including T2DM. Glucokinase (GCK) plays a key role in the regulation of insulin release in the pancreas and catalyzes the first step in glycolysis in the liver. Genetic alterations in the GCK gene have been implicated in both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are small non‑coding RNA molecules that are involved in the important physiological processes including glucose metabolism. In the present study, the association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GCK, MIR‑196A‑2 and MIR‑423 genes with susceptibility to T2DM in patients from two regions of Saudi Arabia were examined, using the tetra‑primer amplification refractory mutation system. The results showed that the AA genotype and the A allele of GCK rs1799884 were associated with T2DM [odds ratio (OR)=2.25, P=0.032 and OR=1.55, P=0.021, respectively]. Likewise, the CT genotype and T allele of MIR‑196A‑2 rs11614913 were associated with an increased risk of T2DM (OR=2.36, P=0.0059 and OR=1.74, P=0.023, respectively). In addition, the CA genotype of MIR‑423 rs6505162 C>A was found to be linked with T2DM (OR=2.12 and P=0.021). It was concluded in the present research study that gene variations in GCK, MIR‑196A‑2 and MIR‑423 are potentially associated with an increased risk of T2DM. These results, in the future, may help in the identification and stratification of individuals susceptible to T2DM. Future longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes and in different ethnic populations are recommended to validate these findings.
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Mir MM, Mir R, Alghamdi MA, Wani JI, Elfaki I, Sabah ZU, Alhujaily M, Jeelani M, Marakala V, Alharthi MH, Alharthi MH, et al: Potential impact of <em>GCK</em>, <em>MIR-196A-2</em> and <em>MIR-423</em> gene abnormalities on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asir and Tabuk regions of Saudi Arabia. Mol Med Rep 25: 162, 2022.
APA
Mir, M.M., Mir, R., Alghamdi, M.A., Wani, J.I., Elfaki, I., Sabah, Z.U. ... Al‑Shahrani, A.M. (2022). Potential impact of <em>GCK</em>, <em>MIR-196A-2</em> and <em>MIR-423</em> gene abnormalities on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asir and Tabuk regions of Saudi Arabia. Molecular Medicine Reports, 25, 162. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12675
MLA
Mir, M. M., Mir, R., Alghamdi, M. A., Wani, J. I., Elfaki, I., Sabah, Z. U., Alhujaily, M., Jeelani, M., Marakala, V., Alharthi, M. H., Al‑Shahrani, A. M."Potential impact of <em>GCK</em>, <em>MIR-196A-2</em> and <em>MIR-423</em> gene abnormalities on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asir and Tabuk regions of Saudi Arabia". Molecular Medicine Reports 25.5 (2022): 162.
Chicago
Mir, M. M., Mir, R., Alghamdi, M. A., Wani, J. I., Elfaki, I., Sabah, Z. U., Alhujaily, M., Jeelani, M., Marakala, V., Alharthi, M. H., Al‑Shahrani, A. M."Potential impact of <em>GCK</em>, <em>MIR-196A-2</em> and <em>MIR-423</em> gene abnormalities on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asir and Tabuk regions of Saudi Arabia". Molecular Medicine Reports 25, no. 5 (2022): 162. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12675
Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Mir MM, Mir R, Alghamdi MA, Wani JI, Elfaki I, Sabah ZU, Alhujaily M, Jeelani M, Marakala V, Alharthi MH, Alharthi MH, et al: Potential impact of <em>GCK</em>, <em>MIR-196A-2</em> and <em>MIR-423</em> gene abnormalities on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asir and Tabuk regions of Saudi Arabia. Mol Med Rep 25: 162, 2022.
APA
Mir, M.M., Mir, R., Alghamdi, M.A., Wani, J.I., Elfaki, I., Sabah, Z.U. ... Al‑Shahrani, A.M. (2022). Potential impact of <em>GCK</em>, <em>MIR-196A-2</em> and <em>MIR-423</em> gene abnormalities on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asir and Tabuk regions of Saudi Arabia. Molecular Medicine Reports, 25, 162. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12675
MLA
Mir, M. M., Mir, R., Alghamdi, M. A., Wani, J. I., Elfaki, I., Sabah, Z. U., Alhujaily, M., Jeelani, M., Marakala, V., Alharthi, M. H., Al‑Shahrani, A. M."Potential impact of <em>GCK</em>, <em>MIR-196A-2</em> and <em>MIR-423</em> gene abnormalities on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asir and Tabuk regions of Saudi Arabia". Molecular Medicine Reports 25.5 (2022): 162.
Chicago
Mir, M. M., Mir, R., Alghamdi, M. A., Wani, J. I., Elfaki, I., Sabah, Z. U., Alhujaily, M., Jeelani, M., Marakala, V., Alharthi, M. H., Al‑Shahrani, A. M."Potential impact of <em>GCK</em>, <em>MIR-196A-2</em> and <em>MIR-423</em> gene abnormalities on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Asir and Tabuk regions of Saudi Arabia". Molecular Medicine Reports 25, no. 5 (2022): 162. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2022.12675
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