Open Access

Matrix metalloproteinase‑9 in hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Pingping Guo
    • Hongmin Li
    • Xiangyu Zhang
    • Yang Liu
    • Sara Xue
    • Voon Wee Yong
    • Mengzhou Xue
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: June 5, 2025     https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13590
  • Article Number: 225
  • Copyright: © Guo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a devasting complication following acute ischemic stroke with high morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of HT mainly involves ischemia‑reperfusion‑induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, thrombolytic therapy‑associated toxicity and, most critically, blood‑brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP‑9) serves as a critical mediator of HT through degrading extracellular matrix components and disrupting tight junction proteins, thereby compromising BBB integrity. Thus, elaborating the underlying molecular mechanisms of MMP‑9 in destroying BBB and promoting HT is essential to improve the outcome of ischemic stroke patients. Furthermore, to provide beneficial insights for the treatment of ischemic stroke, precise understanding of the potential role of MMP‑9 as a biomarker and treatment target to predict and ameliorate the risk of HT is also necessary.
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August-2025
Volume 32 Issue 2

Print ISSN: 1791-2997
Online ISSN:1791-3004

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Copy and paste a formatted citation
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Spandidos Publications style
Guo P, Li H, Zhang X, Liu Y, Xue S, Yong VW and Xue M: Matrix metalloproteinase‑9 in hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke (Review). Mol Med Rep 32: 225, 2025.
APA
Guo, P., Li, H., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Xue, S., Yong, V.W., & Xue, M. (2025). Matrix metalloproteinase‑9 in hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 32, 225. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13590
MLA
Guo, P., Li, H., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Xue, S., Yong, V. W., Xue, M."Matrix metalloproteinase‑9 in hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 32.2 (2025): 225.
Chicago
Guo, P., Li, H., Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Xue, S., Yong, V. W., Xue, M."Matrix metalloproteinase‑9 in hemorrhagic transformation after acute ischemic stroke (Review)". Molecular Medicine Reports 32, no. 2 (2025): 225. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2025.13590