Open Access

Long noncoding RNA are aberrantly expressed in human papillary thyroid carcinoma

  • Authors:
    • Meiliu Yang
    • Jinli Tian
    • Xin Guo
    • Ying Yang
    • Ruhua Guan
    • Mingyue Qiu
    • Yukai Li
    • Xueling Sun
    • Yanfeng Zhen
    • Yazhong Zhang
    • Chunyou Chen
    • Yanbing Li
    • Hui Fang
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: June 1, 2016     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4653
  • Pages: 544-552
  • Copyright: © Yang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )


Abstract

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulatory molecules at almost every level of gene expression regulation. The altered expression of lncRNAs is a characteristic of numerous types of cancer, and lncRNAs have been demonstrated to promote the development, invasion and metastasis of tumors through various mechanisms. However, the role of lncRNAs in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) remain unclear. In the present study, differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were detected by human lncRNA microarray in three pairs of PTC and adjacent noncancerous samples. The microarray results revealed that 675 lncRNAs and 751 mRNAs were abnormally expressed in the three PTC samples compared with adjacent noncancerous samples (fold change ≥2.0; P<0.05). To validate the microarray results, 8 differentially expressed lncRNAs were randomly selected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results of qPCR were consistent with the microarray data; the 8 lncRNAs had an aberrant expression in the PTC samples compared with the adjacent noncancerous samples. Gene ontology and pathway analysis indicated that there were 7 downregulated pathways and 29 upregulated pathways in PTC. LncRNA classification and subgroup analysis revealed 7 pairs of enhancer‑like lncRNA‑mRNA, 9 pairs of antisense lncRNA‑mRNA and 45 pairs of lncRNA‑mRNA were differentially expressed between PTC and their paired noncancerous samples. In conclusion, the present study identified a series of novel PTC‑associated lncRNAs. Further study with these lncRNAs is instrumental for the identification of novel target molecules that could lead to improved diagnosis and treatment for PTC.

Introduction

In the majority of regions of the world, thyroid cancer incidence has increased over the last few decades (1). Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid cancer, accounting for 85–95% of thyroid cancer (14). Potential risk factors for PTC include a family history of thyroid cancer, radiation exposure and abnormal iodine intake (47). In recent years, studies have demonstrated that genomic instability, alterations in epigenetic events and subsequent inappropriate gene expression are key in the regulation of PTC (8,9). However, the mechanisms underlying PTC pathogenesis have not been elucidated.

Recent studies have revealed a complex involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression, including the diverse activities of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) (10,11). The roles of microRNAs have been relatively well studied in PTC, but other studies have revealed that alterations in PTC-associated long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) may lead to an altered regulation of key genes (12,13). lncRNAs are transcript RNA molecules, >200 nucleotides in length, that do not encode proteins. lncRNAs are among the least well-understood of ncRNA species; however, they cannot be dismissed as transcriptional ‘noise’. Thousands of lncRNAs have recently been described in mammals (14). Studies have revealed that an aberrant expression of lncRNAs results in abnormalities in gene expression and tumorigenesis. In addition, an altered expression of lncRNAs is a characteristic of numerous types of cancers, which have been revealed to promote the development, invasion and metastasis of tumors through various mechanisms (1517). However, study concerning lncRNA involvement in PTC is in its infancy, and the identification of additional PTC-associated lncRNAs and their mechanisms of action require additional investigation.

The present study profiled the expression of lncRNAs and mRNAs in three paired PTC and adjacent noncancerous samples via microarray analysis, and identified a series of novel PTC-associated lncRNAs. In addition, the present study demonstrated that genes associated to these lncRNAs were associated with risk factors for tumorigenesis. The present results suggest that lncRNA expression patterns may provide novel molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis of and methods for treating PTC.

Materials and methods

Patient samples

PTC samples and corresponding noncancerous tissue samples were prospectively obtained from 36 patients at Tangshan Workers' Hospital (Tangshan, China) between April 2014 and November 2014. The samples were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen immediately following resection. Of these samples, three pairs were used for lncRNA microarray analysis and the remaining samples were used for additional validation in the present study. Patient characteristics are presented in Table I. The present study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Board of Tangshan Workers' Hospital, and all patients provided written informed consent.

Table I.

Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Table I.

Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Characteristicn
Total36
Age, years
  <4515
  ≥4521
Gender
  Male14
  Female22
Tumor stage
  I + II24
  III + IV12
Tumor size, cm
  <128
  ≥1  8
Lymph node involvement
  Yes15
  No21
Multifocal
  Yes16
  No20
RNA extraction

Total RNA was extracted using TRIzol® Reagent (Invitrogen™; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's protocol. RNA quantification and quality were assured by NanoDrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Wilmington, DE, USA). RNA integrity and gDNA contamination test were assessed by denatured agarose gel electrophoresis.

Microarray and computational analysis

Sample labeling and array hybridization were performed using the Agilent One-Color Microarray-Based Gene Expression Analysis (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA), according to the manufacturer's protocol, with minor modifications. Briefly, mRNA was purified from total RNA following the removal of rRNA using a mRNA-ONLY™ Eukaryotic mRNA Isolation kit (Epicentre, Madison, WI, USA). Subsequently, each sample was amplified and transcribed into fluorescent cRNA along the entire length of the transcripts without 3′ bias utilizing a random priming method (Flash RNA Labeling kit; Arraystar, Rockville, MD, USA). The labeled cRNAs were purified by RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia, CA, USA). The concentration and specific activity of the labeled cRNAs (pmol Cy3/µg cRNA) was measured by NanoDrop ND-1000. The labeled cRNAs were hybridized onto a Human LncRNA Microarray V3.0 (Arraystar), which is designed for 30,586 lncRNAs and 26,109 coding transcripts. The lncRNAs were carefully constructed using the following public transcriptome databases: RefSeq (NCBI Reference Seqeunce Database; www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/); UCSC Known Genes and Gencode (genome.ucsc.edu/index.html); and Gencode (www.gencodegenes.org/); as well as landmark publications (1820). Each transcript was accurately identified by a specific exon or splice junction probe, and subsequently the hybridized arrays were washed, fixed and scanned using the Agilent DNA Microarray Scanner (model no., G2505C) and Feature Extraction software version 11.0.1.1 (Agilent Technologies, Inc.), which was used to analyze acquired array images. Quantile normalization and subsequent data processing were performed using the GeneSpring GX version 12.1 software (Agilent Technologies, Inc.). The microarray analysis was performed by KangChen Bio-tech, Inc. (Shanghai, China).

Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis

GO and pathway analysis were performed to identify the function and associated pathways of differentially expressed mRNAs. GO analysis was derived from Gene Ontology (www.geneontology.org), which covers the following three domains: Biological process, cellular component and molecular function. The P-value denotes the significance of the GO term enrichment in the differentially expressed mRNA list (cut-off, P<0.05). Pathway analysis for the differentially expressed mRNAs was based on the latest Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways (www.genome.jp/kegg/). This analysis was performed in order to locate the significant enrichment pathways. The P-value denotes the significance of the pathway associated with the latest data from the KEGG database (cut-off, P<0.05).

Classification and subgroup analysis

LncRNAs may be classified into different subgroups, including lncRNAs with enhancer-like function, antisense lncRNAs and large intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs).

To investigate the association between lncRNAs and their coding genes, lncRNAs with enhancer-like function were identified using the Gencode annotation of human genes (18). The selection of lncRNAs with enhancer-like function involved the exclusion of transcripts mapped to the exons and introns of annotated protein coding genes. These enhancer lncRNAs and the corresponding mRNAs (<300 kb) were integrated in order to study the potential function of the lncRNAs.

The function of antisense lncRNAs were identified based on the study by Faghihi and Wahlestedt (19). The present study integrated the differentially expressed antisense lncRNAs and corresponding sense mRNAs in order to deduce the function of the lncRNAs.

LincRNAs is a current hotspot of research. The function of lincRNAs were identified by the present study based on the study by Cabili et al (20). In order to deduce the function of these differentially expressed lincRNAs, the lincRNAs and corresponding nearby mRNAs underwent conjoint analysis.

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

RT-qPCR was performed to confirm the expression of lncRNAs identified by microarray analysis. In total, 8 lncRNAs (upregulated: ENST00000503723, ENST00000423539, uc003tab.3, NR_073085; downregulated: ENST00000515275, ENST00000570022, uc003qef.1, ENST00000427243) were selected to undergo qPCR analysis in 33 paired PTC and adjacent noncancerous samples. Total RNA was extracted from 33 frozen tumor specimens using TRIzol Reagent and subsequently reverse transcribed into cDNA using PrimeScript RT reagent kit (Invitrogen™), according to the manufacturer's protocol. DNase (1 µl; 1 U/µl) was purchased from Invitrogen™. qPCR was performed using SYBR Green Real-Time PCR Master Mix (Invitrogen™), according to the manufacturer's protocol, on a MasterCycler RealPlex (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany). The following cycling conditions were used: 95°C for 2 min; and 95°C for 15 sec, 57°C for 15 sec, 72°C for 1 min for a total 40 cycles. The primers used for the 8 lncRNAs are listed in Table II and were synthesized by Invitrogen™. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was used as a reference gene with the following primers: Forward, 5′-GAAAGCCTGCCGGTGACTAA-3′ and reverse, 5′-AGGAAAAGCATCACCCGGAG-3′. For quantitative results, the expression of each lncRNA was represented as a fold change (FC) using 2−ΔΔCq (21). The experiment was repeated three times.

Table II.

Long noncoding RNA gene primers used for quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Table II.

Long noncoding RNA gene primers used for quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Primer nameSourcePrimer sequence, 5′-3′Product size, bp
ENST00000503723GencodeF, TTTGAGTGATGACAGTTATATG141
R, AACTTCTTAACCTACACCTTCT
ENST00000423539GencodeF, CAAAGGTAATACAACTGTGAAG  87
R, TCTCTGCAAAAGGTTACATC
uc003tab.3UCSC_knowngeneF, TGCTTCTTCCATCCCTGCTTCC156
R, TGGGAAGTTTGCGGCTCTGAA
NR_073085RefSeqF, TTCTGGGGCTGCACCTTTGACT155
R, TCACCTTCTCGGCTGCCTCTG
ENST00000515275GencodeF, GGCAGTGTTCCAAATTAGATAT146
R, AAGCAATTCTCAAAAGTCATG
ENST00000570022GencodeF, CCGAGTGGAAGATGTCAGAGGAAACC177
R, AACCGCTCGCACCTCAGGACTG
uc003qef.1UCSC_knowngeneF, CCCTCCATCTTGCCAAACTGCTGT180
R, GGGTGGTGGTGAAAGGCAAAAGC
ENST00000427243GencodeF, GCCAGTGTCTTCCAATGAGCTC151
R, GCAGGTCTCAGGTCATCACAGG

[i] Gencode, www.gencodegenes.org/; UCSC Gemome Bioinformatics, genome.ucsc.edu/index.html; RefSeq, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/refseq/. F, forward; R, reverse.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test for the comparison of two groups in the microarray. FC and the t-test were used to analyze the statistical significance of the microarray results. The false discovery rate was calculated to correct the P-value. The threshold value used to designate differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs was a fold change of ≥2.0 or ≤0.5, P<0.05. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 13 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

Results

Expression profile of lncRNAs and mRNAs in PTC

Using microarray analysis, the present study examined the lncRNA and mRNA expression profiles in human paired PTC and adjacent noncancerous tissue samples (Exp vs. Ctrl). FC (T/N) and P-value were calculated from the normalized expression. Microarray analysis revealed that 675 lncRNAs and 751 mRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in PTC samples compared with their adjacent noncancerous tissue samples (FC ≥2.0; P<0.05). Among the lncRNAs, 312 were upregulated and 363 were downregulated. Among the mRNAs, 499 were upregulated and 252 were downregulated. Hierarchical clustering analysis was used to arrange the differentially expressed lncRNAs into groups based on their expression levels. A dendrogram revealed the lncRNA expression patterns among samples (FC ≥4.0; P<0.01; Fig. 1). ENST00000503723 (FC=24.501809) was the most upregulated lncRNA, and ENST00000515275 (FC=14.349726) was the most downregulated lncRNA.

Gene ontology analysis

Corresponding to the downregulated mRNAs, the total number of differentially expressed genes consisted of 159 genes involved in biological processes, 187 genes involved in cellular components and 170 genes involved in molecular functions. The highest enriched GOs targeted by downregulated transcripts were negative regulation of transporter activity (biological process), myofibril (cellular component) and oxygen transporter activity (molecular function).

Corresponding to the upregulated mRNAs, the total number of differentially expressed genes consisted of 362 genes involved in biological processes, 376 genes involved in cellular components and 359 genes involved in molecular functions. The highest enriched GOs targeted by the upregulated transcripts were response to stimulus (biological process), plasma membrane (cellular component) and protein binding (molecular function).

Pathway analysis

Pathway analysis indicated that there were 7 downregulated pathways (Fig. 2A), and the most enriched network was ‘Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway-Homo sapiens (human)’, which was composed of 4 targeted genes. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that of the 29 upregulated pathways (Fig. 2B) identified, the most enriched network was ‘p53 signaling pathway-Homo sapiens (human)’, which was composed of 13 targeted genes.

Classification and subgroup analysis

LncRNA classification and subgroup analysis indicated that 7 pairs of enhancer-like lncRNA-mRNA (Table III), 9 pairs of antisense lncRNA-mRNA (Table IV) and 45 pairs of lincRNA-mRNA (Table V) were differentially expressed between PTC and their paired adjacent noncancerous samples.

Table III.

Enhancer-like lncRNA-mRNA and nearby genes.

Table III.

Enhancer-like lncRNA-mRNA and nearby genes.

SeqnameRegulation, lncRNAsGenome assocationNearby gene seq.Nearby geneRegulation, mRNAs
ENST00000418242UpDownstreamNM_001122674ABCD3Up
ENST00000423539UpUpstreamNM_020651PELI1Up
ENST00000429328UpUpstreamNM_178134CYP4Z1Down
ENST00000430945UpDownstreamNM_014057OGNDown
ENST00000430945UpUpstreamNM_004560ROR2Down
ENST00000442526DownUpstreamNM_018590CSGALNACT2Up
NR_024160DownUpstreamNM_001937DPTDown

[i] ABCD3, ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 3; PELI1, pellino E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1; CYP4Z1, cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily Z member 1; OGN, osteoglycin; ROR2, receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 2; CSGALNAXT2, chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2; DPT, dermatopontin; Seq., sequence; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA.

Table IV.

Antisense lncRNA-mRNA and nearby genes.

Table IV.

Antisense lncRNA-mRNA and nearby genes.

SeqnameRegulation, lncRNAsGenome assocaitionNearby gene seq.Nearby geneRegulation, mRNAs
ENST00000506160DownIntronic antisenseNM_000667ADH1ADown
ENST00000541892UpIntronic antisenseNM_001001395LMO3Up
ENST00000550214UpIntronic antisenseNM_001651AQP5Up
NR_036580UpIntronic antisenseNM_001178036DPP10Up
ENST00000418335UpNatural antisenseNM_001935DPP4Up
ENST00000419425UpNatural antisenseNM_006449CDC42EP3Up
ENST00000512486UpNatural antisenseNM_014899RHOBTB3Up
NR_033252DownNatural antisenseNM_001482GATMDown
uc001pnn.3DownNatural antisenseNM_181351NCAM1Down

[i] ADH1A, alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptid; LMO3, LIM domain only 3; AQP5, aquaporin 5; DPP, dipeptidyl peptidase; CDC42EP3, cell division cycle 42 effector protein 3; RHOBTB3, Rho related BTB domain containing 3; GATM, glycine amidinotransferase; NCAM1, neural cell adhesion molecule 1; Seq., sequence; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA.

Table V.

Large intergenic noncoding RNA-mRNA and nearby genes.

Table V.

Large intergenic noncoding RNA-mRNA and nearby genes.

Seq. nameRegulation, lncRNAsGenome associationNearby gene seq.Nearby geneRegulation, mRNAs
TCONS_00001038DownUpstreamNM_001122674ABCD3Up
TCONS_00003617UpUpstreamNM_022823FNDC4Up
TCONS_00003757UpUpstreamNM_001042437ST3GAL5Up
TCONS_00003757UpUpstreamNM_198843SFTPBUp
TCONS_00004186UpDownstreamNM_022823FNDC4Up
TCONS_00004538UpDownstreamNM_012223MYO1BUp
TCONS_00004570UpDownstreamNM_001079526IKZF2Up
TCONS_00005191DownDownstreamNM_001042437ST3GAL5Up
TCONS_00005191DownDownstreamNM_198843SFTPBUp
TCONS_00005192DownDownstreamNM_001042437ST3GAL5Up
TCONS_00005192DownDownstreamNM_198843SFTPBUp
TCONS_00005258DownUpstreamNM_000888ITGB6Up
TCONS_00005258DownUpstreamNM_001007267PLA2R1Down
TCONS_00005258DownUpstreamNM_007366PLA2R1Down
TCONS_00005259DownUpstreamNM_000888ITGB6Up
TCONS_00005259DownUpstreamNM_001007267PLA2R1Down
TCONS_00005259DownUpstreamNM_007366PLA2R1Down
TCONS_00006023UpUpstreamNM_004635MAPKAPK3Up
TCONS_00006284DownUpstreamNM_014996PLCH1Down
TCONS_00006733DownDownstream ENST00000072516IL1RAPUp
TCONS_00006733DownDownstreamNM_134470IL1RAPUp
TCONS_00008649DownDownstream ENST00000265000GALNT7Up
TCONS_00008698DownDownstream ENST00000448662SORBS2Down
TCONS_00008698DownDownstreamNM_001145670SORBS2Down
TCONS_00008698DownDownstreamNM_003603SORBS2Down
TCONS_00008738DownDownstreamNM_006527SLBPUp
TCONS_00008739DownDownstreamNM_006527SLBPUp
TCONS_00010526UpUpstreamNM_001112724STK32AUp
TCONS_00010526UpUpstreamNM_145001STK32AUp
TCONS_00010794UpUpstreamNM_004887CXCL14Up
TCONS_00012533UpUpstreamNM_001122769LCA5Up
TCONS_00012535UpUpstreamNM_001122769LCA5Up
TCONS_00014681UpDownstreamNM_020130C8orf4Up
TCONS_00016073DownUpstreamNM_014057OGNDown
TCONS_00016117UpUpstreamNM_021224ZNF462Up
TCONS_00016354UpUpstreamNM_000700ANXA1Up
TCONS_00018333UpUpstreamNM_004419DUSP5Up
TCONS_00018333UpUpstreamNM_005962MXI1Down
TCONS_00019600DownUpstreamNM_001584MPPED2Down
TCONS_00019602DownDownstreamNM_001584MPPED2Down
TCONS_00020396DownDownstreamNM_181847AMIGO2Up
TCONS_00024026DownDownstreamNM_024708ASB7Up
TCONS_00027184DownUpstreamNM_031209QTRT1Down
TCONS_00027673DownUpstreamNM_031209QTRT1Down
TCONS_00029753UpUpstreamNM_001193414TUBA8Down

[i] Seq., sequence; lncRNA, long non-coding RNA.

RT-qPCR results

To verify the microarray data, 8 differentially expressed lncRNAs, including 4 upregulated (ENST00000503723, ENST00000423539, uc003tab.3 and NR_073085) and 4 downregulated (ENST00000515275, ENST00000570022, uc003qef.1 and ENST00000427243) lncRNAs, were randomly selected for RT-qPCR in 33 pairs of PTC and adjacent noncancerous tissues. The results were consistent with the microarray data (Fig. 3).

Discussion

PTC is a common malignant tumor of the endocrine system that occurs more often in women than men (22). The incidence of PTC has increased globally for several decades. The tumorigenesis of PTC is a complex biological process characterized by various molecular abnormalities. Over the past few decades, the molecular mechanism of PTC has been extensively investigated; however, the exact pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. Increasing evidence suggests that lncRNAs may be significant in regulating gene expression. LncRNA have gained considerable attention and have become the frontiers of ncRNA research. Although lncRNAs were initially indicated to be transcriptional noise, studies suggest that they may be key in cellular development and human diseases (23,24), including lnc-IL7R in the inflammatory response (25), and HOTAIR and Gas5 in breast tumors and metastases (16,26,27). Aberrant expression of lncRNAs were also identified in the present study in PTC using microarray data, including HOTAIR, which was downregulated; however, this was not statistical significant. Of all the functions of lncRNAs, the most important is their involvement in tumorigenesis. However, the role of lncRNAs in tumor pathogenesis and development is less well characterized.

The present study investigated the lncRNA expression profiles of PTC using microarray analysis and revealed that lncRNA expression levels were altered compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues. From the microarray expression profiles, 312 upregulated lncRNAs and 363 downregulated lncRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in all PTC samples. The most upregulated lncRNA was ENST00000503723, and the most downregulated lncRNA was ENST00000515275. This result suggests that ENST00000503723 and ENST00000515275 may contribute to the development of PTC; however, additional study concerning the biological function of these two lncRNAs requires confirmation. To validate the microarray profiling expression data, the expression of 8 randomly selected lncRNAs were examined in PTC and adjacent noncancerous samples by RT-qPCR. The RT-qPCR results confirmed the data from the microarray.

The present results demonstrated an altered expression profile of lncRNAs in PTC. Additional analysis by the present study highlighted that numerous genes associated with these lncRNAs were associated with various types of cancer, including ENST00000427243, uc003qef.1 and NR_073085. ENST00000427243 was significantly downregulated in PTC and was identified to be associated with breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 3 (BCAR3) gene. BCAR3 overexpression results in enhanced cancer cell migration and colocalization (28). By contrast, BCAR3 depletion inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion (29). In addition, BCAR3 functions as a positive regulator in invasive breast cancer cells (30) and acts as a putative suppressor of breast cancer progression (31). Therefore, there may be an association between ENST00000427243 lncRNA and BCAR3 in the development of PTC, and BCAR3 may aid in the understanding of PTC and lncRNAs at the transcriptional level.

uc003qef.1 was also identified to be significantly downregulated in the present results. Its associated gene was eyes absent homolog 4 (EYA4). Decreased EYA4 expression is not only associated with poor survival in sporadic lung cancer, but also EYA4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with an increased familial cancer risk (32). The present study concludes that uc003qef.1 may play an important role with EYA4 in the familial cancer risk of PTC.

NR_073085 was identified to be significantly upregulated in PTC samples by the present study. NR_073085 was associated with cysteine-rich protein 2 (CRIP2), which was identified as an important candidate gene capable of functionally suppressing tumor formation (33). CRIP2 is significantly downregulated in tumors, and an overexpression of CRIP2 may induce cancer cell apoptosis (33). Furthermore, CRIP2 acts as a transcriptional repressor of the nuclear factor-κB-mediated proangiogenic cytokine expression, and thereby functionally inhibits tumor formation and angiogenesis (34). NR_073085 may be significant in the regulation of CRIP2 during tumor progression. The association between NR_073085 and PTC requires additional experimental verification.

The microarray-based profiling performed by the present study identified 751 mRNAs with a differential expression in PTC. GO analysis and pathway analysis indicated that there were 7 downregulated and 29 upregulated pathways in PTC compared with adjacent non-tumorous tissues. Among the upregulated pathways, the p53 signaling pathway was the most enriched network. Lan et al (35) also demonstrated that the p53 signaling pathway was differentially expressed in PTC in a mRNA expression profile study. It is known that p53 plays an important tumor suppressive role during thyroid carcinoma progression (36). Signaling pathways that use lncRNAs to regulate the growth and metastasis of tumors require additional study to be identified.

Furthermore, lncRNA classification and subgroup analysis performed by the present study indicated 61 pairs of lncRNA-mRNA were differentially expressed in PTC. Certain nearby proteins of these lncRNAs were associated with inflammation. It is commonly accepted that cancer is associated with inflammation, and an intense immune infiltrate is often observed with PTC, which may be critical in the regulation of carcinogenesis and carcinoma progression (37). The present study identified ENST00000423539 as a significantly upregulated enhancer lncRNA in PTC, and the nearby protein was E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase pellino homolog 1 (Peli1). Peli1 regulates Toll-like receptor pathway signaling by promoting the degradation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3, which is a potent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and gene induction (38). In addition, Peli1 is a target of microRNA-21 (39), which is significantly downregulated in PTC tissues (40). ENST00000423539 may exert its functions through interactions with coding transcripts in PTC. The inflammatory pathways of cancer-associated inflammation is critical for the identification of novel target molecules that may lead to improved diagnosis and treatment.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the existence of a significantly altered lncRNA and mRNA expression profile in PTC. Dysregulation of these lncRNAs may be important in the development, invasion and metastasis of tumors. Additional study is required to determine whether these alterations are indirectly due to genotype, familial cancer risk, inflammatory states or a combination of these cancer risk factors. Further molecular mechanism studies may aid in the elucidation of the exact roles of these lncRNAs in PTC.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank all the donors that donated to the Microarray Service at KangChen Bio-tech, Inc.

References

1 

La Vecchia C, Malvezzi M, Bosetti C, Garavello W, Bertuccio P, Levi F and Negri E: Thyroid cancer mortality and incidence: A global overview. Int J Cancer. 136:2187–2195. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z and Jemal A: Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin. 64:9–29. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Yang L, Zheng R, Wang N, Zhang S and Chen W: Analysis of incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in China, 2010. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 48:663–668. 2014.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

4 

Pelizzo MR, Boschin Merante I, Toniato A, Pagetta C, Casal Ide E, Mian C and Rubello D: Diagnosis, treatment, prognostic factors and long-term outcome in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Minerva Endocrinol. 33:359–379. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Richards ML: Familial syndromes associated with thyroid cancer in the era of personalized medicine. Thyroid. 20:707–713. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Galleani J, Miranda C, Pierotti MA and Greco A: H2AX phosphorylation and kinetics of radiation-induced DNA double strand break repair in human primary thyrocytes. Thyroid. 19:257–264. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Leux C, Truong T, Petit C, Baron-Dubourdieu D and Guénel P: Family history of malignant and benign thyroid diseases and risk of thyroid cancer: A population-based case-control study in New Caledonia. Cancer Causes Control. 23:745–755. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Santos JC, Bastos AU, Cerutti JM and Ribeiro ML: Correlation of MLH1 and MGMT expression and promoter methylation with genomic instability in patients with thyroid carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 13:792013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Neta G, Brenner AV, Sturgis EM, Pfeiffer RM, Hutchinson AA, Aschebrook-Kilfoy B, Yeager M, Xu L, Wheeler W, Abend M, et al: Common genetic variants related to genomic integrity and risk of papillary thyroid cancer. Carcinogenesis. 32:1231–1237. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Taft RJ, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Dinger M and Mattick JS: Non-coding RNAs: Regulators of disease. J Pathol. 220:126–139. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Djebali S, Davis CA, Merkel A, Dobin A, Lassmann T, Mortazavi A, Tanzer A, Lagarde J, Lin W, Schlesinger F, et al: Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature. 489:101–108. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Jendrzejewski J, He H, Radomska HS, Li W, Tomsic J, Liyanarachchi S, Davuluri RV, Nagy R and de la Chapelle A: The polymorphism rs944289 predisposes to papillary thyroid carcinoma through a large intergenic noncoding RNA gene of tumor suppressor type. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 109:8646–8651. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Wang Y, Guo Q, Zhao Y, Chen J, Wang S, Hu J and Sun Y: BRAF-activated long non-coding RNA contributes to cell proliferation and activates autophagy in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett. 8:1947–1952. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Dinger ME, Pang KC, Mercer TR, Crowe ML, Grimmond SM and Mattick JS: NRED: A database of long noncoding RNA expression. Nucleic Acids Res. 37(Database Issue): D122–D126. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Ponting CP, Oliver PL and Reik W: Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs. Cell. 136:629–641. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, Kim J, Horlings HM, Wong DJ, Tsai MC, Hung T, Argani P, Rinn JL, et al: Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature. 464:1071–1076. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Zhu M, Chen Q, Liu X, Sun Q, Zhao X, Deng R, Wang Y, Huang J, Xu M, Yan J and Yu J: lncRNA H19/miR-675 axis represses prostate cancer metastasis by targeting TGFBI. FEBS J. 281:3766–3775. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Ørom UA, Derrien T, Beringer M, Gumireddy K, Gardini A, Bussotti G, Lai F, Zytnicki M, Notredame C, Huang Q, et al: Long noncoding RNAs with enhancer-like function in human cells. Cell. 143:46–58. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Faghihi MA and Wahlestedt C: Regulatory roles of natural antisense transcripts. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 10:637–643. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Cabili MN, Trapnell C, Goff L, Koziol M, Tazon-Vega B, Regev A and Rinn JL: Integrative annotation of human large intergenic noncoding RNAs reveals global properties and specific subclasses. Genes Dev. 25:1915–1927. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Xu G, Chen J, Pan Q, Huang K, Pan J, Zhang W, Chen J, Yu F, Zhou T and Wang Y: Long noncoding RNA expression profiles of lung adenocarcinoma ascertained by microarray analysis. PLoS One. 9:e1040442014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kweon SS, Shin MH, Chung IJ, Kim YJ and Choi JS: Thyroid cancer is the most common cancer in women, based on the data from population-based cancer registries, South Korea. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 43:1039–1046. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Wilusz JE, Sunwoo H and Spector DL: Long noncoding RNAs: Functional surprises from the RNA world. Genes Dev. 23:1494–1504. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Mercer TR, Dinger ME and Mattick JS: Long non-coding RNAs: Insights into functions. Nat Rev Genet. 10:155–159. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Cui H, Xie N, Tan Z, Banerjee S, Thannickal VJ, Abraham E and Liu G: The human long noncoding RNA lnc-IL7R regulates the inflammatory response. Eur J Immunol. 44:2085–2095. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Bhan A, Hussain I, Ansari KI, Bobzean SA, Perrotti LI and Mandal SS: Bisphenol-A and diethylstilbestrol exposure induces the expression of breast cancer associated long noncoding RNA HOTAIR in vitro and in vivo. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 141:160–170. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F and Williams GT: GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer. Oncogene. 28:195–208. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Wallez Y, Riedl SJ and Pasquale EB: Association of the breast cancer antiestrogen resistance protein 1 (BCAR1) and BCAR3 scaffolding proteins in cell signaling and antiestrogen resistance. J Biol Chem. 289:10431–10444. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Schrecengost RS, Riggins RB, Thomas KS, Guerrero MS and Bouton AH: Breast cancer antiestrogen resistance-3 expression regulates breast cancer cell migration through promotion of p130Cas membrane localization and membrane ruffling. Cancer Res. 67:6174–6182. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Wilson AL, Schrecengost RS, Guerrero MS, Thomas KS and Bouton AH: Breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 3 (BCAR3) promotes cell motility by regulating actin cytoskeletal and adhesion remodeling in invasive breast cancer cells. PLoS One. 8:e656782013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Guo J, Canaff L, Rajadurai C, Fils-Aimé N, Tian J, Dai M, Korah J, Villatoro M, Park M, Ali S and Lebrun JJ: Breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance-3 inhibits transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling and associates with favorable breast cancer disease outcomes. Breast Cancer Res. 16:4762014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Wilson IM, Vucic EA, Enfield KS, Thu KL, Zhang YA, Chari R, Lockwood WW, Radulovich N, Starczynowski DT, Banáth JP, et al: EYA4 is inactivated biallelically at a high frequency in sporadic lung cancer and is associated with familial lung cancer risk. Oncogene. 33:4464–4473. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Lo PH, Ko JM, Yu ZY, Law S, Wang LD, Li JL, Srivastava G, Tsao SW, Stanbridge EJ and Lung ML: The LIM domain protein, CRIP2, promotes apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 316:39–45. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Cheung AK, Ko JM, Lung HL, Chan KW, Stanbridge EJ, Zabarovsky E, Tokino T, Kashima L, Suzuki T, Kwong DL, et al: Cysteine-rich intestinal protein 2 (CRIP2) acts as a repressor of NF-kappaB-mediated proangiogenic cytokine transcription to suppress tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108:8390–8395. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Lan X, Zhang H, Wang Z, Dong W, Sun W, Shao L, Zhang T and Zhang D: Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA expression profile in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Gene. 569:109–117. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

McFadden DG, Vernon A, Santiago PM, Martinez-McFaline R, Bhutkar A, Crowley DM, McMahon M, Sadow PM and Jacks T: p53 constrains progression to anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in a Braf-mutant mouse model of papillary thyroid cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 111:E1600–E1609. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Liotti F, Visciano C and Melillo RM: Inflammation in thyroid oncogenesis. Am J Cancer Res. 2:286–297. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

38 

Xiao Y, Jin J, Chang M, Chang JH, Hu H, Zhou X, Brittain GC, Stansberg C, Torkildsen Ø, Wang X, et al: Peli1 promotes microglia-mediated CNS inflammation by regulating Traf3 degradation. Nat Med. 19:595–602. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Marquez RT, Wendlandt E, Galle CS, Keck K and McCaffrey AP: MicroRNA-21 is upregulated during the proliferative phase of liver regeneration, targets Pellino-1, and inhibits NF-kappaB signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 298:G535–G541. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Huang Y, Liao D, Pan L, Ye R, Li X, Wang S, Ye C and Chen L: Expressions of miRNAs in papillary thyroid carcinoma and their associations with the BRAFV600E mutation. Eur J Endocrinol. 168:675–681. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

Journal Cover

July-2016
Volume 12 Issue 1

Print ISSN: 1792-1074
Online ISSN:1792-1082

Sign up for eToc alerts

Recommend to Library

Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Yang M, Tian J, Guo X, Yang Y, Guan R, Qiu M, Li Y, Sun X, Zhen Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, et al: Long noncoding RNA are aberrantly expressed in human papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncol Lett 12: 544-552, 2016.
APA
Yang, M., Tian, J., Guo, X., Yang, Y., Guan, R., Qiu, M. ... Fang, H. (2016). Long noncoding RNA are aberrantly expressed in human papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 12, 544-552. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4653
MLA
Yang, M., Tian, J., Guo, X., Yang, Y., Guan, R., Qiu, M., Li, Y., Sun, X., Zhen, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Li, Y., Fang, H."Long noncoding RNA are aberrantly expressed in human papillary thyroid carcinoma". Oncology Letters 12.1 (2016): 544-552.
Chicago
Yang, M., Tian, J., Guo, X., Yang, Y., Guan, R., Qiu, M., Li, Y., Sun, X., Zhen, Y., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Li, Y., Fang, H."Long noncoding RNA are aberrantly expressed in human papillary thyroid carcinoma". Oncology Letters 12, no. 1 (2016): 544-552. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4653