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Introduction

Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality (1–3), with ~1,033,701 novel diagnoses and 782,685 mortalities worldwide in 2018 (3). Previous studies have indicated that GC may be driven by a number of different genetic abnormalities, such as mutations in cadherin 1 (4) and catenin α1 (5). Chromosomal aberrations including Erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (6), adenomatous polyposis coli, tumor protein p53 and NME/NM23 nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 (7) have also been frequently identified in GC. Certain SNPs, such as interleukin 17A (rs2275913) (8), mucin 1 (rs4072037) (9) and prostate stem cell antigen (rs2976392) (10), have indicated genetic predispositions towards an increased risk of GC. However, the aforementioned results are not sufficient to clarify the complex pathogenesis of GC. Therefore, further research into the molecular aspects involved in carcinogenesis is required, which will offer new insights into GC treatment.

The α-enolase (ENO1) gene encodes a glycolysis-associated enzyme, which contains 434 amino acids and has a molecular mass of ~57 kDa (11). Previous studies have revealed ENO1 to be abnormally expressed in a number of cancer types and serves pivotal roles in tumorigenesis (12–16). For example, in endometrial cancer, ENO1 silencing significantly decreased malignant biological behavior; furthermore, the expression level of ENO1 could affect the prognosis of patients (14). In breast cancer, ENO1 promoted vascular endothelial cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis and accelerated blood vessel formation (15). In non-small cell lung cancer, stably upregulated ENO1 could activate the focal adhesion kinase/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B pathway and its downstream signals, and then activate glycolysis, the cell cycle and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated genes (13,16). In colorectal cancer tissues, the expression level of ENO1 was significantly increased, which was associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer (17). In addition, an in vitro study suggested that overexpression of ENO1 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion of the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 (17). However, research regarding the role of ENO1 in GC is insufficient, and further studies are required. To date, only a few studies have indicated that ENO1 can promote chemoresistance in GC, and that increased protein levels of ENO1 lead to a poor prognosis for the patient (18). Previous studies indicated that overexpression of ENO1 can enhance proliferation and migration in GC cell line AGS (19), and that ENO1 can be upregulated by a well-known GC-associated protein, CagA, in AGS cells (20). Combined with the aforementioned results, we hypothesize that ENO1 serves a role in the pathogenesis of GC. Microarray is a powerful tool that can present the whole gene expression profile (21) and, as such, a microarray analysis was performed on ENO1-silencing GC cells with the aim of gaining further understanding into the molecular mechanism(s) of ENO1 in the progression of GC.

Materials and methods

Cell culture and treatment

The human GC cell line MGC-803 (Sun Yat-sen University Cell Library, Guangdong, China) was cultured as described previously (22). The small fragment small interfering RNA (siRNA) against ENO1 and the scrambled (control) siRNA were synthesized by Beijing Oligobio (Beijing, China). The siRNA-ENO1 sequences were as follows: Forward, 5′-GCAUUGGAGCAGAGGUUUATT-3′ and reverse, 5′-UAAACCUCUGCUCCAAUGCTT-3′. The siRNA transfection experiment was conducted using Lipofectamine® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's protocol. The cells were plated onto 6-well plates at a density of 8.0×104 cells. Following reaching ~50% confluence, cells were transfected. The cells were assigned to two groups: NC group, transfected with 50 nM scrambled siRNA; and ENO1-knockdown group, transfected with 50 nM siRNA against ENO1. Each group had three parallel samples. Cells were transfected with Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) in serum- and antibiotic-free Opti-MEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 h, the cells were treated with TRIzol® (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) and the total RNA was extracted.

Microarray analysis

Following extraction of the total RNA from the NC group and ENO1-knockdown group, the quality was determined using NanoDrop™ 2,000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), and the 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The amplified RNA (aRNA) was prepared using an Affymetrix GeneChip™ 3′IVT Express kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA), according to the manufacturer's protocol. The aRNA was purified, fragmented and hybridized with the chip probes. Following hybridization, the chip was stained and the final scanned images and raw data were obtained by the Shanghai GeneChem Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The raw data were processed using the two-way semi-linear model, and the genes with fold change (FC) >1.5 and P<0.05 were regarded as significantly DEGs.

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis

To determine the interference efficiency of siRNA-ENO1 and to validate the gene chip results, ENO1 and five random genes were selected for RT-qPCR analysis and were as follows: AVL9 cell migration-associated (AVL9), glia maturation factor β (GFMB), G-protein-coupled receptor 180 (GPR180), microfibrillar-associated protein 3 (MFAP3)and septin 8 (SEPT8). The total RNA was extracted from the cells and the quality was assessed using the aforementioned method. RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using a reverse transcription kit (cat. no. 05091284001; Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland), according to the manufacturer's protocol. qPCR was carried out in a volume of 10.0 µl, including 5.0 µl SYBR® Select Master mix (Roche Diagnostics), 3.4 µl DNase/RNase-free water (Beijing Solarbio Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), 1.0 µl cDNA, 0.30 µl forward primer and 0.30 µl reverse primer. β-actin was selected as the internal reference gene. The Piko Real detection system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used for the amplification according to the manufacturer's protocol. The primers were synthesized by Generay Biotech Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China) and the sequences were as follows: ENO1 forward, 5′-GGGAATCCCACTGTTGAGGT-3′ and reverse, 5′-CGGAGCTCTAGGGCCTCATA-3′; β-actin forward, 5′-GGGAAATCGTGCGTGACATTAAGG-3′ and reverse, 5′-CAGGAAGGAAGGCTGGAAGAGTG-3′; ALV9 forward, 5′-TTCCATTTCTGGGTGGCAAGT-3′ and reverse, 5′-ACATCGTGGTGGTCGGATTTC-3′; GMFB forward, 5′-CAGCGTTGTTCGTTTCTTTGC-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTCTTTGGTTGTTTGTGATGTTGC-3′; MFAP3 forward, 5′-AATGACATAGATGCCACCTTG-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTGTCCCTCTTCCACCTCTTA-3′; SEPT8 forward, 5′-GGAATAATGTTCACCTTGCTGTCT-3′ and reverse, 5′-TTTGCCTCTACTTCATCACGC-3′. For all RT-qPCR experiments, the samples were amplified in triplicate, each consisting of three replicates. The relative levels of target gene mRNA were calculated and normalized relative to β-actin using the 2−ΔΔCq method (23).

Functional enrichment analysis

The functional enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed using DAVID 6.7 (https://david.ncifcrf.gov) (24). Briefly, all the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were uploaded in the ‘Functional Annotation’ section of DAVID 6.7, and set E=0.01. The result would indicate the DEGs mapping to different Gene Ontology (GO) terms. The GO annotation (www.geneontology.org) includes three parts: Biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC) and molecular functions (MF), which provide a descriptive framework and functional annotation of DEGs. The pathway enrichment analysis was performed using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG; http://www.genome.jp/kegg) (25,26). P<0.05 was considered to indicate statistically significant functional terms and pathways.

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and module selection

A PPI network was constructed based on Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) in WebGestalt (http://www.webgestalt.org/option.php). The DEGs were mapped to BioGRID and PPI pairs were acquired. Interactions with a confidence score >0.4 were retained in the network and were visualized using Cytoscape (version 3.5.1; http://cytoscape.org). In the PPI network, a node represents a protein product of a DEG and the degree represents the number of proteins linked to this node. The nodes with a high degree (>10) were considered to be important and named ‘hub genes’ in the present study. The PPI modules were screened using the ClusterONE plugin (version 1.0; http://www.paccanarolab.org/clusterone) in Cytoscape (27). Results were considered statistically significant when P<0.0005.

Statistical analysis

All the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 15.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The measurement data were expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. Comparison between two groups was performed using an independent sample t-test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant result.

Results

Successful knockdown of the ENO1 gene in MGC-803 cells

The mRNA expression levels of ENO1 were downregulated 12.08-fold (array data; Fig. 1) and 11.43±0.39-fold (RT-qPCR data; Fig. 2) in the ENO1-knockdown group compared with in the NC group. The results indicated that the siRNA fragments targeting the ENO1 gene were successful and that silencing was efficient.

Figure 1. Array data. Hierarchical clustering dendrogram comparing MGC-803 cells transfected with scrambled siRNA (control) and siRNA against ENO1. Each sample represents the average gene expression value for three replicates. Green, low expression; red, high expression. siRNA, small interfering RNA; NC, negative control; ENO1 knockdown, siRNA against ENO1; ENO1, α-enolase.

Figure 2. RT-qPCR verification of the array data. Fold changes of selected genes in NC and ENO1-knockdown groups using microarray and RT-qPCR analyses. RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction; ENO1, α-enolase; AVL9, AVL9 cell migration-associated; GMFB, glia maturation factor β; GPR180, G-protein-coupled receptor 180; MFAP3, microfibrillar-associated protein 3; SEPT8, septin 8. All values are relative to the negative controls.

Gene expression profile analysis and hierarchical clustering

The microarray included two groups with six samples, and the heat map results are presented in Fig. 1. As a result, there were 448 DEGs with a FC value >1.5 and P<0.05, among which, 183 (40.85%) were downregulated and 265 (59.15%) were upregulated. The top ten DEGs with high FC were tropomyosin 4 (TPM4), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), inhibitor of DNA binding 2, mitochondrial ribosomal protein S33, small integral membrane protein 13, cyclin J, AVL9 cell migration-associated (AVL9), serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase family member 3 (SGK3), G protein-coupled receptor 180 (GPR180) and mesoderm development LRP chaperone.

Verification of the array data using RT-qPCR analysis

Five DEGs (AVL9, GMFB, GPR180, MFAP3 and SEPT8) were selected for qPCR analysis. The results (Fig. 2) indicated that the mRNA levels of AVL9, GMFB, GPR180, MFAP3 and SEPT8 were downregulated 2.78-, 2.68-, 2.72-, 2.67- and 2.23-fold, respectively. In the RT-qPCR experiment, these genes were downregulated 3.05±0.07-, 2.33±0.12-, 3.15±0.06-, 2.77±0.08- and 2.89±0.12-fold, respectively. The array data were in concordance with the RT-qPCR results.

Functional annotation analysis of the DEGs

The gene annotation analysis was performed using DAVID and the detailed results (Table I) identify the number of significant functional classifications for BP, CC and MF as 26, 7 and 10, respectively. The DEGs were mainly enriched in transcription, blood vessel morphogenesis and cell cycle for BP. CC enrichment was detected for genes associated with the nuclear lumen, organelle lumen and nucleoplasm, and MF enrichment was identified for genes associated with transcription factor activity, transcription regulator activity and cytoskeletal protein binding.

Table I. GO analysis of the DEGs regulated by ENO1 silencing.

Table I.

GO analysis of the DEGs regulated by ENO1 silencing.

Identifier	Functional term	Count	P-value
Biological process
GO:0006350	Transcription	86	6.43×10−7
GO:0006355	Regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent	73	5.37×10−6
GO:0045449	Regulation of transcription	96	1.08×10−5
GO:0051252	Regulation of RNA metabolic process	73	1.18×10−5
GO:0010629	Negative regulation of gene expression	28	1.00×10−4
GO:0016481	Negative regulation of transcription	26	1.40×10−4
GO:0006357	Regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	35	1.81×10−4
GO:0048514	Blood vessel morphogenesis	16	1.98×10−4
GO:0010605	Negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process	35	2.17×10−4
GO:0045934	Negative regulation of nucleobase, nucleoside, nucleotide and nucleic acid metabolic process	27	3.13×10−4
GO:0010558	Negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	28	3.74×10−4
GO:0051172	Negative regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process	27	3.82×10−4
GO:0045892	Negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent	21	4.39×10−4
GO:0051253	Negative regulation of RNA metabolic process	21	5.34×10−4
GO:0031327	Negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process	28	5.50×10−4
GO:0009890	Negative regulation of biosynthetic process	28	7.64×10−4
GO:0001568	Blood vessel development	16	9.55×10−4
GO:0001525	Angiogenesis	12	9.60×10−4
GO:0007049	Cell cycle	34	1.189962×10−3
GO:0001944	Vasculature development	16	1.215671×10−3
GO:0031099	Regeneration	8	1.374438×10−3
GO:0051726	Regulation of cell cycle	18	3.03174×10−3
GO:0031100	Organ regeneration	5	3.326962×10−3
GO:0007507	Heart development	13	6.280962×10−3
GO:0030593	Neutrophil chemotaxis	4	8.795164×10−3
GO:0007167	Enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway	17	9.52888×10−3
Cell component
GO:0031981	Nuclear lumen	52	2.58×10−4
GO:0070013	Intracellular organelle lumen	60	3.75×10−4
GO:0043233	Organelle lumen	60	6.74×10−4
GO:0031974	Membrane-enclosed lumen	60	1.097428×10−3
GO:0005654	Nucleoplasm	34	1.312471×10−3
GO:0005783	Endoplasmic reticulum	34	4.951755×10−3
GO:0044451	Nucleoplasm part	22	8.735324×10−3
Molecular function
GO:0003700	Transcription factor activity	43	2.18×10−4
GO:0030528	Transcription regulator activity	58	5.22×10−4
GO:0008092	Cytoskeletal protein binding	26	6.25×10−4
GO:0016564	Transcription repressor activity	18	1.995073×10−3
GO:0043014	α-tubulin binding	4	2.056678×10−3
GO:0003677	DNA binding	77	3.813995×10−3
GO:0046914	Transition metal ion binding	88	6.180415×10−3
GO:0003779	Actin binding	17	6.453361×10−3
GO:0008270	Zinc ion binding	75	6.826083×10−3
GO:0004672	Protein kinase activity	26	7.297114×10−3

[i] GO, Gene Ontology.

KEGG pathway enrichment analysis

The DEGs responding to ENO1 silencing were enriched in six significant pathways: Systemic lupus erythematosus [Homo sapiens (hsa)05322; P<0.001], viral carcinogenesis (hsa05203; P=0.00141), alcoholism (hsa05034; P=0.003), forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling pathway (hsa04068; P=0.0077), miRNAs in cancer (hsa05206; P=0.0183) and cAMP signaling pathway (hsa04024; P=0.0415) (Table II).

Table II. Detailed information of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis.

Table II.

Detailed information of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis.

Identifier	Name	Count	Gene	P-value
hsa05322	Systemic lupus erythematosus	6	HIST1H2BD, HIST1H2BG, HIST1H2BF, HIST1H2BE, HIST1H2BI, HIST1H2BC	<0.001
hsa05203	Viral carcinogenesis	10	CDKN1A, HIST1H2BD, CCND1, STAT3, TRAF3, HIST1H2BG, HIST1H2BF, HIST1H2BE, HIST1H2BI, HIST1H2BC	1.41×10−3
hsa05034	Alcoholism	6	HIST1H2BD, HIST1H2BG, HIST1H2BF, HIST1H2BE, HIST1H2BI, HIST1H2BC	3.11×10−3
hsa04068	FoxO signaling pathway	6	CDKN1A, SGK3, CCND1, STAT3, TGFBR1, SETD7	7.7×10−3
hsa05206	MicroRNAs in cancer	8	CDKN1A, CYP1B1, DICER1, PDCD4, MCL1, PLAU, CCND1, STAT3	1.83×10−2
hsa04024	cAMP signaling pathway	5	ADCY9, HTR1D, PPP1CB, RAC1, CREB3L2	4.15×10−2

[i] hsa, Homo sapiens; FoxO, Forkhead box O; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate.

PPI network analysis

The PPIs among the 448 DEGs were predicted using WebGestalt with information from BioGRID. The constructed network consisted of 209 proteins (nodes) and 293 interactions (edges) (Fig. 3). In addition, there were seven genes that had high degrees with edges ≥10 in the PPI network. These seven genes were HECT, UBA and WWE domain-containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase (HUWE1; degree, 16), protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit β (PPP1CB; degree, 16), heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 4 (HSPA4; degree, 16), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3; degree, 13), anillin actin-binding protein (degree, 12), Src homology 3 domain-containing kinase-binding protein 1 (degree, 10) and casein kinase 2α2 (degree, 10), respectively. Among these, HUWE1, PPP1CB and HSPA4 were the top three nodes with 16 edges.

Figure 3. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on BioGRID. The network contained 209 nodes and 293 edges. There were seven genes with a high degree ≥10 and the first three, HUWE1, PPP1CB and HSPA4, all had a degree of 16. HUWE1, HECT, UBA and WWE domain-containing 1, E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PPP1CB, protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit β; HSPA4, heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 4.

Module analysis and protein domain analysis

ClusterONE was applied for module analysis to further predict potential protein complexes. For the network constructed above, there were three significant modules (P<0.0005; Fig. 4), as follows: Module A (nodes, 24; density, 0.101; quality, 0.549; P=0.00000791); Module B (Nodes, 18; density, 0.183; quality, 0.683; P=0.000136) and Module C (nodes, 17; density, 0.132; quality, 0.581; P=0.00045) (Table III). For the protein domain analysis, one significant domain was found for Module B: Myosin head, motor domain (IPR001609) (P=0.034). No significantly enriched protein domains were identified in Modules A and C.

Figure 4. Modules identified from the network based on BioGRID. Three modules were identified with P<5×10−4. Module A (nodes, 24; density, 0.101; quality, 0.549; P=7.91×10−6); Module B (nodes, 18; density, 0.183; quality, 0.683; P=1.36×10−4) and Module C (nodes, 17; density, 0.132; quality, 0.581; P=4.50×10−4).

Table III. Detailed information of three modules screened from the PPI network of all DEGs.

Table III.

Detailed information of three modules screened from the PPI network of all DEGs.

Module	Nodes	Density	Quality	P-value	Members
A	24	0.101	0.549	7.905×10−6	HSPE1, PGM2L1, HSPA4, ARFIP1, TMED7, TMEM30A, HUWE1, GANAB, GBAS, TROVE2, ATL3, SEC24D, FAM114A1, ZW10, HDLBP, FAP, PA2G4, DNAJA2, WIPI2, MCL1, PRSS23, THRB, PSMD10, HIST1H2BC
B	18	0.183	0.683	1.356×10−4	SORBS2, ARHGAP21, ANLN, PPP1CB, TPM4, SSFA2, MYO1C, LARP4, SSH1, ACTR2, EFHD2, STBD1, PPP1R3C, MYO6, CPM, RIF1, APOBEC3B, TMEM33
C	17	0.132	0.581	4.502×10−4	RGS19, MAPK6, CUX1, FOXK2, NFATC2, TLK2, MAP1B, GATAD2A, RBPJ, MTA1, HNRNPA0, NFIA, KDSR, CA12, MAX, GADD45A, FNBP1

Discussion

In the present study, a total of 448 DEGs responded to ENO1 knockdown in the human GC cell line MGC-803. Certain DEGs that demonstrated significantly decreased expression in the present study, including TPM4, have been reported to be associated with clinical progression in patients with colon cancer (28). Another gene, SGK3, which was identified to be downregulated in the present study has previously been reported to serve an important role in the development of breast cancer (29). In addition, FGF2, which also demonstrated significantly decreased expression, is a well-known oncogene (30,31).

The DEGs were enriched in six significant pathways: Systemic lupus erythematosus, viral carcinogenesis, alcoholism, FoxO signaling pathway, miRNAs in cancer and cAMP signaling pathway (Table II). Among these, some were reported to be associated with cancer development, such as the cAMP signaling pathway and FoxO signaling pathway. cAMP signaling regulates protein levels by controlling gene transcription via transcriptional activators that are involved in cancer cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and cytoskeleton remodeling in bladder cancer (32), breast cancer (33) and lung cancer (34). Furthermore, an exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC1) has been regarded as a prognostic marker and may be a potential therapy target for GC (35), which suggests the important role that the cAMP signaling pathway serves in the pathological processes of GC. The FoxO signaling pathway has also been reported to be associated with breast cancer (36), bladder cancer (37), prostate cancer (38) and lung cancer (39). Previous studies have demonstrated that there may be crosstalk between the cAMP signaling pathway and the FoxO signaling pathway. On one hand, activation of the cAMP signaling pathway increased FoxO1 phosphorylation (40). On the other hand, FoxOs supported the metabolic requirements of normal and tumor cells via the PI3K signaling pathway, which was reported to interact with the cAMP signaling pathway in a number of physiological processes (41). In addition, systemic lupus erythematosus was the most significant pathway response to ENO1 inhibition, and this result was similar to that in our previous study on TPI silencing (22). As previously discussed, although no definitive evidence has suggested the involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus in the pathogenesis of GC, there may be an association between the two since certain sporadic patients were affected by GC and systemic lupus erythematosus simultaneously (22,42,43). The molecular mechanisms underlying the involvement of systemic lupus erythematosus in the pathogenesis of GC are not currently fully understood and further research is required.

The constructed PPI network based on BioGRID included 209 nodes and 293 edges. There were seven DEGs with a degree ≥10, among which, the first three were PPP1CB, HUWE1 and HSPA4, which were regarded as hub genes and may interact with ENO1 in GC progression. These three genes have been reported to be associated with cancer development. PPP1CB, encoding protein phosphatase 1 catalytic subunit β isoform, has been reported in prostate cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (44) and even used as a potential biomarker for distinguishing malignant melanoma from other melanocytic lesions (45). HUWE1, as a ubiquitin ligase, has been regarded as a tumor suppressor and served key roles in tumorigenesis (46). For example, compared with normal thyroid tissue, HUWE1 was downregulated in human thyroid cancer tissues, and overexpression of HUWE1 in thyroid cancer cells enhanced chemotherapeutic sensitivity and inhibition of cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion (47). The third hub gene HSPA4 encodes a heat shock 70 protein. It has been reported that upregulation of heat shock proteins (HSPA12A, HSP90B1, HSPA4, HSPA5 and HSPA6) in tumor tissues is associated with poor outcomes from hepatitis B virus-associated early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (48). Furthermore, HSPA4 has been reported to regulate cell migration and delay gastric ulcer healing (49). To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to identify the possible association between PPP1CB, HUWE1, HSPA4 and ENO1. Further studies are required to confirm these connections and their functions in the pathogenesis in GC tumorigenesis.

In summary, the results of the present study provide a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis of the genes associated with ENO1. The important signaling pathways (such as cAMP signaling pathway and FoxO signaling pathway) and key genes (such as PPP1CB, HUWE1 and HSPA4) may help to narrow down the role of ENO1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of GC.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank, Dr Tao Li, Dr Yuqing He, Dr Zunnan Huang, Dr Jindong Ni and Dr Huanwen Tang of Guangdong Medical University, for their advice on the present study.

Funding

The present study was supported by grants from the Natural Science Fund Project of Guangdong Province, China (no. 2016A030313683), the Social Science and Technology Development Project of Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China (nos. 2014108101051 and 2016108101039) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81200082).

Availability of data and materials

The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Authors' contributions

ZH and PO designed the experiments, performed the bioinformatic analysis and wrote the paper; BL and HP identified the correct siRNA fragment and performed the array; JD carried out the statistical analysis; RH performed the RT-qPCR experiment; SZ cultured the cells.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

References