Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
September-2019 Volume 18 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
September-2019 Volume 18 Issue 3

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Baicalin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the AKT pathway

  • Authors:
    • Yu Liu
    • Zhenqiang Hong
    • Peng Chen
    • Jinzhao Wang
    • Yimin Zhou
    • Jianyun Huang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China, Department of Orthopedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 3188-3194
    |
    Published online on: July 15, 2019
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10617
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most prevalent types of bone malignancies with poor overall prognosis, and is reported mainly in children and adolescents. Therefore, the investigation of novel and efficient treatment strategies for patients with OS is required. Baicalin exhibits potential anticancer effects, including in OS. However, its therapeutic effect against OS and the underlying mechanisms have not been fully evaluated. In the present study, the effect of baicalin on the proliferation and apoptosis of OS cells and its underlying mechanism of AKT pathway activation was explored. Cell confluence and cell number counts revealed suppressed the growth of OS cells that were treated with baicalin. Analysis of cell viability, cell survival and cell cycle, as well as cell apoptosis revealed decreased cell viability and survival, induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of treated cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated significantly decreased ratios of phosphorylated‑AKT/AKT and Bcl‑2/Bax, and decreased protein levels of cyclin D1 and CDK4 in cells treated with baicalin. Thus, the findings from the present study suggest that the suppression of the AKT pathway may be the underlying mechanism of the antitumor effect of baicalin in OS cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Mirabello L, Troisi RJ and Savage SA: Osteosarcoma incidence and survival rates from 1973 to 2004: Data from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program. Cancer. 115:1531–1543. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Dong F, Liu T, Jin H and Wang W: Chimaphilin inhibits human osteosarcoma cell invasion and metastasis through suppressing the TGF-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers via PI-3K/Akt, ERK1/2, and Smad signaling pathways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 96:1–7. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Wang Y, Li L, Shao N, Hu Z, Chen H, Xu L, Wang C, Cheng Y and Xiao J: Triazine-modified dendrimer for efficient TRAIL gene therapy in osteosarcoma. Acta Biomater. 17:115–124. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Bienemann K, Staege MS, Howe SJ, Sena-Esteves M, Hanenberg H and Kramm CM: Targeted expression of human folylpolyglutamate synthase for selective enhancement of methotrexate chemotherapy in osteosarcoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther. 20:514–520. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Wu G, Liang Q and Liu Y: Primary osteosarcoma of frontal bone: A case report and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 96:e93922017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Liu J, Zhang L, Ren Y, Gao Y, Kang L and Qiao Q: Anticancer and immunoregulatory activity of Gynostemma pentaphyllum polysaccharides in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Int J Biol Macromol. 69:1–4. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Li B, Wan L, Li Y, Yu Q, Chen P, Gan R, Yang Q, Han Y and Guo C: Baicalin, a component of Scutellaria baicalensis, alleviates anorexia and inhibits skeletal muscle atrophy in experimental cancer cachexia. Tumour Biol. 35:12415–12425. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Gao Z, Huang K and Xu H: Protective effects of flavonoids in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HS-SY5Y cells. Pharmacol Res. 43:173–178. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Ikezoe T, ChenS S, Heber D, Taguchi H and Koeffler HP: Baicalin is a major component of PC-SPES which inhibits the proliferation of human cancer cells via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Prostate. 49:285–292. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Shen YC, Chiou WF, Chou YC and Chen CF: Mechanisms in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of baicalin and baicalein in human leukocytes. Eur J Pharmacol. 465:171–181. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Dong LH, Wen JK, Miao SB, Jia Z, Hu HJ, Sun RH, Wu Y and Han M: Baicalin inhibits PDGF-BB-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through suppressing PDGFRβ-ERK signaling and increase in p27 accumulation and prevents injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia. Cell Res. 20:1252–1262. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Chen WC, Kuo TH, Tzeng YS and Tsai YC: Baicalin induces apoptosis in SW620 human colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Molecules. 17:3844–3857. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Yu Y, Pei M and Li L: Baicalin induces apoptosis in hepatic cancer cells in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Int J Clin Exp Med. 8:8958–8967. 2015.PubMed/NCBI

14 

Wang H, Li H, Chen F, Luo J, Gu J, Wang H, Wu H and Xu Y: Baicalin extracted from Huangqin (Radix Scutellariae Baicalensis) induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by regulating B cell lymphoma (Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-associated X protein and activating caspase-3 and caspase-9. J Tradit Chin Med. 37:229–235. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Dou J, Wang Z, Ma L, Peng B, Mao K, Li C, Su M, Zhou C and Peng G: Baicalein and baicalin inhibit colon cancer using two distinct fashions of apoptosis and senescence. Oncotarget. 9:20089–20102. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Zhou T, Zhang A, Kuang G, Gong X, Jiang R, Lin D, Li J and Li H, Zhang X, Wan J and Li H: Baicalin inhibits the metastasis of highly aggressive breast cancer cells by reversing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by targeting β-catenin signaling. Oncol Rep. 38:3599–3607. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

17 

Wang XF, Zhou QM, Du J, Zhang H, Lu YY and Su SB: Baicalin suppresses migration, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer via p38MAPK signaling pathway. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 13:923–931. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Wang Z, Ma L, Su M, Zhou Y, Mao K, Li C, Peng G, Zhou C, Shen B and Dou J: Baicalin induces cellular senescence in human colon cancer cells via upregulation of DEPP and the activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling. Cell Death Dis. 9:2172018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wang Q, Xu H and Zhao X: Baicalin inhibits human cervical cancer cells by suppressing protein kinase C/signal transducer and activator of transcription (PKC/STAT3) signaling pathway. Med Sci Monit. 24:1955–1961. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Wan D and Ouyang H: Baicalin induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cell through ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Nat Prod Res. 32:1996–2000. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Wang Y, Wang H, Zhou R, Zhong W, Lu S, Ma Z and Chai Y: Baicalin inhibits human osteosarcoma cells invasion, metastasis, and anoikis resistance by suppressing the transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Anticancer Drugs. 28:581–587. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Abeyrathna P and Su Y: The critical role of Akt in cardiovascular function. Vascul Pharmacol. 74:38–48. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Martini M, De Santis MC, Braccini L, Gulluni F and Hirsch E: PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and cancer: An updated review. Ann Med. 46:372–383. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Porta C, Paglino C and Mosca A: Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in cancer. Front Oncol. 4:642014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Zhang J, Yu XH, Yan YG, Wang C and Wang WJ: PI3K/Akt signaling in osteosarcoma. Clin Chim Acta. 444:182–192. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Zhou Y, Zhu LB, Peng AF, Wang TF, Long XH, Gao S, Zhou RP and Liu ZL: LY294002 inhibits the malignant phenotype of osteosarcoma cells by modulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/fatty acid synthase signaling pathway in vitro. Mol Med Rep. 11:1352–1357. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Zhang B, Li YL, Zhao JL, Zhen O, Yu C, Yang BH and Yu XR: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 promotes cancer progression through activating AKT/Cyclin D1 signaling pathway in osteosarcoma. Biomed Pharmacother. 105:1–9. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Ren L, Hong ES, Mendoza A, Issaq S, Tran Hoang C, LeBlanc A and Khanna C: Metabolomics uncovers a link between inositol metabolism and osteosarcoma metastasis. Oncotarget. 8:38541–38553. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

29 

Zhang Y, Hu H, Song L, Cai L, Wei R and Jin W: Epirubicin-mediated expression of miR-302b is involved in osteosarcoma apoptosis and cell cycle regulation. Toxicol Lett. 222:1–9. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Zhang K, Tian F, Zhang Y, Zhu Q, Xue N, Zhu H, Wang H and Guo X: MACC1 is involved in the regulation of proliferation, colony formation, invasion ability, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and tumorigenicity by altering Akt signaling pathway in human osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol. 35:2537–2548. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Li G, Cai M, Fu D, Chen K, Sun M, Cai Z and Cheng B: Heat shock protein 90B1 plays an oncogenic role and is a target of microRNA-223 in human osteosarcoma. Cell Physiol Biochem. 30:1481–1490. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Atif F, Yousuf S and Stein DG: Anti-tumor effects of progesterone in human glioblastoma multiforme: Role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 146:62–73. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Zhuo B, Li Y, Li Z, Qin H, Sun Q, Zhang F, Shen Y, Shi Y and Wang R: PI3K/Akt signaling mediated Hexokinase-2 expression inhibits cell apoptosis and promotes tumor growth in pediatric osteosarcoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 464:401–406. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Wang Y, Wan D, Zhou R, Zhong W, Lu S and Chai Y: Geraniin inhibits migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma cancer cells through regulation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Anticancer Drugs. 28:959–966. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Angulo P, Kaushik G, Subramaniam D, Dandawate P, Neville K, Chastain K and Anant S: Natural compounds targeting major cell signaling pathways: A novel paradigm for osteosarcoma therapy. J Hematol Oncol. 10:102017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Lee J and Kim JH: Kaempferol inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and migration through the blockade of EGFR-related pathway in vitro. PLoS One. 11:e01552642016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Li L, Wei L, Shen A, Chu J, Lin J and Peng J: Oleanolic acid modulates multiple intracellular targets to inhibit colorectal cancer growth. Int J Oncol. 47:2247–2254. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Y, Hong Z, Chen P, Wang J, Zhou Y and Huang J: Baicalin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the AKT pathway. Oncol Lett 18: 3188-3194, 2019.
APA
Liu, Y., Hong, Z., Chen, P., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., & Huang, J. (2019). Baicalin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the AKT pathway. Oncology Letters, 18, 3188-3194. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10617
MLA
Liu, Y., Hong, Z., Chen, P., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., Huang, J."Baicalin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the AKT pathway". Oncology Letters 18.3 (2019): 3188-3194.
Chicago
Liu, Y., Hong, Z., Chen, P., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., Huang, J."Baicalin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the AKT pathway". Oncology Letters 18, no. 3 (2019): 3188-3194. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10617
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Liu Y, Hong Z, Chen P, Wang J, Zhou Y and Huang J: Baicalin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the AKT pathway. Oncol Lett 18: 3188-3194, 2019.
APA
Liu, Y., Hong, Z., Chen, P., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., & Huang, J. (2019). Baicalin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the AKT pathway. Oncology Letters, 18, 3188-3194. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10617
MLA
Liu, Y., Hong, Z., Chen, P., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., Huang, J."Baicalin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the AKT pathway". Oncology Letters 18.3 (2019): 3188-3194.
Chicago
Liu, Y., Hong, Z., Chen, P., Wang, J., Zhou, Y., Huang, J."Baicalin inhibits growth and induces apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells by suppressing the AKT pathway". Oncology Letters 18, no. 3 (2019): 3188-3194. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2019.10617
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team