Cervical cancer in low and middle‑income countries (Review)

Hull,Rodney; Mbele,Mzwandile; Makhafola,Tshepiso; Hicks,Chindo; Wang,Shao‑Ming; Reis,Rui   Manuel; Mehrotra,Ravi; Mkhize‑Kwitshana,Zilungile; Kibiki,Gibson; Bates,David   O.; Dlamini,Zodwa

doi:10.3892/ol.2020.11754

Cervical cancer in low and middle‑income countries (Review)

Authors:
- Rodney Hull
- Mzwandile Mbele
- Tshepiso Makhafola
- Chindo Hicks
- Shao‑Ming Wang
- Rui Manuel Reis
- Ravi Mehrotra
- Zilungile Mkhize‑Kwitshana
- Gibson Kibiki
- David O. Bates
- Zodwa Dlamini
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Affiliations: SA‑MRC/UP Precision Prevention and Novel Drug Targets for HIV‑Associated Cancers Extramural Unit, Pan African Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa, Bioinformatics and Genomics Centre, School of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA, National Cancer Centre, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China, Molecular Oncology Research Centre, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Sao Paulo 14784‑400, Brazil, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, Delhi 110029, India, School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu‑Natal, Durban, Kwazulu‑Natal 4013, South Africa, East African Health Research Commission, East African Community, Bujumbura, Bujumbura Mairie 350, Burundi, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire NG7 2UH, UK
Published online on: June 19, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.11754
Pages: 2058-2074
Copyright: © Hull et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumour that occurs in the cervix and is classified into two histological types, adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); SCC is more common and accounts for 70% of all cases. In 2018 there were ~569,000 new cases of cervical cancer diagnosed worldwide and ~311,000 deaths were attributed to cervical cancer. Of these, between 84 and 90% occurred in low‑ and middle‑income countries (LMICs) such as South Africa, India, China and Brazil. The most common cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection caused by the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus. Other factors that contribute to the incidence of cervical cancer include geography, traditional practices and beliefs, the screening levels, socioeconomic status, healthcare access, public awareness, use of oral contraceptives, smoking and co‑infection with HIV. An estimated 11 million women from LMICs will be diagnosed with cervical cancer in the next 10‑20 years. The aim of this review was to explore various types of genetic and epigenetic factors that influence the development, progression or suppression of cervical cancer.

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