Open Access

Decoding the heterogeneous landscape in the development prostate cancer (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Yenifer Yamile Segura-Moreno
    • María Carolina Sanabria-Salas
    • Rodolfo Varela
    • Jorge Andrés Mesa
    • Martha Lucia Serrano
  • View Affiliations

  • Published online on: March 15, 2021     https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12637
  • Article Number: 376
  • Copyright: © Segura-Moreno et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.

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Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) is characterized as being histologically and molecularly heterogeneous; however, this is not only incorrect among individuals, but also at the multiple foci level, which originates in the prostate gland itself. The reasons for such heterogeneity have not been fully elucidated; however, understanding these may be crucial in determining the course of the disease. PCa is characterized by a complex network of chromosomal rearrangements, which simultaneously deregulate multiple genes; this could explain the appearance of exclusive events associated with molecular subtypes, which have been extensively investigated to establish clinical management and the development of therapies targeted to this type of cancer. From a clinical aspect, the prognosis of the patient has focused on the characteristics of the index lesion (the largest focus in PCa); however, a significant percentage of patients (11%) also exhibit an aggressive secondary foci, which may determine the prognosis of the disease, and could be the determining factor of why, in different studies, the classification of the subtypes does not have an association with prognosis. Due to the aforementioned reasons, the analysis of molecular subtypes in several foci, from the same individual could assist in determining the association between clinical evolution and management of patients with PCa. Castration‑resistant PCa (CRPC) has the worst prognosis and develops following androgen ablation therapy. Currently, there are two models to explain the development of CRPC: i) the selection model and ii) the adaptation model; both of which, have been found to include alterations described in the molecular subtypes, such as Enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit overexpression, isocitrate dehydrogenase (NAPD+)1 and forkhead box A1 mutations, suggesting that the presence of specific molecular alterations could predict the development of CRPC. This type of analysis could lead to a biological understanding of PCa, to develop personalized medicine strategies, which could improve the response to treatment thus, avoiding the development of resistance. Therefore, the present review discusses the primary molecular factors, to which variable heterogeneity in PCa progress has been attributed.
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May-2021
Volume 21 Issue 5

Print ISSN: 1792-1074
Online ISSN:1792-1082

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Spandidos Publications style
Segura-Moreno YY, Sanabria-Salas MC, Varela R, Mesa JA and Serrano ML: Decoding the heterogeneous landscape in the development prostate cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 21: 376, 2021
APA
Segura-Moreno, Y.Y., Sanabria-Salas, M.C., Varela, R., Mesa, J.A., & Serrano, M.L. (2021). Decoding the heterogeneous landscape in the development prostate cancer (Review). Oncology Letters, 21, 376. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12637
MLA
Segura-Moreno, Y. Y., Sanabria-Salas, M. C., Varela, R., Mesa, J. A., Serrano, M. L."Decoding the heterogeneous landscape in the development prostate cancer (Review)". Oncology Letters 21.5 (2021): 376.
Chicago
Segura-Moreno, Y. Y., Sanabria-Salas, M. C., Varela, R., Mesa, J. A., Serrano, M. L."Decoding the heterogeneous landscape in the development prostate cancer (Review)". Oncology Letters 21, no. 5 (2021): 376. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12637