Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 21 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
May-2021 Volume 21 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Construction of in vitro patient‑derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy

  • Authors:
    • Nobuhiko Takahashi
    • Arisa Higa
    • Gen Hiyama
    • Hirosumi Tamura
    • Hirotaka Hoshi
    • Yuu Dobashi
    • Kiyoaki Katahira
    • Hiroya Ishihara
    • Kosuke Takagi
    • Kazuhito Goda
    • Naoyuki Okabe
    • Satoshi Muto
    • Hiroyuki Suzuki
    • Kenju Shimomura
    • Shinya Watanabe
    • Motoki Takagi
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Medical‑Industrial Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960‑1295, Japan, Research and Development, Department of Biological Evaluation Technology 2, Olympus Corporation, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑8512, Japan, Research and Development, Department of Technology Innovation 3, Olympus Corporation, Hachioji, Tokyo 192‑8512, Japan, Department of Chest Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Fukushima 960‑1295, Japan, Department of Bioregulation and Pharmacological Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima 960‑1295, Japan
    Copyright: © Takahashi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 406
    |
    Published online on: March 22, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12667
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

An in vitro assay system using patient‑derived tumor models represents a promising preclinical cancer model that replicates the disease better than traditional cell culture models. Patient‑derived tumor organoid (PDO) and patient‑derived tumor xenograft (PDX) models have been previously established from different types of human tumors to recapitulate accurately and efficiently their tissue architecture and function. However, these models have low throughput and are challenging to construct. Thus, the present study aimed to establish a simple in vitro high‑throughput assay system using PDO and PDX models. Furthermore, the current study aimed to evaluate different classes of anticancer drugs, including chemotherapeutic, molecular targeted and antibody drugs, using PDO and PDX models. First, an in vitro high‑throughput assay system was constructed using PDO and PDX established from solid and hematopoietic tumors cultured in 384‑well plates to evaluate anticancer agents. In addition, an in vitro evaluation system of the immune response was developed using PDO and PDX. Novel cancer immunotherapeutic agents with marked efficacy have been used against various types of tumor. Thus, there is an urgent need for in vitro functional potency assays that can simulate the complex interaction of immune cells with tumor cells and can rapidly test the efficacy of different immunotherapies or antibody drugs. An evaluation system for the antibody‑dependent cellular cytotoxic activity of anti‑epidermal growth factor receptor antibody and the cytotoxic activity of activated lymphocytes, such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, was constructed. Moreover, immune response assay systems with bispecific T‑cell engagers were developed using effector cells. The present results demonstrated that in vitro assay systems using PDO and PDX may be suitable for evaluating anticancer agents and immunotherapy potency with high reproducibility and simplicity.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Sharma SV, Haber DA and Settleman J: Cell line-based platforms to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of candidate anticancer agents. Nat Rev Cancer. 10:241–253. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Shamir ER and Ewald AJ: Three-dimensional organotypic culture: Experimental models of mammalian biology and disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 15:647–664. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Arrowsmith J and Miller P: Trial watch: Phase II and phase III attrition rates 2011–2012. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 12:5692013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Arrowsmith J: Trial watch: Phase II failures: 2008–2010. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 10:328–329. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

DiMasi JA, Reichert JM, Feldman L and Malins A: Clinical approval success rates for investigational cancer drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 94:329–335. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Tentler JJ, Tan AC, Weekes CD, Jimeno A, Leong S, Pitts TM, Arcaroli JJ, Messersmith WA and Eckhardt SG: Patient-derived tumour xenografts as models for oncology drug development. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 9:338–350. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Siolas D and Hannon GJ: Patient-derived tumor xenografts: Transforming clinical samples into mouse models. Cancer Res. 73:5315–5319. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Rosfjord E, Lucas J, Li G and Gerber HP: Advances in patient-derived tumor xenografts: From target identification to predicting clinical response rates in oncology. Biochem Pharmacol. 91:135–143. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Hidalgo M, Amant F, Biankin AV, Budinská E, Byrne AT, Caldas C, Clarke RB, de Jong S, Jonkers J, Mælandsmo GM, et al: Patient-derived xenograft models: An emerging platform for translational cancer research. Cancer Discov. 4:998–1013. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Gao H, Korn JM, Ferretti S, Monahan JE, Wang Y, Singh M, Zhang C, Schnell C, Yang G, Zhang Y, et al: High-throughput screening using patient-derived tumor xenografts to predict clinical trial drug response. Nat Med. 21:1318–1325. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Maru Y and Hippo Y: Current status of patient-derived ovarian cancer models. Cells. 8:5052019. View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Weeber F, Ooft SN, Dijkstra KK and Voest EE: Tumor organoids as a pre-clinical cancer model for drug discovery. Cell Chem Biol. 24:1092–1100. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Crespo M, Vilar E, Tsai SY, Chang K, Amin S, Srinivasan T, Zhang T, Pipalia NH, Chen HJ, Witherspoon M, et al: Colonic organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells for modeling colorectal cancer and drug testing. Nat Med. 23:878–884. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Sato T, Stange DE, Ferrante M, Vries RG, Van Es JH, Van den Brink S, Van Houdt WJ, Pronk A, Van Gorp J, Siersema PD, et al: Long-term expansion of epithelial organoids from human colon, adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and Barrett's epithelium. Gastroenterology. 141:1762–1772. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

van de Wetering M, Francies HE, Francis JM, Bounova G, Iorio F, Pronk A, van Houdt W, van Gorp J, Taylor-Weiner A, Kester L, et al: Prospective derivation of a living organoid biobank of colorectal cancer patients. Cell. 161:933–945. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Boj SF, Hwang CI, Baker LA, Chio II, Engle DD, Corbo V, Jager M, Ponz-Sarvise M, Tiriac H, Spector MS, et al: Organoid models of human and mouse ductal pancreatic cancer. Cell. 160:324–338. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Gao D, Vela I, Sboner A, Iaquinta PJ, Karthaus WR, Gopalan A, Dowling C, Wanjala JN, Undvall EA, Arora VK, et al: Organoid cultures derived from patients with advanced prostate cancer. Cell. 159:176–187. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Girda E, Huang EC, Leiserowitz GS and Smith LH: The use of endometrial cancer patient-derived organoid culture for drug sensitivity testing is feasible. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 27:1701–1707. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Broutier L, Mastrogiovanni G, Verstegen MM, Francies HE, Gavarró LM, Bradshaw CR, Allen GE, Arnes-Benito R, Sidorova O, Gaspersz MP, et al: Human primary liver cancer-derived organoid cultures for disease modeling and drug screening. Nat Med. 23:1424–1435. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Pauli C, Hopkins BD, Prandi D, Shaw R, Fedrizzi T, Sboner A, Sailer V, Augello M, Puca L, Rosati R, et al: Personalized in vitro and in vivo cancer models to guide precision medicine. Cancer Discov. 7:462–477. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Kondo J, Endo H, Okuyama H, Ishikawa O, Iishi H, Tsujii M, Ohue M and Inoue M: Retaining cell-cell contact enables preparation and culture of spheroids composed of pure primary cancer cells from colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 108:6235–6240. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Yoshida T, Okuyama H, Endo H and Inoue M: Spheroid cultures of primary urothelial cancer cells: Cancer tissue-originated spheroid (CTOS) method. Methods Mol Biol. 1655:145–153. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Meijer TG, Naipal KA, Jager A and van Gent DC: Ex vivo tumor culture systems for functional drug testing and therapy response prediction. Future Sci OA. 3:FSO1902017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Inoue A, Deem AK, Kopetz S, Heffernan TP, Draetta GF and Carugo A: Current and future horizons of patient-derived xenograft models in colorectal cancer translational research. Cancers (Basel). 11:13212019. View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Hum NR, Sebastian A, Gilmore SF, He W, Martin KA, Hinckley A, Dubbin KR, Moya ML, Wheeler EK, Coleman MA, et al: Comparative molecular analysis of cancer behavior cultured in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo. Cancers (Basel). 12:6902020. View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Tamura H, Higa A, Hoshi H, Hiyama G, Takahashi N, Ryufuku M, Morisawa G, Yanagisawa Y, Ito E, Imai JI, et al: Evaluation of anticancer agents using patient-derived tumor organoids characteristically similar to source tissues. Oncol Rep. 40:635–646. 2018.PubMed/NCBI

27 

Takahashi N, Hoshi H, Higa A, Hiyama G, Tamura H, Ogawa M, Takagi K, Goda K, Okabe N, Muto S, et al: An in vitro system for evaluating molecular targeted drugs using lung patient-derived tumor organoids. Cells. 8:4812019. View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Pan C, Liu H, Robins E, Song W, Liu D, Li Z and Zheng L: Next-generation immuno-oncology agents: Current momentum shifts in cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol. 13:292020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Hegde PS and Chen DS: Top 10 challenges in cancer immunotherapy. Immunity. 52:17–35. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Farkona S, Diamandis EP and Blasutig IM: Cancer immunotherapy: The beginning of the end of cancer? BMC Med. 14:732016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Andrews MC and Wargo JA: Immunotherapy resistance: The answers lie ahead - not in front - of us. J Immunother Cancer. 5:102017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Xu H, Lyu X, Yi M, Zhao W, Song Y and Wu K: Organoid technology and applications in cancer research. J Hematol Oncol. 11:1162018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Cerignoli F, Abassi YA, Lamarche BJ, Guenther G, Santa Ana D, Guimet D, Zhang W, Zhang J and Xi B: In vitro immunotherapy potency assays using real-time cell analysis. PLoS One. 13:e01934982018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Ito M, Hiramatsu H, Kobayashi K, Suzue K, Kawahata M, Hioki K, Ueyama Y, Koyanagi Y, Sugamura K, Tsuji K, et al: NOD/SCID/gamma(c)(null) mouse: An excellent recipient mouse model for engraftment of human cells. Blood. 100:3175–3182. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Zhang JH, Chung TD and Oldenburg KR: A simple statistical parameter for use in evaluation and validation of high throughput screening assays. J Biomol Screen. 4:67–73. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Shah R and Lester JF: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for the treatment of EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: A clash of the generations. Clin Lung Cancer. 21:e216–e228. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Salih HR, Antropius H, Gieseke F, Lutz SZ, Kanz L, Rammensee HG and Steinle A: Functional expression and release of ligands for the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D in leukemia. Blood. 102:1389–1396. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Palechor-Ceron N, Krawczyk E, Dakic A, Simic V, Yuan H, Blancato J, Wang W, Hubbard F, Zheng YL, Dan H, et al: Conditional reprogramming for patient-derived cancer models and next-generation living biobanks. Cells. 8:13272019. View Article : Google Scholar

39 

Du Y, Li X, Niu Q, Mo X, Qui M, Ma T, Kuo CJ and Fu H: Development of a miniaturized 3D organoid culture platform for ultra-high-throughput screening. J Mol Cell Biol. 12:630–643. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Cassidy JW, Caldas C and Bruna A: Maintaining tumor heterogeneity in patient-derived tumor xenografts. Cancer Res. 75:2963–2968. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Shultz LD, Brehm MA, Garcia-Martinez JV and Greiner DL: Humanized mice for immune system investigation: Progress, promise and challenges. Nat Rev Immunol. 12:786–798. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Takahashi N, Higa A, Hiyama G, Tamura H, Hoshi H, Dobashi Y, Katahira K, Ishihara H, Takagi K, Goda K, Goda K, et al: Construction of <em>in vitro</em> patient‑derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy. Oncol Lett 21: 406, 2021.
APA
Takahashi, N., Higa, A., Hiyama, G., Tamura, H., Hoshi, H., Dobashi, Y. ... Takagi, M. (2021). Construction of <em>in vitro</em> patient‑derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy. Oncology Letters, 21, 406. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12667
MLA
Takahashi, N., Higa, A., Hiyama, G., Tamura, H., Hoshi, H., Dobashi, Y., Katahira, K., Ishihara, H., Takagi, K., Goda, K., Okabe, N., Muto, S., Suzuki, H., Shimomura, K., Watanabe, S., Takagi, M."Construction of <em>in vitro</em> patient‑derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy". Oncology Letters 21.5 (2021): 406.
Chicago
Takahashi, N., Higa, A., Hiyama, G., Tamura, H., Hoshi, H., Dobashi, Y., Katahira, K., Ishihara, H., Takagi, K., Goda, K., Okabe, N., Muto, S., Suzuki, H., Shimomura, K., Watanabe, S., Takagi, M."Construction of <em>in vitro</em> patient‑derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy". Oncology Letters 21, no. 5 (2021): 406. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12667
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Takahashi N, Higa A, Hiyama G, Tamura H, Hoshi H, Dobashi Y, Katahira K, Ishihara H, Takagi K, Goda K, Goda K, et al: Construction of <em>in vitro</em> patient‑derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy. Oncol Lett 21: 406, 2021.
APA
Takahashi, N., Higa, A., Hiyama, G., Tamura, H., Hoshi, H., Dobashi, Y. ... Takagi, M. (2021). Construction of <em>in vitro</em> patient‑derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy. Oncology Letters, 21, 406. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12667
MLA
Takahashi, N., Higa, A., Hiyama, G., Tamura, H., Hoshi, H., Dobashi, Y., Katahira, K., Ishihara, H., Takagi, K., Goda, K., Okabe, N., Muto, S., Suzuki, H., Shimomura, K., Watanabe, S., Takagi, M."Construction of <em>in vitro</em> patient‑derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy". Oncology Letters 21.5 (2021): 406.
Chicago
Takahashi, N., Higa, A., Hiyama, G., Tamura, H., Hoshi, H., Dobashi, Y., Katahira, K., Ishihara, H., Takagi, K., Goda, K., Okabe, N., Muto, S., Suzuki, H., Shimomura, K., Watanabe, S., Takagi, M."Construction of <em>in vitro</em> patient‑derived tumor models to evaluate anticancer agents and cancer immunotherapy". Oncology Letters 21, no. 5 (2021): 406. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12667
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team