Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
October-2021 Volume 22 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2021 Volume 22 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Novel bone microenvironment model of castration‑resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts

  • Authors:
    • Masahiro Samoto
    • Hideyasu Matsuyama
    • Hiroaki Matsumoto
    • Hiroshi Hirata
    • Koji Ueno
    • Sho Ozawa
    • Junichi Mori
    • Ryo Inoue
    • Seiji Yano
    • Yoshiaki Yamamoto
    • Jun Haginaka
    • Shizuyo Horiyama
    • Koji Tamada
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755‑8505, Japan, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755‑8505, Japan, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663‑8179, Japan, Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Yamaguchi 755‑8505, Japan
    Copyright: © Samoto et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 689
    |
    Published online on: August 1, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12950
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The interaction between prostate cancer cells and osteoblasts is essential for the development of bone metastasis. Previously, novel androgen receptor axis‑targeted agents (ARATs) were approved for metastatic castration‑naïve and non‑metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); both of which are pivotal for investigating the association between the bone microenvironment and tumors. The present study established a novel in vitro 3D microenvironment model that simulated the bone microenvironment of CRPC, and evaluated the drug susceptibility of ARATs and the efficacy of the combination of abiraterone and dutasteride. Green fluorescent protein‑transferred C4‑2 cells (a CRPC cell line) and red fluorescent protein‑transferred human osteoblasts differentiated from human mesenchymal stem cells were co‑cultured in chitosan nanofiber matrix‑coated culture plates to simulate the 3D scaffold of the bone microenvironment. The growth of C4‑2 was quantified using live‑cell imaging and the Cell3 iMager duos analysis system. The growth of C4‑2 colonies were quantified for a maximum of 30 days. The expression of TGF‑β increased and promoted EMT in C4‑2 cells co‑cultured with osteoblasts, indicating resistance to ARATs. The IC50 of each drug and the combination effect of abiraterone and dutasteride were evaluated using this model. Combination treatment with abiraterone and dutasteride synergistically inhibited the growth of C2‑4 colonies compared with individual investigational agents. This could be attributed to the reduction of 3‑keto‑5α‑abiraterone, an androgen receptor agonist. The bone microenvironment model of the present study is unique and useful for evaluating new drug susceptibility testing in prostate cancer cells. This model may help to reveal the unknown mechanisms underlying micro‑ to clinical bone metastasis in prostate cancer.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 68:394–424. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Hamdy FC, Donovan JL, Lane JA, Mason M, Metcalfe C, Holding P, Davis M, Peters TJ, Turner EL, Martin RM, et al: 10-Year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 375:1415–1424. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Weckermann D, Polzer B, Ragg T, Blana A, Schlimok G, Arnholdt H, Bertz S, Harzmann R and Klein CA: Perioperative activation of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 27:1549–1556. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

National Cancer Institute, . SEER Cancer Stat Facts: Prostate Cancer. 2020.http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.htmlNovember 14–2020

5 

Sweeney CJ, Chen YH, Carducci M, Liu G, Jarrard DF, Eisenberger M, Wong YN, Hahn N, Kohli M, Cooney MM, et al: Chemohormonal therapy in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 373:737–746. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Wadosky KM and Koochekpour S: Molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 7:64447–64470. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Sumanasuriya S and Bono JD: Treatment of advanced prostate cancer-A review of current therapies and future promise. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 8:a0306352018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Pezaro C, Omlin A, Lorente D, Rodrigues DN, Ferraldeschi R, Bianchini D, Mukherji D, Riisnaes R, Altavilla A, Crespo M, et al: Visceral disease in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 65:270–273. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Shiirevnyamba A, Takahashi T, Shan H, Ogawa H, Yano S, Kanayama H, Izumi K and Uehara H: Enhancement of osteoclastogenic activity in osteolytic prostate cancer cells by physical contact with osteoblasts. Br J Cancer. 104:505–513. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Antunes J, Gaspar VM, Ferreira L, Monteiro M, Henrique R, Jerónimo C and Mano JF: In-air production of 3D co-culture tumor spheroid hydrogels for expedited drug screening. Acta Biomater. 94:392–409. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Ryan CJ, Smith MR, Fizazi K, Saad F, Mulders PF, Sternberg CN, Miller K, Logothetis CJ, Shore ND, Small EJ, et al: Abiraterone acetate plus prednisone versus placebo plus prednisone in chemotherapy-naive men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (COU-AA-302): Final overall survival analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 16:152–160. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Li Z, Alyamani M, Li J, Rogacki K, Abazeed M, Upadhyay SK, Balk SP, Taplin ME, Auchus RJ and Sharifi N: Redirecting abiraterone metabolism to fine-tune prostate cancer anti-androgen therapy. Nature. 533:547–551. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Andriole GL, Bostwick DG, Brawley OW, Gomella LG, Marberger M, Montorsi F, Pettaway CA, Tammela TL, Teloken C, Tindall DJ, et al: Effect of dutasteride on the risk of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 362:1192–1202. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Chou TC and Talalay P: Quantitative analysis of dose-effect relationships: The combined effects of multiple drugs or enzyme inhibitors. Adv Enzyme Regul. 22:27–55. 1984. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Matsuyama H, Shiota M, Tashiro K, Kanji H, Horiyama S, Eto M, Egawa S, Haginaka J and Inoue R: Phase II study of the efficacy of abiraterone acetate with dutasteride for castration resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 39:112. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Horoszewicz JS, Leong SS, Kawinski E, Karr JP, Rosenthal H, Chu TM, Mirand EA and Murphy GP: LNCaP model of human prostatic carcinoma. Cancer Res. 43:1809–1818. 1983.PubMed/NCBI

18 

Cai C, Chen S, Ng P, Bubley GJ, Nelson PS, Mostaghel EA, Marck B, Matsumoto AM, Simon NI, Wang H, et al: Intratumoral de novo steroid synthesis activates androgen receptor in castration-resistant prostate cancer and is upregulated by treatment with CYP17A1 inhibitors. Cancer Res. 71:6503–6513. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Rajendran D, Hussain A, Yip D, Parekh A, Shrirao A and Cho CH: Long-term liver-specific functions of hepatocytes in electrospun chitosan nanofiber scaffolds coated with fibronectin. J Biomed Mater Res A. 105:2119–2128. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Hussain A, Collins G, Yip D and Cho CH: Functional 3-D cardiac co-culture model using bioactive chitosan nanofiber scaffolds. Biotechnol Bioeng. 110:637–647. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Ho MH, Liao MH, Lin YL, Lai CH, Lin PI and Chen RM: Improving effects of chitosan nanofiber scaffolds on osteoblast proliferation and maturation. Int J Nanomedicine. 9:4293–4304. 2014.PubMed/NCBI

22 

Kimura Y, Matsugaki A, Sekita A and Nakano T: Alteration of osteoblast arrangement via direct attack by cancer cells: New insights into bone metastasis. Sci Rep. 7:448242017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kingsley LA, Fournier PG, Chirgwin JM and Guise TA: Molecular biology of bone metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther. 6:2609–2617. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Wang N, Docherty FE, Brown HK, Reeves KJ, Fowles AC, Ottewell PD, Dear TN, Holen I, Croucher PI and Eaton CL: Prostate cancer cells preferentially home to osteoblast-rich areas in the early stages of bone metastasis: Evidence from in vivo models. J Bone Miner Res. 29:2688–2696. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Klein CA: Selection and adaptation during metastatic cancer progression. Nature. 501:365–372. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Guise TA, Mohammad KS, Clines G, Stebbins EG, Wong DH, Higgins LS, Vessella R, Corey E, Padalecki S, Suva L and Chirgwin JM: Basic mechanisms responsible for osteolytic and osteoblastic bone metastases. Clin Cancer Res. 12 (Suppl 1):6213S–6216S. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Weilbaecher KN, Guise TA and McCauley LK: Cancer to bone: A fatal attraction. Nat Rev Cancer. 11:411–425. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Chiechi A, Waning DL, Stayrook KR, Buijs JT, Guise TA and Mohammad KS: Role of TGF-β in breast cancer bone metastases. Adv Biosci Biotechnol. 4:15–30. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Pickup M, Novitskiy S and Moses HL: The roles of TGFβ in the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer. 13:788–799. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Juárez P and Guise TA: TGF-β in cancer and bone: Implications for treatment of bone metastases. Bone. 48:23–29. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Montanari M, Rossetti S, Cavaliere C, D'Aniello C, Malzone MG, Vanacore D, Di Franco R, La Mantia E, Iovane G, Piscitelli R, et al: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer: An overview. Oncotarget. 8:35376–35389. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Nakazawa M and Kyprianou N: Epithelial-mesenchymal-transition regulators in prostate cancer: Androgens and beyond. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 166:84–90. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Shiota M, Itsumi M, Takeuchi A, Imada K, Yokomizo A, Kuruma H, Inokuchi J, Tatsugami K, Uchiumi T, Oda Y and Naito S: Crosstalk between epithelial-mesenchymal transition and castration resistance mediated by Twist1/AR signaling in prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 22:889–900. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Fizazi K, Yang J, Peleg S, Sikes CR, Kreimann EL, Daliani D, Olive M, Raymond KA, Janus TJ, Logothetis CJ, et al: Prostate cancer cells-osteoblast interaction shifts expression of growth/survival-related genes in prostate cancer and reduces expression of osteoprotegerin in osteoblasts. Clin Cancer Res. 9:2587–2597. 2003.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Xu K, Wang Z, Copland JA, Chakrabarti R and Florczyk SJ: 3D porous chitosan-chondroitin sulfate scaffolds promote epithelial to mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells. Biomaterials. 254:1201262020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Xu K, Ganapathy K, Andl T, Wang Z, Copland JA, Chakrabarti R and Florczyk SJ: 3D porous chitosan-alginate scaffold stiffness promotes differential responses in prostate cancer cell lines. Biomaterials. 217:1193112019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Wang K, Kievit FM, Florczyk SJ, Stephen ZR and Zhang M: 3D porous chitosan-alginate scaffolds as an in vitro model for evaluating nanoparticle-mediated tumor targeting and gene delivery to prostate cancer. Biomacromolecules. 16:3362–3372. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Elbadawy M, Abugomaa A, Yamawaki H, Usui T and Sasaki K: Development of prostate cancer organoid culture models in basic medicine and translational research. Cancers (Basel). 12:7772020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Bartucci M, Ferrari AC, Kim IY, Ploss A, Yarmush M and Sabaawy HE: Personalized medicine approaches in prostate cancer employing patient derived 3D organoids and humanized mice. Front Cell Dev Biol. 4:642016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Kuchimaru T, Kataoka N, Nakagawa K, Isozaki T, Miyabara H, Minegishi M, Kadonosono T and Kizaka-Kondoh S: A reliable murine model of bone metastasis by injecting cancer cells through caudal arteries. Nat Commun. 30:29812018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Samoto M, Matsuyama H, Matsumoto H, Hirata H, Ueno K, Ozawa S, Mori J, Inoue R, Yano S, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto Y, et al: Novel bone microenvironment model of castration‑resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts. Oncol Lett 22: 689, 2021.
APA
Samoto, M., Matsuyama, H., Matsumoto, H., Hirata, H., Ueno, K., Ozawa, S. ... Tamada, K. (2021). Novel bone microenvironment model of castration‑resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts. Oncology Letters, 22, 689. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12950
MLA
Samoto, M., Matsuyama, H., Matsumoto, H., Hirata, H., Ueno, K., Ozawa, S., Mori, J., Inoue, R., Yano, S., Yamamoto, Y., Haginaka, J., Horiyama, S., Tamada, K."Novel bone microenvironment model of castration‑resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts". Oncology Letters 22.4 (2021): 689.
Chicago
Samoto, M., Matsuyama, H., Matsumoto, H., Hirata, H., Ueno, K., Ozawa, S., Mori, J., Inoue, R., Yano, S., Yamamoto, Y., Haginaka, J., Horiyama, S., Tamada, K."Novel bone microenvironment model of castration‑resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts". Oncology Letters 22, no. 4 (2021): 689. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12950
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Samoto M, Matsuyama H, Matsumoto H, Hirata H, Ueno K, Ozawa S, Mori J, Inoue R, Yano S, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto Y, et al: Novel bone microenvironment model of castration‑resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts. Oncol Lett 22: 689, 2021.
APA
Samoto, M., Matsuyama, H., Matsumoto, H., Hirata, H., Ueno, K., Ozawa, S. ... Tamada, K. (2021). Novel bone microenvironment model of castration‑resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts. Oncology Letters, 22, 689. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12950
MLA
Samoto, M., Matsuyama, H., Matsumoto, H., Hirata, H., Ueno, K., Ozawa, S., Mori, J., Inoue, R., Yano, S., Yamamoto, Y., Haginaka, J., Horiyama, S., Tamada, K."Novel bone microenvironment model of castration‑resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts". Oncology Letters 22.4 (2021): 689.
Chicago
Samoto, M., Matsuyama, H., Matsumoto, H., Hirata, H., Ueno, K., Ozawa, S., Mori, J., Inoue, R., Yano, S., Yamamoto, Y., Haginaka, J., Horiyama, S., Tamada, K."Novel bone microenvironment model of castration‑resistant prostate cancer with chitosan fiber matrix and osteoblasts". Oncology Letters 22, no. 4 (2021): 689. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2021.12950
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team