Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Letters
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-1074 Online ISSN: 1792-1082
Journal Cover
April-2023 Volume 25 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2023 Volume 25 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Additional diagnostic value of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration in lung cancer management

  • Authors:
    • Xin-Xin Chen
    • Si-Ting Zhao
    • Xian-Miao Yang
    • Shan-Chuan He
    • Fen-Hong Qian
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212000, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 135
    |
    Published online on: February 15, 2023
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2023.13721
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

The present study aimed to evaluate the potential of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio (MRR), the neutrophil to red blood cell count ratio (NRR), the lymphocyte to red blood cell count ratio (LRR) and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration (LA) for the diagnosis of lung cancer. The cases of 216 patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer and 184 healthy volunteers were retrospectively analysed. The MRR and NRR were found to be higher in patients with lung cancer compared with those in healthy controls, while the LRR and LA were lower. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that of the four markers, the MRR and LA yielded a higher area under the curve (AUC) (MRR: AUC, 0.810; 95% CI, 0.768‑0.847; and LA: AUC, 0.721; 95% CI, 0.674‑0.764). The combination of MRR, LA, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21‑1 (CYFRA21‑1) achieved the highest diagnostic value when compared with other single or combined markers (AUC, 0.882; 95% CI, 0.846‑0.912; sensitivity, 81.9%; specificity, 81.0%). As the disease progressed, the MRR tended to increase, while LA exhibited a decreasing trend. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed an increase in the MRR, as well as in CEA and CYFRA21‑1 concentrations, and a decrease in the LA, which could all be possible risk factors for lung cancer. Differences in the MRR and LA between patients with early stage (IA‑IIIA) lung cancer and healthy controls were observed. Further analysis revealed that the MRR also exhibited the potential to detect early stage (IA‑IIIA) lung cancer in the model. The present findings demonstrated that the MRR and LA may be used as auxiliary biomarkers for the diagnosis of lung cancer and could partly indicate disease progression.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

View References

1 

Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A and Bray F: Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 71:209–249. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Xia C, Dong X, Li H, Cao M, Sun D, He S, Yang F, Yan X, Zhang S, Li N and Chen W: Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: Profiles, trends, and determinants. Chin Med J (Engl). 135:584–590. 2022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Jonas DE, Reuland DS, Reddy SM, Nagle M, Clark SD, Weber RP, Enyioha C, Malo TL, Brenner AT, Armstrong C, et al: Screening for lung cancer with low-dose computed tomography: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 325:971–987. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Grivennikov SI, Greten FR and Karin M: Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 140:883–899. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Chen W, Xin S and Xu B: Value Research of NLR, PLR, and RDW in prognostic assessment of patients with colorectal cancer. J Healthc Eng. 2022:79714152022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Mandaliya H, Jones M, Oldmeadow C and Nordman II: Prognostic biomarkers in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI). Transl Lung Cancer Res. 8:886–894. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Garrett C, Becker TM, Lynch D, Po J, Xuan W, Scott KF and de Souza P: Comparison of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and prognostic nutritional index with other clinical and molecular biomarkers for prediction of glioblastoma multiforme outcome. PLoS One. 16:e02526142021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Jakubowska K, Koda M, Grudzińska M, Kańczuga-Koda L and Famulski W: Monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in peripheral whole blood samples of colorectal cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol. 26:4639–4655. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Fang T, Wang Y, Yin X, Zhai Z, Zhang Y, Yang Y, You Q, Li Z, Ma Y, Li C, et al: Diagnostic Sensitivity of NLR and PLR in early diagnosis of gastric cancer. J Immunol Res. 2020:91460422020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Baracos VE, Martin L, Korc M, Guttridge DC and Fearon KCH: Cancer-associated cachexia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4:171052018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Zhang Z, Pereira SL, Luo M and Matheson EM: Evaluation of blood biomarkers associated with risk of malnutrition in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 9:8292017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Eckart A, Struja T, Kutz A, Baumgartner A, Baumgartner T, Zurfluh S, Neeser O, Huber A, Stanga Z, Mueller B and Schuetz P: Relationship of nutritional status, inflammation, and serum albumin levels during acute illness: A prospective study. Am J Med. 133:713–722.e7. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Xie H, Wei L, Tang S and Gan J: Prognostic value of pretreatment albumin-to-alkaline phosphatase ratio in cancer: A meta-analysis. Biomed Res Int. 2020:66610972020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Yang JR, Xu JY, Chen GC, Yu N, Yang J, Zeng DX, Gu MJ, Li DP, Zhang YS and Qin LQ: Post-diagnostic C-reactive protein and albumin predict survival in Chinese patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A prospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 9:81432019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Wang Y, Wang H, Yin W, Lin Y, Zhou L, Sheng X, Xu Y, Sha R and Lu J: Novel lymphocyte to red blood cell ratio (LRR), neutrophil to red blood cell ratio (NRR), monocyte to red blood cell ratio (MRR) as predictive and prognostic biomarkers for locally advanced breast cancer. Gland Surg. 8:627–635. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Yamamoto T, Kawada K, Hida K, Matsusue R, Itatani Y, Mizuno R, Yamaguchi T, Ikai I and Sakai Y: Combination of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration as a new prognostic biomarker for rectal cancer. Sci Rep. 11:50272021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Detterbeck FC, Boffa DJ, Kim AW and Tanoue LT: The eighth edition lung cancer stage classification. Chest. 151:193–203. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Lang-Lazdunski L: Surgery for nonsmall cell lung cancer. Eur Respir Rev. 22:382–404. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Bograd AJ and Vallières E: Surgery as a component of multimodality care for known stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 41:346–353. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Wakeam E, Acuna SA, Leighl NB, Giuliani ME, Finlayson SRG, Varghese TK and Darling GE: Surgery versus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for early and locally advanced small cell lung cancer: A propensity-matched analysis of survival. Lung Cancer. 109:78–88. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Zhang ZH, Han YW, Liang H and Wang LM: Prognostic value of serum CYFRA21-1 and CEA for non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Med. 4:1633–1638. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Song WA, Liu X, Tian XD, Wang W, Liang CY, Zhang T, Guo JT, Peng YH and Zhou NK: Utility of squamous cell carcinoma antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, Cyfra 21-1 and neuron specific enolase in lung cancer diagnosis: A prospective study from China. Chin Med J (Engl). 124:3244–3248. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

23 

Giannakeas V, Kotsopoulos J, Cheung MC, Rosella L, Brooks JD, Lipscombe L, Akbari MR, Austin PC and Narod SA: Analysis of platelet count and new cancer diagnosis over a 10-year period. JAMA Netw Open. 5:e21416332022. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Tan Q, Liu S, Liang C, Han X and Shi Y: Pretreatment hematological markers predict clinical outcome in cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: A meta-analysis. Thorac Cancer. 9:1220–1230. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Chan SWS, Smith E, Aggarwal R, Balaratnam K, Chen R, Hueniken K, Fazelzad R, Weiss J, Jiang S, Shepherd FA, et al: Systemic inflammatory markers of survival in epidermal growth factor-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer: Single-institution analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. Clin Lung Cancer. 22:390–407. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Peng F, Hu D, Lin X, Chen G, Liang B, Li C, Chen Y, Cui Z, Zhang H, Lin J, et al: The monocyte to red blood cell count ratio is a strong predictor of postoperative survival in colorectal cancer patients: The Fujian prospective investigation of cancer (FIESTA) study. J Cancer. 8:967–975. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Robinson A, Han CZ, Glass CK and Pollard JW: Monocyte regulation in homeostasis and malignancy. Trends Immunol. 42:104–119. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Wesselius LJ, Wheaton DL, Manahan-Wahl LJ, Sherard SL, Taylor SA and Abdou NA: Lymphocyte subsets in lung cancer. Chest. 91:725–729. 1987. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Wang YY, Zhou N, Liu HS, Gong XL, Zhu R, Li XY, Sun Z, Zong XH, Li NN, Meng CT, et al: Circulating activated lymphocyte subsets as potential blood biomarkers of cancer progression. Cancer Med. 9:5086–5094. 2020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Yang Z, Zheng Y, Wu Z, Wen Y, Wang G, Chen S, Tan F, Li J, Wu S, Dai M, et al: Association between pre-diagnostic serum albumin and cancer risk: Results from a prospective population-based study. Cancer Med. 10:4054–4065. 2021. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Fiala O, Pesek M, Finek J, Racek J, Minarik M, Benesova L, Bortlicek Z, Sorejs O, Kucera R and Topolcan O: Serum albumin is a strong predictor of survival in patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer treated with erlotinib. Neoplasma. 63:471–476. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

White JV, Guenter P, Jensen G, Malone A and Schofield M; Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Malnutrition Work Group and A.S.P.E.N. Malnutrition Task Force; A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors, : Consensus statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American society for parenteral and enteral nutrition: Characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). J Acad Nutr Diet. 112:730–738. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Nagai M, Noguchi R, Takahashi D, Morikawa T, Koshida K, Komiyama S, Ishihara N, Yamada T, Kawamura YI, Muroi K, et al: Fasting-Refeeding impacts immune cell dynamics and mucosal immune responses. Cell. 178:1072–1087.e14. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Iyer SS, Chatraw JH, Tan WG, Wherry EJ, Becker TC, Ahmed R and Kapasi ZF: Protein energy malnutrition impairs homeostatic proliferation of memory CD8 T cells. J Immunol. 188:77–84. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Chen X, Zhao S, Yang X, He S and Qian F: Additional diagnostic value of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration in lung cancer management. Oncol Lett 25: 135, 2023.
APA
Chen, X., Zhao, S., Yang, X., He, S., & Qian, F. (2023). Additional diagnostic value of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration in lung cancer management. Oncology Letters, 25, 135. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2023.13721
MLA
Chen, X., Zhao, S., Yang, X., He, S., Qian, F."Additional diagnostic value of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration in lung cancer management". Oncology Letters 25.4 (2023): 135.
Chicago
Chen, X., Zhao, S., Yang, X., He, S., Qian, F."Additional diagnostic value of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration in lung cancer management". Oncology Letters 25, no. 4 (2023): 135. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2023.13721
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Chen X, Zhao S, Yang X, He S and Qian F: Additional diagnostic value of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration in lung cancer management. Oncol Lett 25: 135, 2023.
APA
Chen, X., Zhao, S., Yang, X., He, S., & Qian, F. (2023). Additional diagnostic value of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration in lung cancer management. Oncology Letters, 25, 135. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2023.13721
MLA
Chen, X., Zhao, S., Yang, X., He, S., Qian, F."Additional diagnostic value of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration in lung cancer management". Oncology Letters 25.4 (2023): 135.
Chicago
Chen, X., Zhao, S., Yang, X., He, S., Qian, F."Additional diagnostic value of the monocyte to red blood cell count ratio and the product of lymphocyte count and albumin concentration in lung cancer management". Oncology Letters 25, no. 4 (2023): 135. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2023.13721
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team