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ERK‑driven autophagy enhances synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in triple‑negative breast cancer

  • Authors:
    • Hyemi Ko
    • Myungsun Lee
    • Eunyoung Cha
    • Jinsun Lee
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Surgery, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea, Department of Biomedical Research, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
    Copyright: © Ko et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 528
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    Published online on: September 17, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15274
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Abstract

Triple‑negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer with limited therapeutic options, especially in resource‑limited settings. The present study investigated the mechanistic synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in TNBC, with a focus on ERK‑driven autophagy. MDA‑MB‑231 TNBC cells were treated with eribulin and cisplatin. Viability, apoptosis, autophagy and ERK activation were assessed using Cell Counting Kit‑8 assays, flow cytometry, western blotting and fluorescence microscopy. The drug combination enhanced ERK activation and induced autophagy, significantly increasing cell death. ERK inhibition reversed these effects, confirming its role in mediating synergy. The present findings provide a mechanistic rationale for an affordable combination therapy that may enhance TNBC treatment efficacy, particularly in resource‑limited settings.
View Figures

Figure 1

Combined effects of eribulin and
cisplatin on growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) CCK-8 assay
showing the effects of eribulin combined with cisplatin vs. control
on cell viability. Cell viability was measured using a CCK-8 assay.
The experiments were performed in triplicate and the data are
presented as the mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.005. (B)
Representative images of the colony formation assay showing the
effect of eribulin + cisplatin on the colony formation of
MDA-MB-231 cells. (C) Quantitative results of the colony formation
assay were obtained in triplicate and the data are presented as the
mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.05. CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8.

Figure 2

Enhanced ERK activation by eribulin
and cisplatin. (A) MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with cisplatin
alone or in combination with eribulin. Cell lysates were collected
and subjected to western blotting using anti-P-ERK1/2 and
anti-ERK1/2 antibodies. β-Actin was used as the internal control.
(B) Semi-quantitative results of western blotting performed in
triplicate. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. **P<0.005. P-,
phosphorylated.

Figure 3

Effects of eribulin and cisplatin on
autophagy in MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) Western blot analysis of
autophagy-related proteins LC3-I/II and p62. β-actin was used as a
loading control. The levels of autophagy-associated proteins (B)
LC3-I/II and (C) p62 were semi-quantified. Β-Actin was used as a
loading control. Data are presented as the mean ± SD of three
independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.005. (D) Autophagy
was measured using an autophagy assay kit. Cells were treated with
the indicated compounds (60 µM), labeled and analyzed by
fluorescence microscopy. Green staining indicates autophagosomes
and blue represents DAPI nuclear staining. Scale bar, 100 µm. (E)
Quantification of the mean fluorescence intensity using ImageJ
software. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. **P<0.005.

Figure 4

Effects of eribulin and cisplatin on
apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. (A) The apoptotic cell population
was evaluated by flow cytometry following double staining with
annexin V and PI. (B) Quantitative results of annexin-PI flow
cytometry. The percentage of apoptotic cells is presented as the
mean ± SD. **P<0.005, ##P<0.005. 3-MA,
3-methyladenine.

Figure 5

Effects of ERK inhibition on eribulin
and cisplatin-induced changes in cell viability, colony formation,
apoptosis and autophagy. (A) Following pre-incubation with PD98059
before eribulin and cisplatin treatment, cell viability was
determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Each assay was
performed in triplicate. Data are presented as the mean ± SD.
**P<0.005. (B) The apoptotic cell population was evaluated by
flow cytometry following double staining with annexin V and PI. (C)
Quantitative results of annexin-PI flow cytometry. The percentage
of apoptotic cells is presented as the mean ± SD. **P<0.005. (D)
Western blot analysis of autophagy-related proteins. Levels of
autophagy-associated proteins (E) LC3-I/II and (F) p62 were
semi-quantified. β-Actin was used as a loading control. Data are
presented as the mean ± SD of three independent experiments.
**P<0.005. (G) Autophagy was measured using an autophagy assay
kit (ab139484; Abcam). Cells were treated with the indicated
compounds (60 µM eribulin, 60 µM cisplatin and 25 µM PD98059),
labeled and analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. Green staining
indicates autophagosomes and blue represents DAPI nuclear staining.
Scale bar, 100 µm. (H) Quantification of the mean fluorescence
intensity using ImageJ software. Data are presented as the mean ±
SD. **P<0.005 vs. eribulin + cisplatin group.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Ko H, Lee M, Cha E and Lee J: ERK‑driven autophagy enhances synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in triple‑negative breast cancer. Oncol Lett 30: 528, 2025.
APA
Ko, H., Lee, M., Cha, E., & Lee, J. (2025). ERK‑driven autophagy enhances synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in triple‑negative breast cancer. Oncology Letters, 30, 528. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15274
MLA
Ko, H., Lee, M., Cha, E., Lee, J."ERK‑driven autophagy enhances synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in triple‑negative breast cancer". Oncology Letters 30.5 (2025): 528.
Chicago
Ko, H., Lee, M., Cha, E., Lee, J."ERK‑driven autophagy enhances synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in triple‑negative breast cancer". Oncology Letters 30, no. 5 (2025): 528. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15274
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Ko H, Lee M, Cha E and Lee J: ERK‑driven autophagy enhances synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in triple‑negative breast cancer. Oncol Lett 30: 528, 2025.
APA
Ko, H., Lee, M., Cha, E., & Lee, J. (2025). ERK‑driven autophagy enhances synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in triple‑negative breast cancer. Oncology Letters, 30, 528. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15274
MLA
Ko, H., Lee, M., Cha, E., Lee, J."ERK‑driven autophagy enhances synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in triple‑negative breast cancer". Oncology Letters 30.5 (2025): 528.
Chicago
Ko, H., Lee, M., Cha, E., Lee, J."ERK‑driven autophagy enhances synergy of eribulin and cisplatin in triple‑negative breast cancer". Oncology Letters 30, no. 5 (2025): 528. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15274
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