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Identification of EFNA3 as candidate prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target for adrenocortical carcinoma

  • Authors:
    • Yanghao Tai
    • Xinzhe Liu
    • Yifan Zhou
    • Jiwen Shang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Urology, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030032, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Tai et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 600
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    Published online on: October 17, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15346
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Abstract

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, but highly aggressive endocrine malignancy with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. Identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets is essential for improving patient outcomes. The present study aimed to systematically characterize ephrin‑A3 (EFNA3) expression patterns, its prognostic and diagnostic value, and its functional role in ACC progression through multi‑omics bioinformatics and in vitro validation. Transcriptomic, epigenetic and pharmacogenomic data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas, Genotype‑Tissue Expression, Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer, Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal and MethSurv databases. Expression, survival, immune infiltration, methylation and drug sensitivity analyses were conducted using the R software and online tools (GEPIA2, CIBERSORT and cBioPortal). competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed based on microRNA (miRNA)/long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) predictions. Functional assays, including CCK‑8, flow cytometry, Transwell assays were performed on the ACC cell lines, SW‑13 and NCI‑H295R, to validate EFNA3 function. EFNA3 was significantly upregulated in numerous types of cancer and associated with poor prognosis. In ACC, upregulated EFNA3 was associated with a poor prognosis [Overall survival (OS), hazard ratio (HR)=3.14, 95% CI, 1.49‑7.81; disease‑specific survival, HR=4.27, 95% CI, 1.70‑10.72; progression‑free interval, HR=6.24, 95% CI, 2.94‑13.23; P<0.05] and diagnostic efficiency (area under the curve=0.829, 95% CI, 0.760‑0.897). EFNA3‑mutated cases had significantly worse OS in ACC specifically (OS, HR=2.97, 95% CI, 1.12‑7.90, P=0.029; disease‑free survival, HR=8.65, 95% CI, 2.14‑34.93, P=0.002). β‑catenin (CTNNB1) was among most frequently co‑mutated genes ACC with EFNA3 (P=4.6x10‑4). Genetic amplification and DNA methylation alterations were observed in the ACC cohort. EFNA3 expression negatively correlated with immune infiltration and positively correlated with several m6A/m5C regulators. ceRNA network analysis demonstrated key lncRNA‑miRNA‑EFNA3 axes. Drug sensitivity profiling indicated that EFNA3 expression was associated with statin and proteasome inhibitor responses. The co‑expression of positively correlated gene enrichment results suggested that Wnt signaling pathway and β‑catenin/T‑cell factor complex may be involved in the progression of ACC mediated by EFNA3. Functionally, EFNA3 promoted ACC cell proliferation and migration in vitro. The present study demonstrated that EFNA3 acts as an oncogene in ACC and may contribute to tumor aggressiveness via β‑catenin activation and glycolytic reprogramming, and thus may serve as a potential biomarker for prognosis, immunotherapy sensitivity and drug repurposing, particularly involving statins.
View Figures

Figure 1

EFNA3 expression levels and prognosis
in various types of cancer. (A) Differences in EFNA3 expression
between various types of cancer and normal tissues in TCGA + GTEx.
The error bars indicate the standard deviation. The Wilcoxon
rank-sum test was used for analysis of unpaired samples. (B)
Pairwise difference analysis of EFNA3 expression between tumors and
adjacent normal tissues. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for
paired samples. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. EFNA3,
ephrin-A3; ACC, adrenocortical carcinoma; ns, no significance.

Figure 2

Forest plots demonstrate the
prognostic value of EFNA3 in 33 types of cancer. (A) Forest plot of
EFNA3 expression levels versus OS in patients with cancer. (B)
Forest plot of EFNA3 expression levels versus DSS in patients with
cancer. (C) Forest plot of EFNA3 expression level versus PFI in
patients with cancer. Red text represents high expression levels
associated with poor prognosis, while green text represents high
expression levels associated with good prognosis. Conditional
assumptions applied: Observations were independent and the risk
ratio does not change over time (proportional risk assumption). The
univariate Cox regression test was employed to calculate the HR
with 95% CI and to determine the P-value. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC,
adrenocortical carcinoma; OS, overall survival; DSS,
disease-specific survival; PFI, progression-free interval; HR,
hazard ratio.

Figure 3

Prognostic value analysis. Survival
curves for ACC, BLCA, KIRC, LGG and MESO in EFNA3-high and -low
expression groups. The log-rank test was employed to compare the
survival curves and determine the P-value. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC,
adrenocortical carcinoma; BLCA, bladder cancer; KIRC, kidney clear
cell carcinoma; LGG, lower-grade glioma; MESO, mesothelioma; OS,
overall survival; DSS, disease-specific survival; PFI,
progression-free interval; HR, hazard ratio.

Figure 4

Analysis of genetic alterations. (A)
Genetic alterations of EFNA3 in a pan-cancer database and ACC,
accounting for 15% (alteration/analysis= 384/2,565) and 8% (6/67)
of the alterations, respectively. (B) Frequency of altered EFNA3
mutation types in different types of cancer. (C) mRNA expression of
EFNA3 putative CNAs in pan-cancer tissues and ACC. Proportional
risk hypothesis testing was performed using the survival package
and fitted survival regressions, and the results were visualized
using the survminer package as well as the ggplot2 package. (D)
Kaplan-Meier curves of EFNA3 mutation status versus OS in
pan-cancer analysis. (E) Kaplan-Meier curves of EFNA3 mutation
status and OS in ACC. (F) Kaplan-Meier curves of EFNA3 mutations in
ACC versus DFS. (G) The top 2 genes with the highest mutation
frequency in the EFNA3-high and -low expression group in ACC.
EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC, adrenocortical carcinoma; OS, overall
survival; DFS, disease-free survival; HR, hazard ratio; CNA, copy
number alterations; Del, deletion; MutCount, mutation count;
CTNNB1, β-catenin; VUS, variants of uncertain significance.

Figure 5

Analysis of EFNA3 DNA methylation in
adrenocortical carcinoma and pan-cancer expression correlation with
mRNA methylation regulators. (A) Heatmap of EFNA3 DNA methylation
in ACC from the MethSurv database. (B) Correlation analysis of
EFNA3 expression with mRNA modification methylation regulators.
Correlation assessed using Pearson's ρ value and statistical
significance. *P<0.05. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC, adrenocortical
carcinoma; m1A, n1-methyladenosine; m5C, 5-methylcytosine; m6A,
N6-methyladenosine

Figure 6

Correlation analysis of EFNA3
expression and immune infiltration. (A) EFNA3 expression level and
immune cell infiltration were evaluated based on the ESTIMATE
algorithm. (B) EFNA3 expression level and immune cell infiltration
were evaluated based on the CIBERSORT algorithm. Correlation
assessed using Spearman's ρ value and statistical significance.
*P<0.05. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; Cor, correlation; ns, no
significance.

Figure 7

Pan-cancer analysis of drug
sensitivity of EFNA3-related drugs. (A) The relationship between
GDSC and CTRP drug sensitivity and EFNA3 mRNA expression. (B)
FDA-approved EFNA3-related chemotherapeutic agents from CTRP drug
sensitivity analysis. (C) FDA-approved EFNA3-related anticancer
drugs from GDSC drug sensitivity analysis. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; GDSC,
Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer; CTRP, Cancer Therapeutics
Response Portal; FDA, Food and Drug Administration.

Figure 8

Association between EFNA3 expression
and clinicopathological features in ACC. Association of EFNA3
expression levels with (A) Weiss-Necrosis, (B) tumor status, (C)
pathological stage: I & II vs. III & IV), (D) pathological
stage: I vs. II vs. III vs. IV (Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's
analysis), (E) pathological N stage and (F) pathological T stage:
T1& T2 vs. T3 & T4 (Mann-Whitney U test). (G) Diagnostic
value of EFNA3 in ACC. (H) Time-dependent prognostic value of EFNA3
at 1-, 3- and 5-years. (I) CI of time-dependent diagnostic value;
normal group, n=128; tumor group, n=77. The error bars indicate the
standard deviation. ROC analysis was performed using the pROC
package; the AUC and cumulative survival rate corresponding to each
time point were calculated using the time ROC package. *P<0.05,
**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC,
adrenocortical carcinoma; AUC, area under the curve; N, node; T,
tumor; TPR, true positive rate; FPR, false positive rate.

Figure 9

Prediction of miRNAs targeting EFNA3
in ACC. (A) Venn diagram showing the prediction results of EFNA3
targets using the PITA, miRanda and TargetScan software. (B)
Scatter plots demonstrate the miRNA-mRNA associations with
significant correlation. The starBase software was used to analyze
the correlation between EFNA3 and the target miRNA. (C) The
TargetScan software was used to predict the potential binding site
of EFNA3 to the target miRNA. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC, adrenocortical
carcinoma; miRNA, microRNA; WT, wild-type; chr, chromosome.

Figure 10

Prediction of lncRNA and ceRNA
network construction in ACC. (A) Venn diagrams display the target
lncRNAs of hsa-miR-145-5p, hsa-miR-30b-5p, hsa-miR-30a-5p,
hsa-miR-30c-5p, hsa-miR-224-5p and hsa-miR-30d-5p respectively. The
starBase software was used to analyze the correlations between
miRNAs and the target lncRNA. Scatter plots demonstrate the
miRNA-mRNA associations with significant correlation as follow,
lncRNA related to (B) hsa-miR-30d-5p, (C) hsa-miR-30c-5p, (D)
hsa-miR-30b-5p, (E) hsa-miR-224-5p and (F) hsa-miR-30a-5p. (G) The
Sankey diagram displays the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA EFNA3 regulatory
network in line with the competitive endogenous RNA hypothesis.
EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC, adrenocortical carcinoma; miRNA, microRNA;
lncRNA, long non-coding RNA.

Figure 11

Enrichment analysis of EFNA3
functional networks in ACC. (A) The Pearson test was used to
identify genes highly related to EFNA3 identified in ACC. (B) The
heat map shows the top 50 genes positively related to EFNA3 in the
ACC cohort. (C) The heat map shows the top 50 genes negatively
related to EFNA3 in the ACC cohort. (D) Enrichment of GO and KEGG
terms for the top 50 genes positively related to EFNA3. (E)
Enrichment of GO and KEGG terms for the top 50 genes negatively
related to EFNA3. (F) Protein-protein interaction network of EFNA3.
EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC, adrenocortical carcinoma; GO, gene ontology;
KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; P.adjust, adjusted
P-value.

Figure 12

Validation of EFNA3 knockdown and
overexpression efficiency. Verification of EFNA3 expression
efficiency after knockdown and overexpression in (A) NCI-H295R
cells and (B) SW-13 cells. The error bars indicate the standard
deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ****P<0.0001. One-way
ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Each experiment weas
independently repeated three times. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ns, not
significant; OE, overexpressed; NC, negative control; sh, short
hairpin.

Figure 13

Effects of knockdown and
overexpression of EFNA3 in viability, apoptosis and cell cycle in
ACC cells. Effects on (A) cell viability and (B) apoptosis in the
NCI-H295R cell line. Effects on (C) cell viability and (D)
apoptosis in the SW-13 cell line. Effect on cell cycle in the (E)
NCI-H295R and (F) SW-13 cell lines. The error bars indicate the
standard deviation. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ***P<0.001.
One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Each experiment
weas independently repeated three times. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC,
adrenocortical carcinoma; OE, overexpressed; NC, negative control;
sh, short hairpin.

Figure 14

Effects of knockdown and
overexpression of EFNA3 on the invasive and migratory capacities of
ACC cells. Effects on cell migration in (A) NCI-H295R and (B) SW-13
cell lines (magnification ×400; scale bar, 200 µm). Effect on cell
migration ability of (C) NCI-H295R and (D) SW-13 cell lines
(magnification ×40; scale bar, 500 µm). The error bars indicate the
standard deviation.***P<0.001. One-way ANOVA was used for
statistical analysis. Each experiment weas independently repeated
three times. EFNA3, ephrin-A3; ACC, adrenocortical carcinoma; OE,
overexpressed; NC, negative control; sh, short hairpin.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Tai Y, Liu X, Zhou Y and Shang J: Identification of EFNA3 as candidate prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target for adrenocortical carcinoma. Oncol Lett 30: 600, 2025.
APA
Tai, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, Y., & Shang, J. (2025). Identification of EFNA3 as candidate prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target for adrenocortical carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 30, 600. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15346
MLA
Tai, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, Y., Shang, J."Identification of EFNA3 as candidate prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target for adrenocortical carcinoma". Oncology Letters 30.6 (2025): 600.
Chicago
Tai, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, Y., Shang, J."Identification of EFNA3 as candidate prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target for adrenocortical carcinoma". Oncology Letters 30, no. 6 (2025): 600. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15346
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Tai Y, Liu X, Zhou Y and Shang J: Identification of EFNA3 as candidate prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target for adrenocortical carcinoma. Oncol Lett 30: 600, 2025.
APA
Tai, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, Y., & Shang, J. (2025). Identification of EFNA3 as candidate prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target for adrenocortical carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 30, 600. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15346
MLA
Tai, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, Y., Shang, J."Identification of EFNA3 as candidate prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target for adrenocortical carcinoma". Oncology Letters 30.6 (2025): 600.
Chicago
Tai, Y., Liu, X., Zhou, Y., Shang, J."Identification of EFNA3 as candidate prognosis marker and potential therapeutic target for adrenocortical carcinoma". Oncology Letters 30, no. 6 (2025): 600. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15346
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