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Role and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a on gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer

  • Authors:
    • Weiwei Qu
    • Wanyi Tan
    • Mengjie Ye
    • Weixiang Tang
    • Lijun Zhang
    • Guangtao Luo
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China, Department of General Surgery, Haining People's Hospital, Haining, Zhejiang 314400, P.R. China, Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Qu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 606
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    Published online on: October 21, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15352
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Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive digestive malignancy and gemcitabine (GEM)‑based chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of its treatment despite widespread resistance. The present study employed human pancreatic cancer cell lines to construct a hypoxia model, exosomes were isolated and characterized via ultracentrifugation, microRNA (miR)‑301a expression was detected using reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, GEM resistance was evaluated via the Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay and the molecular mechanisms were validated by western blotting. The present study results demonstrated that under hypoxic stress, pancreatic cancer cells displayed morphological adaptations typical of cellular stress responses, upregulated miR‑301a expression and markedly enhanced GEM resistance. Hypoxia increases the number of exosomes, which can transfer miR‑301a to normoxic pancreatic cancer cells. Under normoxic conditions, inhibiting miR‑301a expression markedly increased the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to GEM. Furthermore, miR‑301a promoted the development of drug resistance by regulating acyl‑CoA synthetase long‑chain family member 4 (ACSL4) expression. In conclusion, the present study revealed a novel mechanism by which hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a promotes GEM resistance in pancreatic cancer by regulating ACSL4. These findings provide a novel potential target to reverse GEM resistance, with theoretical and practical implications for future studies.
View Figures

Figure 1

Hypoxia induces a substantial
accumulation of HIF-1α in PC cells. Western blotting was used to
detect the expression levels of HIF-1α protein in PC cell lines:
(A) MIA PaCa-2, (B) PANC-1, (C) AsPC-1, (D) BxPC-3 and (E) CFPAC-1
after culture under normoxia conditions and hypoxia conditions for
24 and 48 h. HIF-1α, hypoxia inducible factor-1α; PC, pancreatic
cancer; CFPAC-1, cystic fibrosis pancreatic adenocarcinoma; AsPC-1,
ascites pancreatic cancer 1; MIA PaCa-2, malignant inflammatory
adenocarcinoma pancreatic carcinoma-2.

Figure 2

Morphological changes of PC cells
under hypoxic conditions. The morphologies of BxPC-3, CFPAC-1,
AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2 and PANC-1 cells were observed under an inverted
microscope (magnification, ×20; scale bar, 100 µm) following
culture under normoxic and hypoxic conditions for 24 and 48 h. PC,
pancreatic cancer; CFPAC-1, cystic fibrosis pancreatic
adenocarcinoma; AsPC-1, ascites pancreatic cancer 1; MIA PaCa-2,
malignant inflammatory adenocarcinoma pancreatic carcinoma-2.

Figure 3

Hypoxia upregulates the expression
levels of miR-301a and enhances GEM resistance in PC cells. (A-E)
Relative expression levels of miR-301a in PC cell lines [(A) MIA
PaCa-2, (B) PANC-1, (C) AsPC-1, (D) BxPC-3 and (E) CFPAC-1] were
detected using RT-qPCR following culture under normoxia conditions
and hypoxic conditions for 24 and 48 h. (F-J) Cell viability of PC
cells [(F) MIA PaCa-2, (G) PANC-1, (H) BxPC-3, (I) AsPC-1 and (J)
CFPAC-1] in both hypoxic and normoxic treatment groups was measured
using CCK-8 cytotoxicity assays upon exposure to various
concentrations of GEM. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and
****P<0.0001. NO, normoxic; HO, hypoxic; PC, pancreatic cancer;
miR, microRNA; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR;
CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8; GEM, gemcitabine; CFPAC-1, cystic
fibrosis pancreatic adenocarcinoma; AsPC-1, ascites pancreatic
cancer 1; MIA PaCa-2, malignant inflammatory adenocarcinoma
pancreatic carcinoma-2.

Figure 4

Hypoxia induces an increase in
exosomes and facilitates their transfer to normoxic cells. (A) The
exosomes from PANC-1 cells cultured under normoxic and hypoxia
condition for 48 h were collected and their morphology was observed
by TEM; red arrows indicate the exosomes (scale bar, 200 nm). (B
and C) PANC-1 cells were cultured under normoxic and hypoxia
condition for 48 h and exosome inhibitor GW4869 was added to
hypoxia culture, exosomes were collected and NTA was used to
analyse the relative particle concentration in the Normoxia-Exos,
Hypoxia-Exos and Hypoxia + GW4869-Exos group. (D) Hypoxic
PANC-1-derived exosomes were collected and labelled with the
membrane phospholipid dye PKH67. After co-culture with normoxic
PANC-1 cells for 12 h, laser confocal microscopy was employed to
observe the endocytosis of labelled exosomes by normoxic PANC-1
cells (scale bar, 10 µm). (E) Following co-culturing the collected
normoxic and hypoxic-derived exosomes with normoxic PANC-1 cells
for 24 h, RT-qPCR was performed to detect the relative expression
level of the miR-301a. ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001. TEM,
transmission electron microscopy; NTA, nanoparticle tracking
analysis; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; miR,
microRNA.

Figure 5

Regulatory mechanism of
hypoxia-derived exosome miR-301a on GEM resistance in normoxic PC
cells. (A) PC cells were transfected with inhibitor NC and miR-301a
inhibitor for 24 h and then the relative expression level of
miR-301a was detected by RT-qPCR. (B) MIA PaCa-2, (C) PANC-1, and
(D) BxPC-3 cells were treated with a gradient concentration of GEM
for 48 h. CCK-8 cytotoxicity assays were conducted to detect cell
viability in both the inhibitor NC group and the miR-301a inhibitor
group. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001.
GEM, gemcitabine; miR, microRNA; PC, pancreatic cancer; RT-qPCR,
reverse transcription-quantitative PCR; NC, negative control;
CCK-8, Cell Counting Kit-8.

Figure 6

Regulatory mechanism of
hypoxia-derived exosome miR-301a on GEM resistance in normoxic PC
cells. (A) Target binding sites between miR-301a and ACSL4 were
predicted using bioinformatics databases (TargetScan, and
starBase). (B) PC cells were transfected with mimics NC and
miR-301a mimics for 24 h and then the relative expression level of
miR-301a was detected by RT-qPCR. ACSL4 protein expression was
detected by western blotting after miR-301a overexpression in (C)
MIA PaCa-2 cells, (D) PANC-1 cells and (E) BxPC-3 cells. Following
miR-301a knockdown in (F) MIA PaCa-2 and (G) PANC-1 cells, the
expression level of the ACSL4 protein was detected by western
blotting. **P<0.01 and ****P<0.0001. GEM, gemcitabine; miR,
microRNA; PC, pancreatic cancer; NC, negative control; ACSL4,
acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Qu W, Tan W, Ye M, Tang W, Zhang L and Luo G: Role and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a on gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 30: 606, 2025.
APA
Qu, W., Tan, W., Ye, M., Tang, W., Zhang, L., & Luo, G. (2025). Role and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a on gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Oncology Letters, 30, 606. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15352
MLA
Qu, W., Tan, W., Ye, M., Tang, W., Zhang, L., Luo, G."Role and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a on gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer". Oncology Letters 30.6 (2025): 606.
Chicago
Qu, W., Tan, W., Ye, M., Tang, W., Zhang, L., Luo, G."Role and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a on gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer". Oncology Letters 30, no. 6 (2025): 606. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15352
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Qu W, Tan W, Ye M, Tang W, Zhang L and Luo G: Role and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a on gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Oncol Lett 30: 606, 2025.
APA
Qu, W., Tan, W., Ye, M., Tang, W., Zhang, L., & Luo, G. (2025). Role and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a on gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer. Oncology Letters, 30, 606. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15352
MLA
Qu, W., Tan, W., Ye, M., Tang, W., Zhang, L., Luo, G."Role and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a on gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer". Oncology Letters 30.6 (2025): 606.
Chicago
Qu, W., Tan, W., Ye, M., Tang, W., Zhang, L., Luo, G."Role and molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‑derived exosomal miR‑301a on gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer". Oncology Letters 30, no. 6 (2025): 606. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15352
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