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Review Open Access

Progress in the treatment of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Jie Shi
    • Bin He
    • Heng Di Zhang
    • Chao Yang Jiang
    • Ling Zhang
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Oncology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China, Department of Ophthalmology, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command of The Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chengdu, Sichuan 610083, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Shi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 14
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    Published online on: October 31, 2025
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15367
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Abstract

Esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (ENEC) is a rare and highly aggressive gastrointestinal malignancy with a markedly worse prognosis compared with other pathological types of esophageal cancer. The present study aimed to provide a systematic review of the pathological features, diagnostic strategies and advances in stratified treatment of ENEC, with a focus on current therapeutic approaches. The management of ENEC requires a multimodal approach. Among these modalities, surgery remains the cornerstone for achieving long‑term survival. For patients with initially unresectable disease, neoadjuvant therapy can convert cases to a resectable status. Additionally, combined chemoradiotherapy has been demonstrated to markedly improve survival rates. Beyond conventional treatments, the potential of targeted therapy in combination with chemotherapy has been suggested, and the synergy between immune checkpoint inhibitors and either radiotherapy or targeted drugs has achieved long‑term remission in certain cases.
View Figures

Figure 1

Main treatment modalities for
esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma. ESD, endoscopic submucosal
dissection.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Shi J, He B, Zhang HD, Jiang CY and Zhang L: Progress in the treatment of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 31: 14, 2026.
APA
Shi, J., He, B., Zhang, H.D., Jiang, C.Y., & Zhang, L. (2026). Progress in the treatment of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (Review). Oncology Letters, 31, 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15367
MLA
Shi, J., He, B., Zhang, H. D., Jiang, C. Y., Zhang, L."Progress in the treatment of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (Review)". Oncology Letters 31.1 (2026): 14.
Chicago
Shi, J., He, B., Zhang, H. D., Jiang, C. Y., Zhang, L."Progress in the treatment of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (Review)". Oncology Letters 31, no. 1 (2026): 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15367
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Shi J, He B, Zhang HD, Jiang CY and Zhang L: Progress in the treatment of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 31: 14, 2026.
APA
Shi, J., He, B., Zhang, H.D., Jiang, C.Y., & Zhang, L. (2026). Progress in the treatment of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (Review). Oncology Letters, 31, 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15367
MLA
Shi, J., He, B., Zhang, H. D., Jiang, C. Y., Zhang, L."Progress in the treatment of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (Review)". Oncology Letters 31.1 (2026): 14.
Chicago
Shi, J., He, B., Zhang, H. D., Jiang, C. Y., Zhang, L."Progress in the treatment of esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (Review)". Oncology Letters 31, no. 1 (2026): 14. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2025.15367
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