Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
November-2015 Volume 34 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
November-2015 Volume 34 Issue 5

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review

Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Sung-Jae Baek
    • Hideshi Ishii
    • Keisuke Tamari
    • Kazuhiko Hayashi
    • Naohiro Nishida
    • Masamitsu Konno
    • Koichi Kawamoto
    • Jun Koseki
    • Takahito Fukusumi
    • Shinichiro Hasegawa
    • Hisataka Ogawa
    • Atsushi Hamabe
    • Masaaki Miyo
    • Kozo Noguchi
    • Yuji Seo
    • Yuichiro Doki
    • Masaki Mori
    • Kazuhiko Ogawa
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
  • Pages: 2233-2237
    |
    Published online on: September 1, 2015
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4236
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of cells in cancer with stem-like properties such as cell proliferation, multiple differentiation and tumor initiation capacities. CSCs are therapy-resistant and cause cancer metastasis and recurrence. One key issue in cancer therapy is how to target and eliminate CSCs, in order to cure cancer completely without relapse and metastasis. To target CSCs, many cell surface markers, DNAs and microRNAs are considered as CSC markers. To date, the majority of the reported markers are not very specific to CSCs and are also present in non-CSCs. However, the combination of several markers is quite valuable for identifying and targeting CSCs, although more specific identification methods are needed. While CSCs are considered as critical therapeutic targets, useful treatment methods remain to be established. Epigenetic gene regulators, microRNAs, are associated with tumor initiation and progression. MicroRNAs have been recently considered as promising therapeutic targets, which can alter the therapeutic resistance of CSCs through epigenetic modification. Moreover, carbon ion beam radiotherapy is a promising treatment for CSCs. Evidence indicates that the carbon ion beam is more effective against CSCs than the conventional X-ray beam. Combination therapies of radiosensitizing microRNAs and carbon ion beam radiotherapy may be a promising cancer strategy. This review focuses on the identification and treatment resistance of CSCs and the potential of microRNAs as new radiosensitizers and carbon ion beam radiotherapy as a promising therapeutic strategy against CSCs.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Koch U, Krause M and Baumann M: Cancer stem cells at the crossroads of current cancer therapy failures - radiation oncology perspective. Semin Cancer Biol. 20:116–124. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Park CH, Bergsagel DE and McCulloch EA: Mouse myeloma tumor stem cells: A primary cell culture assay. J Natl Cancer Inst. 46:411–422. 1971.PubMed/NCBI

3 

Bonnet D and Dick J: Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med. 3:730–737. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Riethdorf S, Wikman H and Pantel K: Review: Biological relevance of disseminated tumor cells in cancer patients. Int J Cancer. 123:1991–2006. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Fusi A, Collette S, Busse A, Suciu S, Rietz A, Santinami M, Kruit WH, Testori A, Punt CJ, Dalgleish AG, et al: Circulating melanoma cells and distant metastasis-free survival in stage III melanoma patients with or without adjuvant interferon treatment (EORTC 18991 side study). Eur J Cancer. 45:3189–3197. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Swindle P, Eastham JA, Ohori M, Kattan MW, Wheeler T, Maru N, Slawin K and Scardino PT: Do margins matter? The prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens. J Urol. 179(Suppl): S47–S51. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Loree TR and Strong EW: Significance of positive margins in oral cavity squamous carcinoma. Am J Surg. 160:410–414. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Barrow BJ, Janjan NA, Gutman H, Benjamin RS, Allen P, Romsdahl MM, Ross MI and Pollock RE: Role of radiotherapy in sarcoma of the breast - a retrospective review of the M.D. Anderson experience. Radiother Oncol. 52:173–178. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Alektiar KM, Velasco J, Zelefsky MJ, Woodruff JM, Lewis JJ and Brennan MF: Adjuvant radiotherapy for margin-positive high-grade soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 48:1051–1058. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Patel P and Chen EI: Cancer stem cells, tumor dormancy, and metastasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 3:1252012.

11 

Schepers AG, Snippert HJ, Stange DE, van den Born M, van Es JH, van de Wetering M and Clevers H: Lineage tracing reveals Lgr5+ stem cell activity in mouse intestinal adenomas. Science. 337:730–735. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Singh A and Settleman J: EMT, cancer stem cells and drug resistance: An emerging axis of evil in the war on cancer. Oncogene. 29:4741–4751. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Chiba T, Kita K, Zheng YW, Yokosuka O, Saisho H, Iwama A, Nakauchi H and Taniguchi H: Side population purified from hepatocellular carcinoma cells harbors cancer stem cell-like properties. Hepatology. 44:240–251. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Haraguchi N, Utsunomiya T, Inoue H, Tanaka F, Mimori K, Barnard GF and Mori M: Characterization of a side population of cancer cells from human gastrointestinal system. Stem Cells. 24:506–513. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Ehata S, Johansson E, Katayama R, Koike S, Watanabe A, Hoshino Y, Katsuno Y, Komuro A, Koinuma D, Kano MR, et al: Transforming growth factor-β decreases the cancer-initiating cell population within diffuse-type gastric carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 30:1693–1705. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ and Clarke MF: Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100:3983–3988. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Yin AH, Miraglia S, Zanjani ED, Almeida-Porada G, Ogawa M, Leary AG, Olweus J, Kearney J and Buck DW: AC133, a novel marker for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Blood. 90:5002–5012. 1997.

18 

Uchida N, Buck DW, He D, Reitsma MJ, Masek M, Phan TV, Tsukamoto AS, Gage FH and Weissman IL: Direct isolation of human central nervous system stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:14720–14725. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

O'Brien CA, Pollett A, Gallinger S and Dick JE: A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice. Nature. 445:106–110. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Ricci-Vitiani L, Lombardi DG, Pilozzi E, Biffoni M, Todaro M, Peschle C and De Maria R: Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells. Nature. 445:111–115. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Murat A, Migliavacca E, Gorlia T, Lambiv WL, Shay T, Hamou MF, de Tribolet N, Regli L, Wick W, Kouwenhoven MC, et al: Stem cell-related 'self-renewal' signature and high epidermal growth factor receptor expression associated with resistance to concomitant chemoradiotherapy in glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 26:3015–3024. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Tamura K, Aoyagi M, Wakimoto H, Ando N, Nariai T, Yamamoto M and Ohno K: Accumulation of CD133-positive glioma cells after high-dose irradiation by Gamma Knife surgery plus external beam radiation. J Neurosurg. 113:310–318. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Saigusa S, Tanaka K, Toiyama Y, Yokoe T, Okugawa Y, Kawamoto A, Yasuda H, Morimoto Y, Fujikawa H, Inoue Y, et al: Immunohistochemical features of CD133 expression: Association with resistance to chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. Oncol Rep. 24:345–350. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Shien K, Toyooka S, Ichimura K, Soh J, Furukawa M, Maki Y, Muraoka T, Tanaka N, Ueno T, Asano H, et al: Prognostic impact of cancer stem cell-related markers in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with induction chemoradiotherapy. Lung Cancer. 77:162–167. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Shmelkov SV, Butler JM, Hooper AT, Hormigo A, Kushner J, Milde T, St Clair R, Baljevic M, White I, Jin DK, et al: CD133 expression is not restricted to stem cells, and both CD133+ and CD133− metastatic colon cancer cells initiate tumors. J Clin Invest. 118:2111–2120. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

26 

Bartel DP: MicroRNAs: Genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell. 116:281–297. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

O'Donnell KA, Wentzel EA, Zeller KI, Dang CV and Mendell JT: c-Myc-regulated microRNAs modulate E2F1 expression. Nature. 435:839–843. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, Byrom M, Jarvis R, Cheng A, Labourier E, Reinert KL, Brown D and Slack FJ: RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell. 120:635–647. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Ji J, Yamashita T, Budhu A, Forgues M, Jia HL, Li C, Deng C, Wauthier E, Reid LM, Ye QH, et al: Identification of microRNA-181 by genome-wide screening as a critical player in EpCAM-positive hepatic cancer stem cells. Hepatology. 50:472–480. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Ma S, Tang KH, Chan YP, Lee TK, Kwan PS, Castilho A, Ng I, Man K, Wong N, To KF, et al: miR-130b promotes CD133(+) liver tumor-initiating cell growth and self-renewal via tumor protein 53-induced nuclear protein 1. Cell Stem Cell. 7:694–707. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Liu C, Kelnar K, Liu B, Chen X, Calhoun-Davis T, Li H, Patrawala L, Yan H, Jeter C, Honorio S, et al: The microRNA miR-34a inhibits prostate cancer stem cells and metastasis by directly repressing CD44. Nat Med. 17:211–215. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Iliopoulos D, Lindahl-Allen M, Polytarchou C, Hirsch HA, Tsichlis PN and Struhl K: Loss of miR-200 inhibition of Suz12 leads to polycomb-mediated repression required for the formation and maintenance of cancer stem cells. Mol Cell. 39:761–772. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Sagar J, Chaib B, Sales K, Winslet M and Seifalian A: Role of stem cells in cancer therapy and cancer stem cells: A review. Cancer Cell Int. 7:92007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Bixby S, Kruger GM, Mosher JT, Joseph NM and Morrison SJ: Cell-intrinsic differences between stem cells from different regions of the peripheral nervous system regulate the generation of neural diversity. Neuron. 35:643–656. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Diehn M, Cho RW, Lobo NA, Kalisky T, Dorie MJ, Kulp AN, Qian D, Lam JS, Ailles LE, Wong M, et al: Association of reactive oxygen species levels and radioresistance in cancer stem cells. Nature. 458:780–783. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Bao S, Wu Q, McLendon RE, Hao Y, Shi Q, Hjelmeland AB, Dewhirst MW, Bigner DD and Rich JN: Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature. 444:756–760. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Phillips TM, McBride WH and Pajonk F: The response of CD24−/low/CD44+ breast cancer-initiating cells to radiation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 98:1777–1785. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Chiou SH, Kao CL, Chen YW, Chien CS, Hung SC, Lo JF, Chen YJ, Ku HH, Hsu MT and Wong TT: Identification of CD133-positive radioresistant cells in atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor. PLoS One. 3:e20902008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Ogawa K, Yoshioka Y, Isohashi F, Seo Y, Yoshida K and Yamazaki H: Radiotherapy targeting cancer stem cells: Current views and future perspectives. Anticancer Res. 33:747–754. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

40 

Wang J, Wakeman TP, Lathia JD, Hjelmeland AB, Wang XF, White RR, Rich JN and Sullenger BA: Notch promotes radioresistance of glioma stem cells. Stem Cells. 28:17–28. 2010.

41 

Chen YC, Hsu HS, Chen YW, Tsai TH, How CK, Wang CY, Hung SC, Chang YL, Tsai ML, Lee YY, et al: Oct-4 expression maintained cancer stem-like properties in lung cancer-derived CD133-positive cells. PLoS One. 3:e26372008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

42 

Ieta K, Tanaka F, Haraguchi N, Kita Y, Sakashita H, Mimori K, Matsumoto T, Inoue H, Kuwano H and Mori M: Biological and genetic characteristics of tumor-initiating cells in colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 15:638–648. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

43 

Zhang P, Wei Y, Wang L, Debeb BG, Yuan Y, Zhang J, Yuan J, Wang M, Chen D, Sun Y, et al: ATM-mediated stabilization of ZEB1 promotes DNA damage response and radioresistance through CHK1. Nat Cell Biol. 16:864–875. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Suvà ML, Rheinbay E, Gillespie SM, Patel AP, Wakimoto H, Rabkin SD, Riggi N, Chi AS, Cahill DP, Nahed BV, et al: Reconstructing and reprogramming the tumor-propagating potential of glioblastoma stem-like cells. Cell. 157:580–594. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Seguin L, Kato S, Franovic A, Camargo MF, Lesperance J, Elliott KC, Yebra M, Mielgo A, Lowy AM, Husain H, et al: An integrin β3-KRAS-RalB complex drives tumour stemness and resistance to EGFR inhibition. Nat Cell Biol. 16:457–468. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Calin GA, Dumitru CD, Shimizu M, Bichi R, Zupo S, Noch E, Aldler H, Rattan S, Keating M, Rai K, et al: Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:15524–15529. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar

47 

He L, Thomson JM, Hemann MT, Hernando-Monge E, Mu D, Goodson S, Powers S, Cordon-Cardo C, Lowe SW, Hannon GJ, et al: A microRNA polycistron as a potential human oncogene. Nature. 435:828–833. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Ma L, Teruya-Feldstein J and Weinberg RA: Tumour invasion and metastasis initiated by microRNA-10b in breast cancer. Nature. 449:682–688. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Iorio MV and Croce CM: MicroRNAs in cancer: Small molecules with a huge impact. J Clin Oncol. 27:5848–5856. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Cui FB, Liu Q, Li RT, Shen J, Wu PY, Yu LX, Hu WJ, Wu FL, Jiang CP, Yue GF, et al: Enhancement of radiotherapy efficacy by miR-200c-loaded gelatinase-stimuli PEG-Pep-PCL nanoparticles in gastric cancer cells. Int J Nanomed. 13:2345–2358. 2014.

51 

Gupta GP and Massagué J: Cancer metastasis: Building a framework. Cell. 127:679–695. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Yao HP, Zhou YQ, Zhang R and Wang MH: MSP-RON signalling in cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Cancer. 13:466–481. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

53 

Blazek ER, Foutch JL and Maki G: Daoy medulloblastoma cells that express CD133 are radioresistant relative to CD133− cells, and the CD133+ sector is enlarged by hypoxia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 67:1–5. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

54 

Kim HM, Haraguchi N, Ishii H, Ohkuma M, Okano M, Mimori K, Eguchi H, Yamamoto H, Nagano H, Sekimoto M, et al: Increased CD13 expression reduces reactive oxygen species, promoting survival of liver cancer stem cells via an epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenomenon. Ann Surg Oncol. 19(Suppl 3): S539–S548. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

55 

Kim JJ and Tannock IF: Repopulation of cancer cells during therapy: An important cause of treatment failure. Nat Rev Cancer. 5:516–525. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Grün R, Friedrich T, Elsässer T, Krämer M, Zink K, Karger CP, Durante M, Engenhart-Cabillic R and Scholz M: Impact of enhancements in the local effect model (LEM) on the predicted RBE-weighted target dose distribution in carbon ion therapy. Phys Med Biol. 57:7261–7274. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Durante M and Loeffler JS: Charged particles in radiation oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 7:37–43. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar

58 

Jingu K, Tsujii H, Mizoe JE, Hasegawa A, Bessho H, Takagi R, Morikawa T, Tonogi M, Tsuji H, Kamada T, et al Organizing Committee for the Working group for head-and-neck Cancer: Carbon ion radiation therapy improves the prognosis of unresectable adult bone and soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 82:2125–2131. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar

59 

Ishikawa H, Tsuji H, Kamada T, Akakura K, Suzuki H, Shimazaki J and Tsujii H; Working Group for Genitourinary Tumors: Carbon-ion radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Int J Urol. 19:296–305. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Kato S, Ohno T, Tsujii H, Nakano T, Mizoe JE, Kamada T, Miyamoto T, Tsuji H, Kato H, Yamada S, et al Working group of the Gynecological Tumor: Dose escalation study of carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 65:388–397. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

61 

Kato H, Tsujii H, Miyamoto T, Mizoe JE, Kamada T, Tsuji H, Yamada S, Kandatsu S, Yoshikawa K, Obata T, et al Liver Cancer Working Group: Results of the first prospective study of carbon ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with liver cirrhosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 59:1468–1476. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

62 

Miyamoto T, Baba M, Sugane T, Nakajima M, Yashiro T, Kagei K, Hirasawa N, Sugawara T, Yamamoto N, Koto M, et al Working group for Lung Cancer: Carbon ion radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer using a regimen of four fractions during 1 week. J Thorac Oncol. 2:916–926. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Mizoe JE, Hasegawa A, Jingu K, Takagi R, Bessyo H, Morikawa T, Tonoki M, Tsuji H, Kamada T, Tsujii H, et al Organizing Committee for the Working Group for Head Neck Cancer: Results of carbon ion radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Radiother Oncol. 103:32–37. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

Nakano T, Suzuki Y, Ohno T, Kato S, Suzuki M, Morita S, Sato S, Oka K and Tsujii H: Carbon beam therapy overcomes the radiation resistance of uterine cervical cancer originating from hypoxia. Clin Cancer Res. 12:2185–2190. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Baek S, Ishii H, Tamari K, Hayashi K, Nishida N, Konno M, Kawamoto K, Koseki J, Fukusumi T, Hasegawa S, Hasegawa S, et al: Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review). Oncol Rep 34: 2233-2237, 2015.
APA
Baek, S., Ishii, H., Tamari, K., Hayashi, K., Nishida, N., Konno, M. ... Ogawa, K. (2015). Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review). Oncology Reports, 34, 2233-2237. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4236
MLA
Baek, S., Ishii, H., Tamari, K., Hayashi, K., Nishida, N., Konno, M., Kawamoto, K., Koseki, J., Fukusumi, T., Hasegawa, S., Ogawa, H., Hamabe, A., Miyo, M., Noguchi, K., Seo, Y., Doki, Y., Mori, M., Ogawa, K."Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review)". Oncology Reports 34.5 (2015): 2233-2237.
Chicago
Baek, S., Ishii, H., Tamari, K., Hayashi, K., Nishida, N., Konno, M., Kawamoto, K., Koseki, J., Fukusumi, T., Hasegawa, S., Ogawa, H., Hamabe, A., Miyo, M., Noguchi, K., Seo, Y., Doki, Y., Mori, M., Ogawa, K."Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review)". Oncology Reports 34, no. 5 (2015): 2233-2237. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4236
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Baek S, Ishii H, Tamari K, Hayashi K, Nishida N, Konno M, Kawamoto K, Koseki J, Fukusumi T, Hasegawa S, Hasegawa S, et al: Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review). Oncol Rep 34: 2233-2237, 2015.
APA
Baek, S., Ishii, H., Tamari, K., Hayashi, K., Nishida, N., Konno, M. ... Ogawa, K. (2015). Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review). Oncology Reports, 34, 2233-2237. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4236
MLA
Baek, S., Ishii, H., Tamari, K., Hayashi, K., Nishida, N., Konno, M., Kawamoto, K., Koseki, J., Fukusumi, T., Hasegawa, S., Ogawa, H., Hamabe, A., Miyo, M., Noguchi, K., Seo, Y., Doki, Y., Mori, M., Ogawa, K."Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review)". Oncology Reports 34.5 (2015): 2233-2237.
Chicago
Baek, S., Ishii, H., Tamari, K., Hayashi, K., Nishida, N., Konno, M., Kawamoto, K., Koseki, J., Fukusumi, T., Hasegawa, S., Ogawa, H., Hamabe, A., Miyo, M., Noguchi, K., Seo, Y., Doki, Y., Mori, M., Ogawa, K."Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review)". Oncology Reports 34, no. 5 (2015): 2233-2237. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2015.4236
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team