Inhibition of RAB1A suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and proliferation of triple-negative breast cancer cells

Introduction

According to the investigation conducted in 2015, approximately 429,000 new cancers cases and 281,4000 cancer deaths would occur in China (1). Breast cancer ranks as the first leading cause of cancer-related death among women in less developed countries (2,3). For most breast cancer patients, surgical removal of the tumor is the first step of treatment, adjuvant therapies are recommended to follow, including systemic treatment with chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, targeted therapy and postoperative radiation therapy. Substantial advances have been made in the prognosis and treatment of breast cancers. However, the treatment progress and prevention effects were minimal. The need towards deeper understanding the pathogenesis of breast cancer is highlighted and will advance the development of novel strategies for effective control of this disease.

Member of Rab family (4), RAB1A is anchored on the membranes of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi by prenylation and functions as controller of vesicle trafficking from ER to Golgi apparatus (5,6). The aberrant expression of RAB1A induces many diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (7), aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (8), cardiomyopathy (9) and cancer (10,11). mTORC1 as a complicated pathway is demonstrated to play various effects on cell survival, cell growth, cell metabolism, cell cycle and is sensitive to rapamycin (12). Mounting studies conducted recently found RAB1A is involved in the regulation of mTORC1 signaling, in colorectal, prostate and hepatocellular cancer (13–15). In 2014, Thomas et al revealed that Rab1A is an mTORC1 activator, and can stimulate oncogenic growth via mTORC1 pathway with the presence of amino acid (AA) in colorectal cancer (13). Gulhati et al reported a study on the effect of mTORC1 in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (16).

To our knowledge, characterization of RAB1A is less well developed. Thus, one goal of this study was to determine the function of RAB1A in breast cancer and its relationship with mTOR pathway. Our results may have an effect on the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer.

Materials and methods

Cell culture

The breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA), penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 µg/ml) (Enpromise, Hangzhou, China). BT-549 cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Gibco), penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 µg/ml) (both from Enpromise). The cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2.

RAB1A small interfering RNA (siRNA) and negative control siRNA (NC siRNA) oligonucleotides were synthesized by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). The sequence of RAB1A siRNAs was sense, 5′-CAGCAUGAAUCCCGAAUAUTT-3′ and antisense, 5′-AUAUUCGGGAUUCAUGCUGTT-3′; the sequence of NC siRNA was sense, 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′ and antisense, 5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT-3′.

Cell transfection

For transfection, MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells were seeded into 6-well plates with a starting cell number of 12×104 and cultured with serum and antibiotic free DMEM or RPMI-1640 medium, respectively. Cells were transfected using Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer when cells density reached 50–60%. The medium was replaced by complete DMEM or RPMI-1640 medium after 6 h of incubation. The cells were used for future analysis after 48 h transfection.

RNA isolation, reverse transcription and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)

TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies) was used to isolate total RNA according to the manufacturer's instructions after 48 h transfection. RNA was reverse-transcribed with PrimeScript RT-PCR kit (Takara Bio Inc., Tokyo, Japan), according to the manufacturer's instructions. Conditions of the reverse transcription (RT) reaction were 37°C for 15 min, then 85°C for 5 sec. The SYBR-Green PCR master mix (Takara Bio Inc.) was used for RT-qPCR, which was followed by detection with a 7900HT fast RT-PCR instrument (Applied Biosystems, Singapore). GAPDH was used as an internal standard.

RAB1A mRNA expression was assessed with the following primers: 5′-TTGCCTTCTTCTTAGGTTTGC-3′ (forward), and 5′-GCTTGATTGTTTTCCCGTCT-3′ (reverse). RT-qPCR parameters for quantification were as follows: 2 min at 95°C, followed by 40 cycles of 15 sec at 95°C and 30 sec at 60°C. The relative expression was calculated using the relative quantification equation (RQ) = 2−ΔΔCt. Each sample was performed in triplicate.

Cell proliferation assay

Following 24 h transfection, the cells were seeded at 2×103 cells/well in 96-well plates. Cell growth was monitored every day for a period of 5 days. Then 20 µl of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) solution was added in each well and further incubated for 4 h. Then 150 µl dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; Sigma-Aldrich) was added in each well and shaken for 10 min gently to dissolve the MTT formazan crystals after removing the supernatant. Absorbance was recorded at 490 nm with a microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA).

Plate colony formation assay

MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells were seeded in a 6-well plate at 500 cells/well after 24 h of transfection, incubated for 1 week at 37°C in humidified 5% CO2 conditions. Cells were washed with PBS to remove the debris and fixed by 95% ethanol for 10 min, dried and stained with 0.1% crystal violet solution for 20 min. The number of colonies with diameters of more than 1.5 mm was counted after washing with tap water 3 times.

Cell invasion assay

Transwell chambers (Corning Inc., Lowell, MA, USA) with a pore size of 8 µm were used for invasion assay and were pre-coated with Matrigel. Cells were harvested after transfected by RAB1A siRNA or NC siRNA and resuspended with DMEM or RPMI-1640 medium without FBS. Medium (200 µl) containing 5×104 cells were added into the upper chamber with 0.1% BSA solution and added to the 24-well plate. Complete DMEM or RPMI-1640 medium was added into the bottom chamber, serving as a chemoattractant. After 16 h incubation at 37°C in 5% CO2, cells on the upper surface were carefully removed with a cotton swab. Cells penetrated to the lower surface of the membrane were fixed with 10% formalin, stained with crystal violet and counted under a microscope. Results from 1 of 3 representative experiments are shown.

Wound healing assay

To evaluate the cell mobility, wound healing assay was conducted. MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells were transfect. Six-well plates were used with 15×104 cells/well. The plates were washed 3 times with PBS, when the confluence of cells reached ~90%, a scratch was made using a sterile pipette tip. The process of wound healing was observed at 0, 12, 24 and 48 h after incubating at 37°C in 5% CO2. Representative migration images are presented. Each treatment was performed in triplicate.

Protein extraction and western blotting

Total cell protein content was extracted after 48–72 h transfection by using radio immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) lysis buffer (80 µl/well; Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Jiangsu, China). The supernatants were collected and centrifuged at 4°C, then protein concentrations were qualified by BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Subsequently, protein samples were denatured with 6X sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) loading buffer at 95°C for 5 min. Protein lysates were resolved by 10 or 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), then transferred onto a 0.45 µm nitrocellulose membrane (both from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Later, the membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk for 1 h and then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies as follows: anti-RAB1A (rabbit, 1:500; Proteintech, Chicago, IL, USA), anti-β-actin (mouse, 1:1,000), anti-E-cadherin (mouse, 1:750), anti-N-cadherin (mouse, 1:750), anti-vimentin (mouse, 1:750), anti-ERK (mouse, 1:1,000), anti-phospho-ERK (mouse, 1:1,000), anti-AKT (mouse, 1:1,000), anti-phospho-AKT (mouse, 1:1,000) and anti-pS6K (mouse, 1:1,000) (all from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA), anti-phospho-pS6K (Ser-418, mouse, 1:1,000; Ruiying Biological, Jiangsu, China). Next, the membranes were washed three times with PBST for 10 min each time, and incubated with anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:1,000; Epitomics, Burlingame, CA, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. Finally, after 3 times wash with PBST, the target proteins were detected with an Odyssey Scanning system (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA). The expression levels of the target protein were normalized to those of β-actin or tubulin. Each treatment was performed in triplicate.

Statistical analysis

The data were analyzed using the SPSS, version 20.0 (IBM Corp., Somers, NY, USA) or GraphPad Prism, version 6.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA). The data were expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) for at least 3 repeated individual experiments for each group. Statistical analyses were performed using an unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Expression of RAB1A is downregulated by siRAB1A in breast cancer cells

The RT-qPCR and western blotting were conducted to analyze the expression of RAB1A at the protein level and mRNA level, respectively. As shown in Fig. 1A and B, MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells were successfully transfected with siRAB1A, leading to the significant suppression of RAB1A mRNA expression. Furthermore, the expression of target proteins were effectively inhibited in siRNA transfected breast cancer cells compared with NC cells (Fig. 2; P<0.001). According to the experiments above, the suppression effects of siRAB1A on RAB1A expression were verified.

Figure 1. Relative mRNA expression of RAB1A is downregulated by RAB1A siRNA in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells. RAB1A mRNA expression as determined by real-time PCR is presented. Columns show means ± SEM. (A) MDA-MB-231 cells, *P<0.05 vs. the control by two-tailed t-test. (B) BT-549 cells, **P<0.01 vs. the control by two-tailed t-test. PCR, polymerase chain reaction.

Figure 2. (A and B) Expression of RAB1A protein is inhibited in RAB1A siRNA transfected breast cancer cells. RAB1A protein levels in (C) MDA-MB-231 and (D) in BT-549 cells were lower than NC when induced by RAB1A siRNA. β-actin served as the loading control. The graph shows the mean ± SEM of RAB1A protein levels relative to their respective loading controls. Results are representative of two similar experiments. NC, negative control. ***P<0.001.

RAB1A siRNA inhibits the expression of mTORC1 effector p-P70S6K

To verify the relationship between RAB1A and S6K. RAB1A expression was suppressed by RAB1A siRNA and the expression of S6K was detected by western blotting. According to Fig. 3A and B, following the downregulation of RAB1A in protein level, protein expression of p-P70S6K was decreased in breast cancer cells, while the expression of p-ERK or p-AKT had no change. All the results above indicate the vital role of RAB1A in regulation of activation of S6K. The integrated density values of bands were as shown in Fig. 3C and D (P<0.05, P<0.01).

Figure 3. RAB1A siRNA is involved in restraining the mTORC1 pathway. In (A and C) MDA-MB-231 and (B and D) BT-549 cells, RAB1A knockdown did not decrease AKT, p-AKT, ERK, p-ERK, P70S6K protein levels, while inhibited the expression of p-P70S6K, the effector of mTORC1. The graph shows the mean ± SEM of AKT, p-AKT, ERK, p-ERK, P70S6K, p-P70S6K protein levels related to their loading control. Quantitative analysis was conducted by measuring the integrated density value of bands. Blots are representative of results from 3 experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 (two-tailed t-test).

Proliferation ability of breast cancer cells is suppressed by the RAB1A siRNA

To investigate the impact of siRAB1A on the proliferation ability of breast cancer cells, both MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells transfected with RAB1A siRNA or non-specific NC were used in the MTT assay. Transfections were performed as described above. Absorbance of the two groups was recorded at 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h. Briefly, inhibition rate was calculated as: inhibition rate (%) = (OD value of the control group - OD value of experimental group)/OD value of the control group × 100%. A great suppression of cell viability at 120 h in RAB1A siRNA transfected cells was detected compared with the control group, both in MDA-MB-231 cells (inhibition rate = 14.78±6.54%, Fig. 4A; P<0.01) and BT-549 cells (inhibition rate = 25.06±9.20%, Fig. 4B; P<0.001). These results indicated RAB1A depletion suppressed cellular proliferation.

Figure 4. Knockdown of RAB1A suppresses proliferation of cells. (A) Transfection of RAB1A siRNA inhibited MDA-MB-231 cells growth. **P<0.01 vs. the control by two-tailed t-test. (B) In BT-549, the same trend was seen. ***P<0.001 vs. the control by two-tailed t-test. Graph represents OD 490 ± SEM.

Colony formation was inhibited by the RAB1A siRNA in breast cancer cells

As shown in Fig. 5A and B, RAB1A siRNA transfected cells exhibited fewer colonies than NC transfected cells in colony formation assays. The colony formation rate in RAB1A siRNA-transfected MDA-MB-231 was significantly decreased compared with the NC transfected cells (Fig. 5C; P<0.01). The same tendency was shown in BT-549 cells (Fig. 5D; P<0.01). Taken together, these data indicated that depletion of RAB1A inhibited clonogenesis of breast cancer cells.

Figure 5. Downregulation of RAB1A inhibits colony formation ability of breast cancer cells. Representative images of crystal violet stained colonies in (A) MDA-MB-231 and (B) BT-549 cells transfected with RAB1A siRNA or NC siRNA are shown. Cells transfected with RAB1A siRNA exhibited fewer colonies than the NC group in (C, **P<0.01) MDA-MB-231 and (D, **P<0.01) BT-549 cells. Graphs show mean ± SEM of numbers of colonies (two-tailed t-test). Results are representative of two similar experiments.

RAB1A siRNA reduces cell invasion and metastasis in vitro

To evaluate the effect of RAB1A siRNA on breast cancer metastasis, two aggressive breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 were transiently transfected with RAB1A siRNA or NC control. The invasion and migration of cells were measured by Transwell assays and wound healing assays, respectively. All the results revealed that the number of MDA-MB-231 or BT-549 cells penetrated to the lower membrane was significantly decreased at 16 h after RAB1A siRNA transfection compared to the control group (Fig. 6). Notably, as shown in Fig. 7, RAB1A siRNA but not NC siRNA markedly decrease the migratory property of these breast cancer cells.

Figure 6. Knockdown of RAB1A suppresses breast cancer cell invasion. Transwell assays were performed to detect motility changes in (A) MDA-MB-231 and (B) BT-549 cells which were transfected with RAB1A siRNA or NC siRNA. Representative images of crystal violet-stained invasive cells on the membrane are shown. Results are representative of two similar experiments.

Figure 7. The loss of RAB1A inhibits cell migration. In (A) MDA-MB-231 and (B) BT-549 cell lines, in comparison to cells treated with NC siRNA, cells treated with RAB1A siRNA showed a significant decrease in migration as assessed by wound healing assay.

RAB1A depletion suppresses EMT in breast cancer cells

Next, we explored the role of RAB1A siRNA in breast cancer EMT. Western blotting were carried out. Fig. 8A and C shows, the expression of E-cadherin protein, an epithelial cell marker, was increased in RAB1A siRNA transfected MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells while the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin and vimentin were decreased. The integrated density values of bands were measured and shown (Fig. 8B and D; P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.001). Taken together, these results indicated that RAB1A depletion in breast cancer cells may be responsible for the EMT suppression and cell migration suppression.

Figure 8. RAB1A siRNA represses EMT in breast cancer. Both in (A and B) MDA-MB-231 and (C and D) BT-549 cells, E-cadherin protein was significantly upregulated in the presence of RAB1A siRNA while the expression of N-cadherin and vimentin reduced apparently. The graph shows the mean ± SEM of E-cadherin, N-cadherin and vimentin protein levels related to their loading control. Quantitative analysis was conducted by measuring the integrated density value of bands. Data were obtained from three independent experiments. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 (two-tailed t-test). EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Discussion

As the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide, breast cancer have a severe influence on the living standard of the patients. During the investigation of the potential role in breast cancer, RAB1A siRNA was transfected in the MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells. Cell invasion and proliferation abilities were significantly abolished by depletion of RAB1A according to the Transwell and MTT assay, respectively. Moreover, our data showed that the downregulated expression of RAB1A increased the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin in breast cancer cells, while the mesenchymal cell markers, N-cadherin and vimentin, were decreased (17). The loss of E-cadherin mediated adherens junction was the first step in EMT and plays a vital role in cells invasiveness and distance metastasis (18). All the results indicate EMT suppression mediated by exogenous silencing of RAB1A contributing to the inhibition of breast cancer metastasis.

mTOR pathway as an important regulator in malignant tumor process consists of two complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. As an important effector of mTORC1, p-P70S6K plays a vital role in regulating cell growth, invasion, and lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer (19). In this experiment, downregulated expression of RAB1A by transfection with RAB1A siRNA suppressed the expression of p-P70S6K, rather than the p-AKT and p-ERK, which revealed a close connection between RAB1A and p-P70S6K and the reasons for the suppression of proliferation and metastasis by exogenous silencing of RAB1A gene in breast cancer.

Several groups have already investigated the function of RAB1A in colorectal cancer and what we found in this study was in accordance with previous reports that RAB1A depletion was involved in the suppression of mTORC1 pathway and it acts in oncogenesis of breast cancer proliferation, growth and metastasis. Our results may help the finding of new strategies for the treatment of breast cancer.

A number of limitations should be noted in this study. Clinical specimens were not used. The relationship between RAB1A expression and patient survival was not identified. Therefore, further studies are needed.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China for the project 81272240.

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References