Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
October-2017 Volume 38 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
October-2017 Volume 38 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulation of scavenger receptors

  • Authors:
    • Jie Duan
    • Dong Xiang
    • Hongli Luo
    • Guojun Wang
    • Yun Ye
    • Chao Yu
    • Xiuying Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China, College of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
  • Pages: 2267-2276
    |
    Published online on: August 4, 2017
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5881
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a biologically active ingredient first extracted from the Chinese medicinal plant Ligusticum wallichii Franchat., has athero-protective activity, yet the particular mechanisms have not been completely explored. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of TMP and its possible mechanisms in RAW264.7 macrophages and apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. TMP treatment markedly increased the cholesterol efflux and inhibited oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) uptake, thus, ameliorating lipid accumulation in macrophages. In addition, TMP significantly increased the protein and mRNA expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1), while suppressing the protein and mRNA expression of class A scavenger receptor (SR-A) and the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36). Moreover, the effects of TMP on the upregulation of the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1, the downregulation of the expression of CD36 and SR-A, the increase of cholesterol efflux and the decrease of lipid accumulation as well as the uptake of ox-LDL were mediated by the inactivation of PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK. Furthermore, TMP upregulated the protein stability of ABCA1 without affecting ABCG1. Accordingly, TMP regulated the expression of SR-A, CD36, ABCA1 and ABCG1 in aortas of ApoE-/- mice, which resembled the findings observed in macrophages. TMP was also capable of delaying the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. These findings revealed that TMP downregulates scavenger receptors and upregulates ATP-binding cassette transporters via PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling, thus suppressing lipid accumulation in macrophages.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

View References

1 

Trigatti BL and Fuller M: HDL signaling and protection against coronary artery atherosclerosis in mice. J Biomed Res. 30:94–100. 2016.PubMed/NCBI

2 

Cai Y, Li JD and Yan C: Vinpocetine attenuates lipid accumulation and atherosclerosis formation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 434:439–443. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Tsai JY, Su KH, Shyue SK, Kou YR, Yu YB, Hsiao SH, Chiang AN, Wu YL, Ching LC and Lee TS: EGb761 ameliorates the formation of foam cells by regulating the expression of SR-A and ABCA1: Role of haem oxygenase-1. Cardiovasc Res. 88:415–423. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Rahaman SO, Swat W, Febbraio M and Silverstein RL: Vav family Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors regulate CD36-mediated macrophage foam cell formation. J Biol Chem. 286:7010–7017. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Chistiakov DA, Bobryshev YV and Orekhov AN: Macrophage-mediated cholesterol handling in atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med. 20:17–28. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Fielding CJ and Fielding PE: Cellular cholesterol efflux. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1533:175–189. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

McNeish J, Aiello RJ, Guyot D, Turi T, Gabel C, Aldinger C, Hoppe KL, Roach ML, Royer LJ, de Wet J, et al: High density lipoprotein deficiency and foam cell accumulation in mice with targeted disruption of ATP-binding cassette transporter-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:4245–4250. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Kennedy MA, Barrera GC, Nakamura K, Baldán A, Tarr P, Fishbein MC, Frank J, Francone OL and Edwards PA: ABCG1 has a critical role in mediating cholesterol efflux to HDL and preventing cellular lipid accumulation. Cell Metab. 1:121–131. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Haghpassand M, Bourassa PA, Francone OL and Aiello RJ: Monocyte/macrophage expression of ABCA1 has minimal contribution to plasma HDL levels. J Clin Invest. 108:1315–1320. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Zhao JF, Ching LC, Huang YC, Chen CY, Chiang AN, Kou YR, Shyue SK and Lee TS: Molecular mechanism of curcumin on the suppression of cholesterol accumulation in macrophage foam cells and atherosclerosis. Mol Nutr Food Res. 56:691–701. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Park SH, Paek JH, Shin D, Lee JY, Lim SS and Kang YH: Purple perilla extracts with α-asarone enhance cholesterol efflux from oxidized LDL-exposed macrophages. Int J Mol Med. 35:957–965. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Zhang C, Yan W, Li B, Xu B, Gong Y, Chu F, Zhang Y, Yao Q, Wang P and Lei H: A new ligustrazine derivative-selective cytotoxicity by suppression of NF-κB/p65 and COX-2 expression on human hepatoma cells. Part 3. Int J Mol Sci. 16:16401–16413. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Pan J, Shang JF, Jiang GQ and Yang ZX: Ligustrazine induces apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. J Cancer Res Ther. 11:454–458. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Ji AJ, Liu SL, Ju WZ and Huang XE: Anti-proliferation effects and molecular mechanisms of action of tetramethypyrazine on human SGC-7901 gastric carcinoma cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 15:3581–3586. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zeng Z, Zhu W, Zhou X, Jin Z, Liu H, Chen X, Pan J, Demura H, Naruse M and Shi Y: Tetramethylpyrazine, a Chinese drug, blocks coronary vasoconstriction by endothelin-1 and decreases plasma endothelin-1 levels in experimental animals. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 31 Suppl 1:S313–S316. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Guo SK, Chen KJ, Qian ZH, Weng WL and Qian MY: Tetramethylpyrazine in the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Planta Med. 47:891983. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Dai XZ and Bache RJ: Coronary and systemic hemodynamic effects of tetramethylpyrazine in the dog. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 7:841–849. 1985. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Liu SY and Sylvester DM: Antithrombotic/antiplatelet activity of tetramethylpyrazine. Thromb Res. 58:129–140. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Ni X, Wong SL, Wong CM, Lau CW, Shi X, Cai Y and Huang Y: Tetramethylpyrazine protects against hydrogen peroxide-provoked endothelial dysfunction in isolated rat aortic rings: Implications for antioxidant therapy of vascular diseases. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014:6271812014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Wang GF, Shi CG, Sun MZ, Wang L, Wu SX, Wang HF, Xu ZQ and Chen DM: Tetramethylpyrazine attenuates atherosclerosis development and protects endothelial cells from ox-LDL. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 27:199–210. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Jiang F, Qian J, Chen S, Zhang W and Liu C: Ligustrazine improves atherosclerosis in rat via attenuation of oxidative stress. Pharm Biol. 49:856–863. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Li XY, He JL, Liu HT, Li WM and Yu C: Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses interleukin-8 expression in LPS-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cell by blocking ERK, p38 and nulear factor-kappaB signaling pathways. J Ethnopharmacol. 125:83–89. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Kang Q, Liu W, Liu H and Zhou M: Effect of compound Chuanxiong capsule on inflammatory reaction and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway in atherosclerosis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015:5845962015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Hu Y, Sun B, Liu K, Yan M, Zhang Y, Miao C and Ren L: Icariin attenuates high-cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis in rats by inhibition of inflammatory response and p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Inflammation. 39:228–236. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Chen Z, Huo JR, Yang L and Zhu HY: Effect of ligustrazine on mice model of hepatic veno-occlusive disease induced by Gynura segetum. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 26:1016–1021. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Li XY, Kong LX, Li J, He HX and Zhou YD: Kaempferol suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages through the downregulation of cluster of differentiation 36 and the upregulation of scavenger receptor class B type I and ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 and G1. Int J Mol Med. 31:331–338. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Lin YT, Jian DY, Kwok CF, Ho LT and Juan CC: Visfatin promotes foam cell formation by dysregulating CD36, SRA, ABCA1, and ABCG1 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages. Shock. 45:460–468. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Lin CS, Lin FY, Ho LJ, Tsai CS, Cheng SM, Wu WL, Huang CY, Lian CH, Yang SP and Lai JH: PKCδ signalling regulates SR-A and CD36 expression and foam cell formation. Cardiovasc Res. 95:346–355. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Huang CX, Zhang YL, Wang JF, Jiang JY and Bao JL: MCP-1 impacts RCT by repressing ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-BI through PI3K/Akt posttranslational regulation in HepG2 cells. J Lipid Res. 54:1231–1240. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Naik SU, Wang X, Da Silva JS, Jaye M, Macphee CH, Reilly MP, Billheimer JT, Rothblat GH and Rader DJ: Pharmacological activation of liver X receptors promotes reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Circulation. 113:90–97. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Terasaka N, Hiroshima A, Koieyama T, Ubukata N, Morikawa Y, Nakai D and Inaba T: T-0901317, a synthetic liver X receptor ligand, inhibits development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. FEBS Lett. 536:6–11. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Rana M, Kumar A, Tiwari RL, Singh V, Chandra T, Dikshit M and Barthwal MK: IRAK regulates macrophage foam cell formation by modulating genes involved in cholesterol uptake and efflux. BioEssays. 38:591–604. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Gui YZ, Yan H, Gao F, Xi C, Li HH and Wang YP: Betulin attenuates atherosclerosis in apoE−/− mice by up-regulating ABCA1 and ABCG1. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 37:1337–1348. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Li X, Zhou Y, Yu C, Yang H, Zhang C, Ye Y and Xiao S: Paeonol suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and downregulation of the cluster of differentiation 36. Int J Oncol. 46:764–774. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Fu Y, Mukhamedova N, Ip S, D'Souza W, Henley KJ, DiTommaso T, Kesani R, Ditiatkovski M, Jones L, Lane RM, et al: ABCA12 regulates ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux from macrophages and the development of atherosclerosis. Cell Metab. 18:225–238. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Duan J, Xiang D, Luo H, Wang G, Ye Y, Yu C and Li X: Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulation of scavenger receptors. Oncol Rep 38: 2267-2276, 2017.
APA
Duan, J., Xiang, D., Luo, H., Wang, G., Ye, Y., Yu, C., & Li, X. (2017). Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulation of scavenger receptors. Oncology Reports, 38, 2267-2276. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5881
MLA
Duan, J., Xiang, D., Luo, H., Wang, G., Ye, Y., Yu, C., Li, X."Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulation of scavenger receptors". Oncology Reports 38.4 (2017): 2267-2276.
Chicago
Duan, J., Xiang, D., Luo, H., Wang, G., Ye, Y., Yu, C., Li, X."Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulation of scavenger receptors". Oncology Reports 38, no. 4 (2017): 2267-2276. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5881
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Duan J, Xiang D, Luo H, Wang G, Ye Y, Yu C and Li X: Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulation of scavenger receptors. Oncol Rep 38: 2267-2276, 2017.
APA
Duan, J., Xiang, D., Luo, H., Wang, G., Ye, Y., Yu, C., & Li, X. (2017). Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulation of scavenger receptors. Oncology Reports, 38, 2267-2276. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5881
MLA
Duan, J., Xiang, D., Luo, H., Wang, G., Ye, Y., Yu, C., Li, X."Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulation of scavenger receptors". Oncology Reports 38.4 (2017): 2267-2276.
Chicago
Duan, J., Xiang, D., Luo, H., Wang, G., Ye, Y., Yu, C., Li, X."Tetramethylpyrazine suppresses lipid accumulation in macrophages via upregulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporters and downregulation of scavenger receptors". Oncology Reports 38, no. 4 (2017): 2267-2276. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5881
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team