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Introduction

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, with a global age-standardized incidence rate of 9.0 for men and 2.2 for women (per 100,000 person-years) (1,2). Approximately 25% of newly diagnosed cases of BC present with muscle invasion and require radical surgery or radiotherapy, although these patients often have poor outcomes despite systemic therapy (3). BC affects the urinary lining of the bladder through a complicated, multifactorial etiology that involves both genetic and environmental factors (4). Novel prognostic markers and effective treatment strategies are therefore essential to improve outcomes for patients with BC.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that are ~22 nucleotides in length. They play pivotal regulatory roles in post-transcriptional suppression (5) and have been reported to be involved in many cellular processes, such as differentiation, morphogenesis and tumorigenesis (6–8). Aberrant miRNA expression is found in a variety of cancers, including BC, suggesting that they may have roles as oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes (9,10). For example, miR-497 was significantly downregulated in bladder transitional cell carcinoma cells and tissues. This led to the upregulation of the transcription factor E2F3 and suppression of cell proliferation and invasion (11). Similarly, miR-106a had an inhibitory effect on the proliferation of BC cells through the modulation of MAPK signaling (12). Previous studies have also shown that miR-154, located in the human imprinted 14q32 domain, acts as a tumor suppressor in various types of human cancer, including prostate (13), colorectal (14) and lung cancer (15). Moreover, low miR-154 levels in glioma (16) and colorectal cancer (17) were significantly associated with poor prognosis. Nevertheless, the levels of miR-154 and their clinical significance in human BC have not yet been evaluated.

In our analysis, we first investigated the levels of miR-154 in multiple BC tissues. We found that miR-154 was downregulated in BC tissues and lower miR-154 expression levels were strongly associated with worse overall survival (OS) rates in patients with BC. Further study suggested that this was due to decreased inhibition of BC cell proliferation, migration and invasion mediated by miR-154. Subsequent bioinformatics analysis revealed that both runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and remodeling and spacing factor 1 (RSF1) were targets of miR-154 and were involved in miR-154-induced inhibition of the tumorigenic properties of BC cells.

Materials and methods

Patients and tissue samples

In total, 86 fresh BC tissue specimens, along with adjacent normal tissue specimens, were collected from 2010 to 2013 at the Department of Urology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Beijing, China). None of the patients had received any treatment prior to surgery. The pathological type of BC was observed and microscopically validated by an independent pathologist. Tumor grading and staging were carried out according to the 6th AJCC TNM staging system and graded according to Fuhrman's nuclear grading system. The exclusion criteria included incomplete clinical or follow-up information, recurrent tumors, other chronic system diseases, and an unwillingness to participate in the present study. Clinical characteristics and follow-up information for individual patients were collected from their medical records. OS was defined as the time from inclusion to death of the patient, for any reason. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital and written informed consent was provided by all patients.

Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)

Total RNA was isolated from tissues and cells using TRIzol reagent, according to the manufacturer's protocol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). For the detection of miR-154, complementary DNAs were synthesized using a TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kit and a stem-loop RT primer. Amplification was performed using a TaqMan miRNA assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) on an ABI PRISM 7500 Real-Time PCR System with the following conditions: 95°C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles at 94°C (15 sec), 60°C (60 sec) and 72°C (30 sec). For mRNA detection, complementary DNAs were synthesized via a PrimeScript RT-PCR kit (Takara, Otsu, Japan) and quantification was performed using RT Real-Time SYBR-Green assays (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Berkeley, CA, USA). Each sample was examined in triplicate and the relative miRNA and mRNA expression levels were determined using the 2−ΔΔCt method and normalized to the housekeeping genes U6 and GAPDH. Primers used for qPCR are shown in Table I.

Table I. The forward and reverse primers for real-time PCR.

Table I.

The forward and reverse primers for real-time PCR.

Name		Sequence
has-miR-154	RT	GTCGTATCCAGTGCGTGTCG
	primer	TGGAGTCGGCAATTGCACTGGATACGACCGAAGG
	Forward	GTGGTACTTGAAGATAGGTT
	Reverse	TTGGTACTGAAAAATAGGTC
RSF1	Forward	GAGGAGGATGCCGATACTATGC
	Reverse	TGCTTTCAGGAGTGCAAGAGTC
RUNX2	Forward	AAGTGAGGTTAGGGCGAAATG
	Reverse	AAGGTAGTTGATTGCCAACGAA
U6	Forward	GAGCGGTAGCACCATTTGAA
	Reverse	GTGCAGGGTCCGAGG
GAPDH	Forward	GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC
	Reverse	GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC

[i] miR-154, microRNA-154; RSF1, remodeling and spacing factor 1; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2.

Cell culture and transfection

The T24 human BC cell line was purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA) and cultured in Dulbeccos modified Eagles medium (DMEM) (Mediatech, Manassas, VA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and 1% U/ml penicillin and streptomycin (both from Invitrogen). All cells were maintained at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of air containing 5% CO2. Cells were transfected with miR-154 mimics (sense, 5′UAGGUUAUCCGUGUUGCCUUCG3′ and antisense, 5′AAGGCAACACGAUAACCUAUU3′) and negative controls (scrambled oligos, miR-NC) (Shanghai GenePharma, Shanghai, China) using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) at a final concentration of 100 nM, following the manufacturer's instructions. Overexpression of RSF1 and RUNX2 was achieved using RSF1 and RUNX2 ORF expression clones (Vector Gene Technology of Beijing, Beijing, China) and a pcDNA3.1 empty vector was used as a negative control.

Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay

The downstream targets of miR-154 were predicted using miRBase, miTarget and TargetScan. Putative complementary sequences for miR-154 were identified in the 3′-untranslated regions (3′-UTRs) of RSF1 and RUNX2 mRNA. The 3′-UTRs of RSF1 and RUNX2, containing the miR-154 target sequence, were synthesized and inserted into the XbaI and FseI sites of a pGL3 control vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) to generate a overall survival an RSF1-wild-type and RUNX2-wild-type luciferase reporter. Mutation of the binding site was performed using site-directed mutagenesis (Promega) to create the pGL3-RSF1- and pGL3-RUNX2-mutant type plasmids. For detection, T24 cells were cultured in 96-well plates and co-transfected with miR-1545 mimics (or miR-NC) and reporter plasmids using Lipofectamine 2000. After 48 h, the cells were assayed with a Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega). Firefly luciferase activity for each sample was normalized to Renilla luciferase activity.

Cell proliferation assay

Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8; Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan) assays were used for analysis of cell proliferation. T24 cells were seeded into 96-well plates at 1×104 cells/well and incubated in 10% CCK-8 solution at 37°C until color conversion had occurred. The absorbance was assessed at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Multiskan; Devices, Menlo Park, CA, USA) 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after transfection.

Wound-healing and Transwell invasion assays

T24 cells were seeded in 24-well plates. When cells were 80–90% confluent, a sterile pipette tip was used to manually scratch the monolayer. After three washes with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), cell migration was observed using an inverted microscope. The cells were then incubated at 37°C for a further 48 h before cell migration was assessed again. For the invasion assays, transfected cells were transferred to the top of Matrigel-coated invasion chambers (24-well plates, 8 µm pore size; Becton-Dickinson, San Jose, CA, USA) with serum-free medium. Medium containing 10% FBS was used as the chemoattractant in the lower chambers. After 24 h of incubation, the media were removed and the wells were washed twice with PBS. Invasive cells that were attached to the lower surface were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with 0.1% crystal violet, and transferred to a microscope slide. Microphotographs were collected in six representative fields using an inverted microscope at a magnification of ×200 (Olympus BX53; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Western blot analyses

T24 cells and human BC specimens were lysed in 1% RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime, Jiangsu, China), and supplemented with protease inhibitors at 4°C for 1 h. Protein quantification was performed using the BCA method (Beyotime). Equal amounts of protein were ran on 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels, and transferred to polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). After blocking with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 30 min, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies against either RSF1 (ab109002), RUNX2 (ab23981) or GAPDH (ab9485) (all from Abcam, Cambridge, UK) at 4°C overnight. The membranes were then washed three times with Tris-buffered saline with Tween-20 (TBST), followed by incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated (HRP) goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. The blots were incubated with an enhanced chemiluminescence substrate (ECL; Plus) and visualized on a G:BOX Chemi XR5 imaging system (Syngene, Cambridge, UK).

Statistical analysis

All values are expressed as the median and range, or mean ± standard deviation (SD), where appropriate. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software 6.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Comparisons between two groups were performed using unpaired two-tailed Student's t-tests or χ2 test and comparisons among >2 groups were carried out with one-way ANOVA plus post hoc Bonferroni or post hoc Dunnett tests. Assessment of any association between miR-154 expression and various clinicopathological parameters were made using Pearson's χ2 tests and SPSS version 19.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to compare mRNAs and miR-154 levels. Analysis of OS was performed according to the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons were carried out using log-rank tests. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

miR-154 is specifically downregulated in BC tissues and is a predictor of poor outcome

To assess the expression of miR-154 in BC tissue, we analyzed 86 paired BC/normal tissue samples by RT-qPCR. The results revealed that there was significantly less miR-154 in BC tissues relative to adjacent normal tissue (Fig. 1A and B; P<0.05). To assess any correlation between miR-154 and the clinical or pathological features of BC, patients were assigned to two groups, one with high expression relative to the median and the other with low expression. As shown in Table II, it was determined that low miR-154 expression was significantly associated with more advanced tumor staging (P=0.020), higher histologic grades (P=0.041) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.024). However, there were no significant associations between miR-154 expression and age, sex or tumor size. These findings revealed that miR-154 may play an important role in the progression of BC. This supports results shown in Fig. 1C demonstrating that there is a trend for miR-154 to be lower in more advanced tumor, node and metastasis (TNM) stages, with the lowest expression found in stage 4. Furthermore, Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that low levels of miR-154 had a statistically significant association with shorter OS in patients when compared to those with higher expression levels (P<0.01; Fig. 1D).

Figure 1. Low expression of miR-154 in human bladder cancer (BC) tissue and its correlation with poor prognosis. (A) The relative expression of miR-154 in 86 paired BC/normal tissues analyzed by RT-qPCR; *P<0.05 vs. the normal group. (B) The levels of miR-154 expression, reported as the log2-fold difference between BC and adjacent normal tissues. (C) The expression profile of miR-154 in patients with BC in different TNM stages; **P<0.05 vs. stage 2, #P<0.05 vs. stage 3. (D) A Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrating that downregulation of miR-154 in BC was correlated with poor overall survival; P=0.013, obtained by log-rank test.

Table II. Correlation between miR-154 expression and clinicopathological parameters of baldder cancer.

Table II.

Correlation between miR-154 expression and clinicopathological parameters of baldder cancer.

	miR-154 expression
Clinical characteristics	Low	High	P-valuea
Age (years)			0.914
<60	19	17
≥60	27	23
Sex			0.279
Male	20	23
Female	26	17
Tumor size (cm)			0.363
<3	28	29
≥3	18	11
T stage			0.020
Ta/T1	8	8
T2	12	21
T3	18	10
T4	8	1
Histologic grade			0.041
G1	12	20
G2	17	13
G3	17	7
Lymph node metastasis			0.024
N0/1	19	28
N2	20	10
N3	7	2

a Pearson χ² test was used to derive P-values. miR-154, microRNA-154.

RSF1 and RUNX2 are directly targeted by miR-154 in BC cells

Three algorithms, miRBase, TargetScan and miRanda, were used to predict the putative targets of miR-154. Two genes, RSF1 and RUNX2, were then selected for further validation since they both occurred in all three algorithms. As shown in Fig. 2A, the 3′-UTRs of RSF1 and RUNX2 were inserted into a reporter plasmid downstream of luciferase. Matching mutants were also created, with changes underlined in the presented sequences. T24 cells were then transiently co-transfected with miR-154 mimics (or miR-NC) and individually constructed plasmids. Luciferase reporter assays were performed to detect luciferase expression. These revealed that overexpression of miR-154 resulted in downregulation of luciferase when fused to the RSF1 and RUNX2 3′-UTRs in T24 cells (Fig. 2B and C). To determine whether miR-154 suppressed endogenous RSF1 and RUNX2, miR-154 was overexpressed using mimic transfection into T24 cells. Notably, upregulation of miR-154 only downregulated RUNX2 mRNA, but failed to suppress endogenous expression of RSF1 mRNA (Fig. 2D and E). For further validation, cells were collected after transfection and analyzed by western blotting. The results revealed that both RSF1 and RUNX2 protein were decreased by miR-154 overexpression (Fig. 2F). Collectively, our results revealed that RSF1 and RUNX2 are both target genes of miR-154.

Figure 2. miR-154 directly targets RSF1 and RUNX2 in BC cells. (A) Several bioinformatics tools were used to predict miR-154 binding sites. This identified putative sites in the 3′-UTRs of the RSF1 and RUNX2 genes. (B) The relative luciferase activities of cells co-transfected with either wild WT or MUT 3′-UTR constructs containing RSF1 and either miR-154 mimics or miR-NC. (C) The relative luciferase activity of cells transfected with WT/MUT 3′-UTR constructs containing RUNX2 and either miR-154 mimics or miR-NC. (D) The expression levels of RSF1 mRNA in T24 cells transfected with miR-154 or miR-NC. (E) RUNX2 was significantly lower in cells transfected miR-154 mimics compared to the miR-NC group, assessed by RT-qPCR. (F) miR-154 expression affected both RSF1 and RUNX2 protein expression in T24 cells; *P<0.05 vs. the miR-NC group. RSF1, remodeling and spacing factor 1; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; BC, bladder cancer; Wt, wild-type; MUT, mutant-type.

RSF1 and RUNX2 are highly expressed in BC tissues and are negatively correlated with miR-154 levels

Next, we used RT-qPCR to assess the expression levels of RSF1 and RUNX2 in BC tissues. As expected, RSF1 and RUNX2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in BC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (Fig. 3A and B). Supporting the RT-qPCR data, the levels of RSF1 and RUNX2 protein also exhibited the same pattern in eight BC and four normal samples (Fig. 3C). Furthermore, we found that RSF1 gene expression was negatively correlated with miR-154 levels (Pearson correlation r=-0.5644, P<0.001; Fig. 3D). A similar correlation was also observed between RUNX2 and miR-154 (r=-0.6208, P<0.001; Fig. 3E). However, no linear relationship was found between RSF1 and RUNX2 expression in BC tissues (r=0.016, P=0.893; Fig. 3F).

Figure 3. An inverse correlation between RSF1, RUNX2 and miR-154 expression in BC tissues. (A) The expression of RSF1 mRNA was significantly increased in BC tissues when compared to corresponding normal tissue; *P<0.05 vs. normal tissue. (B) The expression of RUNX2 mRNA was also increased in BC tissue compared to normal tissue; *P<0.05 vs. normal tissue. (C) Western blot analyses showing the expression levels of RSF1 and RUNX2 protein in four normal (C1-4) and eight BC samples (B1-8). (D) The relationship between miR-154 and RSF1 mRNA in BC tissue was assessed by Pearson correlation; r=0.5644, P<0.001. (E) The relationship between miR-154 and RUNX2 mRNA in BC tissue; r=0.6208, P<0.001. (F) The relationship between RSF1 and RUNX2 mRNA in BC tissue; r=0.016, P=0.893. RSF1, remodeling and spacing factor 1; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2; BC, bladder cancer.

miR-154 suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion of BC cells

We next assessed the in vitro biological functions of miR-154 in BC cells in more detail. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that miR-154 mimics were successfully transfected into T24 cells and could be used for subsequent analysis. As shown in Fig. 4A, miR-154 expression levels were >500-fold higher in the miR-154 mimic group compared to controls (P<0.01). We then examined the effects that miR-154 had on cell proliferation, migration and invasion. We found using CCK-8 assays that ectopic miR-154 expression suppressed proliferation of T24 cells. Additionally, the migratory capacity of cells transfected with miR-154 mimics was lower 48 h after wound creation, when compared to the control cells (Fig. 4C; P<0.05). Finally, Transwell migration assays over 24 h revealed that there were twice as many migratory cells transfected with miR-NC relative to cells transfected with miR-154 mimics (Fig. 4D; P<0.05). Combined, these findings suggest that overexpression of miR-154 suppresses the tumorigenic behavior of BC cells in vitro.

Figure 4. miR-154 inhibits T24 cell proliferation, migration and invasion. (A) The relative expression of miR-154 in cells transfected with either miR-154 mimics, miR-NC or neither. (B) Cell proliferation was determined in T24 cells transfected with miR-154 mimic or miR-NC using a CCK-8 assay. (C) The migratory capacity of cells in different groups was determined using a wound healing assay. (D) The invasive capacity of T24 cells between groups was investigated using a Transwell invasion assay; *P<0.05 vs. miR-NC, **P<0.01 vs. miR-NC.

miR-154 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion in BC cells by regulating RSF1 and RUNX2

We finally determined whether overexpression of RSF1 or RUNX2 could counteract the inhibitory effects of miR-154 on T24 cells. To achieve this, cells were transfected with either RSF1 or RUNX2 inserted into a pcDNA3.1 overexpression plasmid. Successful transfection was ascertained by western blotting, demonstrating that the relative expression of RSF1 and RUNX2 protein was increased relative to the controls. Significantly, increasing RSF1 and RUNX2 protein expression in BC cells reversed the cell proliferation induced by miR-154 overexpression (Fig. 5B). Wound healing assays revealed that the decrease in T24 cell migration caused by miR-154 mimics was attenuated by co-transfection with RSF1 and RUNX2 (Fig. 5C; P<0.05). Similarly, upregulation of RSF1 and RUNX2 resulted in a greater cell invasive capacity and rescued miR-154-induced suppression of cell invasion (Fig. 5D; all P<0.05). Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that miR-154 inhibits T24 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by negatively targeting the RSF1 and RUNX2 genes.

Figure 5. miR-153 suppresses proliferation, migration and the invasive potential of BC cells by downregulating RSF1 and RUNX2. (A) RT-qPCR was used to assess the expression of RSF1 and RUNX2 mRNA after transfection with a RSF1 or RUNX2 ORF expression clone, or an empty pcDNA3.1 vector, and either miR-154 mimics or miR-NC. (B) Cell proliferation between different groups was investigated using a CCK-8 assay (C) Cell migration was assessed using a wound-healing assay and T24 cells. (D) Transwell invasion assays were used to measure the cell invasive capacity between groups; *P<0.05 vs. vector + miR-NC; #P<0.05 vs. RSF1 + miR-154 or RUNX2 + miR-154. BC, bladder cancer; RSF1, remodeling and spacing factor 1; RUNX2, runt-related transcription factor 2.

Discussion

A growing body of evidence has suggested that miRNAs play a fundamental role in the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of malignant human carcinomas (18). Therefore, targeting miRNAs may be an effective approach for the treatment of advanced cancer. Recently, aberrant miRNAs involved in tumorigenesis and cancer progression were identified in bladder cancer (BC) (19,20). In the present study, we demonstrated that miR-154 was downregulated in BC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. We also found that miR-154 levels were strongly associated with the aggressive clinicopathological features of BC, such as progression to advanced TNM stages, high histologic grades and lymph node status. In addition, survival analysis revealed that patients with low miR-154 expression had shorter OS relative to those with high miR-154 expression. Finally, we found that miR-154 could suppress BC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study confirming the clinical significance and functional attributes of miR-154 in BC.

Previous studies have identified miR-154 as a tumor-suppressor involved in several types of cancer. For example Xu et al (2016) revealed that miR-154 is frequently downregulated in breast cancer tissue and cell lines where it is involved in the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells by directly targeting E2F transcription factor 5 (E2F5) (21). In addition, miR-154 was identified as a suppressor of epithelial mesenchymal transition by downregulating ZEB2 (22) and HMGA2 (23). A recent study revealed by Lin et al (2016) also revealed that ZEB2 overexpression can reverse miR-154-induced inhibition of migration and invasion in lung cancer (15). Building on this research, the present study demonstrated that overexpression of miR-154 decreased RSF1 and RUNX2 protein expression levels in T24 cells. This is likely through miR-154 binding the 3′-UTR of RUNX2 mRNA, promoting its degradation. There was however no significant effect on RSF1 mRNA levels, which may be due to incomplete complementation with the 3′-UTR.

RSF1, also known as hepatitis B X-antigen-associated protein (HBXAP), is a member of the ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factor family (24). RSF1 interacts with its partner, sucrose non-fermenting protein 2 homologous (hSNF2H), to form the RSF-1/hSNF2H complex. This complex responds to a variety of growth signals and environmental cues to remodel chromatin and is essential for transcriptional activation/suppression and cell cycle progression (25–27). There is also evidence to suggest that expression of the RSF1 gene is increased in various cancers and its upregulation is critical to tumor development (28). Ren et al (2013) revealed that high-expression of RSF1 was associated with larger tumors and more advanced TNM staging in primary breast cancer (29). A study by Liang et al (2012) also found that increased levels of RSF1 were associated with poor outcomes for patients with BC, suggesting that the protein is involved in cell survival and growth (30). In the present study, we found that RSF1 was directly targeted by miR-154. Furthermore, it played an important role in controlling the malignant behavior of BC cells, explaining the clinical significance of the RSF1. However, the exact molecular mechanisms associated with the effects of RSF1 protein, such as NF-κB signaling (31), in BC still remain undefined in the present study.

In addition, we also identified another target gene of miR-154, RUNX2. This is a member of the mammalian RUNX family of transcription factors that have been well-established to be involved in development and cancer (32). For example, RUNX2, a key regulator of osteoblast differentiation, has been implicated in the evolution of breast and prostate cancer metastasis (33, 34). Consistent with our findings, Abdelzaher et al (2016) reported that RUNX2 is frequently upregulated in urothelial carcinomas and is likely involved in both carcinogenesis and tumor aggressiveness (35). There are also numerous studies examining the oncogenic role of RUNX2 through its regulatory effects on various tumorigenesis-associating genes and pathways. For example, Lim et al (2010) demonstrated that RUNX2 regulated survivin (BIRC5) expression in prostate cancer and protected cancer cells against apoptosis (36). Another study concluded that RUNX2 could act as a negative regulator for p53-dependent apoptosis and may therefore be an attractive therapeutic target for cancer (37). Our own study revealed an association between upregulation of RUNX2 in malignant epithelial BC carcinoma tissues, although we demonstrated that this was regulated by miR-154. We therefore suggest that RUNX2 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in BC and that these factors may be controlled by miR-154. However, it is still unclear whether RUNX2 affects cell apoptosis in BC cells and more studies are required to better understand the molecular mechanisms and biological pathways mediated by RUNX2. Since miRNAs can regulate various genes simultaneously, targeting miRNAs could influence multiple critical molecules involved in tumorigenesis (38). iTRAQ proteomics and bioinformatics (39) could be further used to identify more miR-154 targets.

In summary, the present study found that miR-154 downregulation in BC was correlated with a poor survival rate. Additionally, miR-154 inhibited BC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulating RSF1 and RUNX2 expression. Our data revealed that the miR-154-RSF1/RUNX2 interaction in BC may be an attractive target for future cancer treatment.

Glossary

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:

References