MicroRNA‑181a promotes cell proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in gastric cancer by targeting RASSF1A
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- Published online on: August 7, 2018 https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6632
- Pages: 1959-1970
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Copyright: © Yu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
Abstract
Introduction
Gastric cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer worldwide (1). The prognosis of gastric cancer is poor because the majority of patients are diagnosed at the advanced stage (2), and the average 5-year survival rate of advanced gastric cancer is 20–30%, despite a favorable prognosis for early-stage gastric cancer, with an average 5-year survival rate of >90% (3). Therefore, the identification of molecular targets for developing novel treatment is essential in gastric cancer.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that consist of 22–25 nucleotides, and modulate various cellular processes, including cell growth, development, differentiation, metabolism and apoptosis (4). Increasing evidence supports a role of miRNAs as oncogenes or suppressor in solid tumors (5). miR-181a is a member of the miR-181 family that serves a role in the pathogenesis of various cancer types (6–9). Particularly, it is reported to be expressed at a high level in gastric cancer and may promote gastric carcinogenesis (10,11). Inconsistent with these studies, Lin et al (12) reported that miR-181a inhibits cell proliferation, migration and metastasis, and is downregulated in gastric cancer. Therefore, the function of miR-181a in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer remains controversial, and the exact molecular mechanisms by which miR-181a modulate the process remain to be elucidated.
The Ras association domain family protein1 isoform A (RASSF1A), encoded by the RASSF1A gene, is localized at chromosome 3p21.3 (13). In various cancer types, including non-small cell lung and gastric cancer, suppression of RASSF1A expression has been reported (14–16), and RASSF1A therefore is theorized to function as a tumor suppressor. Aberrant promoter methylation is the most common molecular mechanism of silencing RASSF1A (17,18). Furthermore, miRNAs, including miR-602 and miR-181a/b, have been demonstrated to target and downregulate RASSF1A in hepatocellular carcinoma and acute promyelocytic leukemia (16,19). This suggests that miRNA-mediated suppression of RASSF1A may serve an essential role in the carcinogenesis and cancer progression. The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between miR-181a and RASSF1A, and their respective roles in gastric cancer.
Materials and methods
Clinical samples and cell cultures
A total of 42 pairs of gastric cancer samples and adjacent non-cancer tissue samples (5 cm away from the tumor) were collected from patients (31 males and 11 females; aged 40–78 years old) who had undergone surgery for primary gastric cancer at The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xi'an, China) between March 2014 and July 2014. No patient had received preoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients, and the study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xi'an, China).
AGS, SGC-7901 and 293 cells were purchased from the Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). Cells were maintained at 37°C in RPMI-1640 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (HyClone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Logan, UT, USA) in a humidified incubator with 5% CO2.
Cell transfection
The miR-181a mimics, negative control (NC), miR-181a inhibitor, inhibitor NC, siRNA-RASSF1A and siRNA-NC were synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The sequences were as follows: miR-181a mimic, 5′-AACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGUUCACCGACAGCG-3′; miR-181a inhibitor, 5′-ACUCACCGACAGCGUUGAAUGUU-3′; siRNA-RASSF1A forward, 5′-GACCUCUGUGGCGACUU-3′ and reverse, 5′-UGAAGUCGCCACAGAG-3′; NC and siRNA-NC forward, 5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT-3′ and reverse, 5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAATT-3′; inhibitor NC, 5′-CAGUACUUUUGUGUAGUACAA-3′. For RNA delivery, cells were seeded at a density of 1×105 cells/well in 6-well plates, and Lipofectamine™ 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to transfect the cells with 100 nM miR-181a mimic or NC, 200 nM miR-181a inhibitor or inhibitor NC, and 50 nM siRNA-RASSF1A, following the manufacturer's protocol. Each experiment was repeated three times.
RNA extraction and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)
TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to extract total RNA from the cell lines and tissue samples, following the manufacturer's protocol. The RevertAid First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to convert the RNA into cDNA with the following temperature protocol: 25°C for 5 min, followed by 42°C for 60 min and 70°C for 5 min. The following primers were used for qPCR: RASSF1A forward, 5′-AGTGCGCGCATTGCAAGTT-3′ and reverse, 5′-AAGGTCAGGTGTCTCCCAC-3′; miR-181a forward, 5′-ACACTCCAGCTGGGAACATTCAACGCTGTCG-3′ and reverse, 5′-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGAGTCGGCAATTCAGTTGACTCACCG-3; RNU6B forward, 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′ and reverse, 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′. The primers of miR-181a and RNU6B were purchased from Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd. (Guangzhou, China). For the chain reaction, 2 µl of cDNA, 1 µl forward primer and 1 µl reverse primer were mixed in SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) reagent. RT-qPCR was performed with a CFX96™ Real-Time PCR Detection system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) using SYBR Premix Ex Taq II at 95°C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec and 60°C for 1 min. The specific mRNA expression level was quantified by using the 2−∆∆Cq method (20). Each experiment was repeated three times.
miR-181a target prediction
The miR-181a sequence was obtained from miRBase (http://www.microrna.sanger.ac.uk). The target genes were predicted using bioinformatics analysis tools, including TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_72/), miRBase (http://www.mirbase.org/) and PICTA (https://pictar.mdc-berlin.de/).
Luciferase reporter assay
The 795 bp RASSF1A 3′-untranslated region (UTR) fragment was amplified by qPCR from the DNA of AGS cells and inserted into the pGL3-control vector (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA). The following primers were used: RASSF1A 3′-UTR forward, 5′-GTCTAGACCTCTTGTACCCCAGGTGG-3′ and reverse, 5′-GTCTAGAGAGGATCTTGAAATCTTTATTGAG-3′. Mutagenesis of the miR-181a binding site was performed using a Site-directed Mutagenesis kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) (16) (Fig. 1A and B). For Luciferase reporter assay, 239 cells were transiently cotransfected with 0.5 µg pGL3-RASSF1A 3′UTR or pGL3-RASSF1A 3′UTR mutated, and 50 nM miR-181a mimics or NC using Lipofectamine 2000. Then, 24 h after transfection, Firefly and Renilla luciferase activity were measured using the Dual-Luciferase Reporter assay system, following the manufacturer's protocol (Promega Corporation). Each experiment was repeated three times.
Cell growth assay
SGC-7901 and AGS cells were transfected with oligonucleotides as aforementioned. Cells were seeded into 96-well culture plates (6×103 cells/well) in 100 µl RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS. Cell growth was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8; Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Kumamoto, Japan) following the manufacturer's protocol at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Each experiment was repeated three times.
Cell cycle and apoptosis assay
Following transfection for 48 h, SGC-7901 and AGS cells were collected by trypsinization and washed with PBS twice. Cycle analyses were performed with the following protocol: Cells were fixed in 75% cold ethanol at 4°C overnight. Subsequently, the cells were treated with RNase A for 30 min at 37°C and stained with propidium iodide (PI) in the dark at room temperature for 30 min. For apoptosis analysis, cells were labeled with Annexin V-FITC and PI (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Cell cycle and apoptosis were assessed using FACS Calibur flow cytometry (BD Biosciences), and the data were analyzed using Flowjo 10.0 software (FlowJo LLC, Ashland, OR, USA). Each experiment was repeated three times.
Protein extraction and western blot analysis
Fresh tissues and cells were lysed using RIPA buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) containing a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and were quantified using a bicinchoninic acid assay (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Tissue or cell lysates containing 30 µg total protein/lane were loaded and separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel, followed by transference to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The membranes were blocked with 5% fat-free dry milk at room temperature for 1 h and then incubated with appropriate primary antibodies at 1:1,000 dilution at 4°C overnight. The primary antibodies against human cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A; mouse IgG; cat. no. sc-70823), p21 (mouse IgG, cat. no. sc-71811), Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX; mouse IgG; cat. no. sc-20067), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2; mouse IgG; cat. no. sc-509) and GAPDH (mouse IgG; cat. no. sc-47724) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA). Anti-cyclin A2 (mouse IgG; cat. no. 4656) and cyclin D1 (rabbit IgG; cat. no. 2922) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). Anti-RASSF1A (mouse IgG; cat. no. eB114-10H1) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. (eBioscience). The membrane was washed with TBS-Tween-20 buffer at room temperature three times, each time for 10 min, following incubation with the primary antibodies, and subsequently incubated with goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Abgent, San Diego, CA, USA) at room temperature for 2 h. To visualize the protein bands, SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity substrate (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was added. Protein expression was quantified by ImageJ software version 1.46 (National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA). Each experiment was repeated three times.
Statistical analysis
All data presented are mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise noted. A Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance with Duunett's post hoc test were used to detect statistical differences between groups. The correlation between RASSF1A and miR-181a expression was analyzed using the Pearson's correlation test. The association between the miR-181a level and clinicopathological characteristics in gastric cancer tissues was analyzed using a Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance with the Least significant difference post hoc test. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Identifying RASSF1A as a direct target of miR-181a
In order to investigate the role of miR-181a in gastric carcinogenesis, search for its putative target genes with bioinformatics analysis tools, including TargetScan, miRBase and PICTAR was performed. RASSF1A was identified as a possible target (Fig. 1A). The interaction between miR-181a and RASSF1A was then assessed. The possible binding sites for miR-181a in the 3′-UTR of RASSF1A was mutated, and luciferase reporter constructs with the mutated sequence and the wild type sequence were constructed (Fig. 1B). The mutant or wild-type RASSF1A construct was co-transfected with miR-181a mimics in 293 cells, and the luciferase activity of the RASSF1A 3′-UTR constructs was measured with the dual luciferase reporter assay. Luciferase activity in cells that were transfected with wild-type constructs and miR-181a mimics was significantly suppressed compared with cells transfected with wild-type constructs and NC (P<0.01; Fig. 1C). In contrast, cells co-transfected with the mutant constructs and miR-181a mimics exhibited a recovery of luciferase activity (P<0.01; Fig. 1C). These results indicated a direct interaction between miR-181a and RASSF1A at the 3′-UTR binding sites.
The effects of miR-181a on RASSF1A protein expression was then explored. The miR-181a expression in AGS cells transfected with miR-181a mimics was significantly higher compared with that in cells transfected with negative control (P<0.01; Fig. 1D); whereas the miR-181a expression in SCG-7901 cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitor was lower compared with that in cells transfected with inhibitor NC (P<0.01; Fig. 1E). RASSF1A protein level was significantly lower in AGS cells transfected with miR-181a mimics compared with that in cells transfected with negative control (P<0.01; Fig. 1F and H). Conversely, the RASSF1A protein level was significantly higher in SGC-7901 cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitor compared with that in cells transfected with inhibitor NC (P<0.01; Fig. 1G and I). Therefore, miR-181a level was negatively associated with the RASSF1A protein level. Notably, miR-181a did not significantly affect RASSF1A mRNA level in AGS and SGC-7901 cells as assessed by qPCR analyses (data not shown), indicating that miR-181a directly suppressed RASSF1A expression at the translational level.
RASSF1A protein expression negatively correlates with miR-181a level in gastric cancer tissue
To investigate whether the regulation of RASSF1A level by miR-181a had clinical implications, miR-181a and RASSF1A levels in tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues obtained from patients with gastric cancer were examined.
The relative level of miR-181a in 42 paired tumor and normal tissues was measured, and it was demonstrated that the miR-181a level was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with that in adjacent normal tissue (P<0.01; Fig. 1J). Further analyses did not identify a correlation between the miR-181a level and patient age, sex, tumor size, the locations of tumor, cell differentiation, the tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage or the depth of tumor invasion (Table I).
 | Table I.Correlation between miR-181a level and clinicopathological characteristics in gastric cancer tissues. |
miR-181a expression was then assessed with qPCR and RASSF1A protein levels with western blotting in 10 paired tumor and normal tissues. Furthermore, correlation analysis between miR-181a and RASSF1A expression levels was performed. A moderate correlation between the miR-181a level and RASSF1A protein level identified (P=0.0365; Fig. 1K).
RASSF1A knockdown promotes cell proliferation and G1/S transition, and inhibits apoptosis in AGS cells
Whether RASSF1A activities have a role in gastric carcinogenesis was investigated. Cell growth, cell cycle and apoptosis were examined in AGS cells transfected with siRNA that targeted RASSF1A. The RASSF1A protein expression level was significantly lower in AGS cells transfected with siRNA-RASSF1A compared with that in cells transfected with siRNA-NC (P<0.01; Fig. 2A and B). Knockdown of RASSF1A with siRNA significantly enhanced cell growth in AGS cells as assessed using the CCK-8 assay (P<0.01; Fig. 2C). In addition, the siRNA-RASSF1A-transfected cells contained a significantly lower proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase and a significantly higher proportion of cells in the S phase compared with the siRNA-NC transfected cells (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively; Fig. 2D and E), whereas the percentages of cells in the G2/M phase did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05).
Lastly, the apoptotic rates of AGS cells were assessed with cell flow cytometry. The apoptotic rate of cells transfected with siRNA-RASSF1A was significantly lower compared with that of the cells transfected with siRNA-NC (P<0.01; Fig. 2F and G). Therefore, the aforementioned results suggest that the knockdown of RASSF1A promoted cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis in AGS cells.
Effects of miR-181a on gastric cancer cells
As indicated by the aforementioned results, miR-181a negatively modulated RASSF1A expression, and RASSF1A suppressed cell proliferation, but promoted apoptosis. Thus, the effects of miR-181a on gastric cancer cell lines were examined next. Cell growth was assessed with a CCK-8 assay. AGS cells transfected with miR-181a mimics exhibited significantly greater growth rates compared with cells transfected with negative control (P<0.01; Fig. 3A). Conversely, SGC-7901 cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitor demonstrated significantly less growth compared with cells transfected with inhibitor NC (P<0.01; Fig. 3B).
The percentage of cells in each cell cycle phase was measured. The percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase was significantly lower, while the percentage of cells in the S phase was significantly higher in the miR-181a mimics-transfected AGS cells compared with that in cells transfected with negative control (both P<0.01; Fig. 3C and D). The percentage of cells in the G2/M phase did not differ significantly among the three groups (P>0.05; Fig. 3C and D). Transfection of miR-181a inhibitor revealed the opposite effects, where the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase was significantly higher, and in the S phase significantly lower in SGC-7901 cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitor compared with cells treated with inhibitor NC (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively; Fig. 3C and E). The percentage of cells in the G2/M phase; however, was not significantly different among the three groups of cells (P>0.05; Fig. 3C and E).
Lastly, the apoptotic rate of cells was assessed with cell flow cytometry (Fig. 3F). The apoptotic rate in AGS cells transfected with miR-181a mimic was significantly lower compared with that in cells transfected with negative control (P<0.01; Fig. 3F and G). In contrast, the apoptotic rate was significantly higher in SGC-7901 cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitor compared with that in cells transfected with the inhibitor NC (P<0.01; Fig. 3F and H).
Taken together, these data indicated that miR-181a and RASSF1A exhibit opposing effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis.
RASSF1A knockdown attenuates the effects of miR-181a downregulation on the proliferation and apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells
Whether RASSF1A knockdown attenuated the effect of miR-181a downregulation on proliferation and apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells was investigated. SGC-7901 cells were co-transfected with miR-181a inhibitor and siRNA-RASSF1A. Western blot analysis was used to confirm that RASSF1A expression was downregulated by siRNA-RASSF1A in SGC-7901 cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitor (P<0.01; Fig. 4A and B). Next, cell growth was assessed using a CCK-8 assay. The growth of SGC-7901 cells co-transfected with miR-181a inhibitor and siRNA-RASSF1A was significantly increased compared with cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitor only (P<0.01; Fig. 4C). Furthermore, the percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase was significantly lower, while the percentage of cells in the S phase was significantly higher in the cells co-transfected with miR-181a inhibitor and siRNA-RASSF1A compared with cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitor only (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively; Fig. 4D and E). The percentage of cells in the G2/M phase did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05; Fig. 4D and E). These results indicated that the inhibitory effects of downregulation of miR-181a on proliferation in SGC-7901 cells were attenuated by RASSF1A knockdown.
The apoptotic rate in cells co-transfected with miR-181a inhibitor and siRNA-RASSF1A was significantly lower compared with that in cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitor only (P<0.01; Fig. 4F and G). Taken together, these data suggested that RASSF1A knockdown attenuated the effects of miR-181a downregulation on cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Effects of miR-181a on the expression of tumorigenesis proteins
To further investigate the role of miR-181a in gastric cancer, the effects of miR-181a on the expression of tumorigenesis-associated proteins, including CDC25A, cyclin A2, p21, cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and Bax, were investigated.
It was demonstrated that CDC25A, cyclin A2 and Bcl-2 protein levels were significantly higher, whereas the Bax protein level was significantly lower, in AGS cells transfected with miR-181a mimic compared with these in cells transfected with the negative control (all P<0.01; Fig. 5A-D). P21 and cyclin D1 levels were not significantly different in the three groups (both P>0.05; Fig. 5A and B). In contrast, CDC25A, cyclin A2 and Bcl-2 protein levels were significantly lower, whereas the Bax protein level was significantly higher, in SGC-7901 cells transfected with miR-181a inhibitors compared with these in cells transfected with inhibitor NC (all P<0.01; Fig. 6A-D). Similarly, p21 and cyclin D1 levels were not significantly different among the three groups (both P>0.05; Fig. 6A and B).
These results indicated the complexity of the miR-181a signaling pathway, and that miR-181a targeted multiple downstream effectors, which in turn serve essential roles in tumorigenesis.
Discussion
In previous years, abnormalities in miR-181a expression were reported to serve an essential role in the pathogenesis of numerous types of cancer (8,9,21–23). However, the exact role of miR-181a in tumorigenesis has remained controversial due to inconsistent results in different tumor types. miR-181a is reported to be an oncogene in head and neck cancer (21), breast cancer (9), and hepatocellular carcinoma (8). In contrast, several studies indicated miR-181a acts as a tumor-suppressor in primary glioblastoma (22) and aggressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (23). These findings demonstrate that the role of miR-181a in tumorigenesis is tumor-specific. The result of the present study revealed elevated miR-181a expression in gastric cancer tissues, indicating that miR-181a may be an oncogene in gastric cancer.
Identifying cancer-specific miRNA targets is an important step in clarifying the roles of miRNAs in tumorigenesis and progression. miR-181a has been reported to inhibit tumor growth via the downregulation of oncogene K-ras in oral squamous cell carcinoma (21). Liu et al (24) reported that miR-181a promotes the transition of G0/G1 to S and cell growth via targeting tumor suppressor ataxia telangiectasia mutated in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. In the present study, RASSF1A was identified as a direct target of miR-181a, and the luciferase activity was lower in 293 cells co-transfected with wild-type constructs and miR-181a mimics compared with cells co-transfected with wild-type constructs and NC. Mutation of the putative binding sites in the 3′-UTR of RASSF1A abolished these effects, suggesting that miR-181a directly binds with the 3′-UTR of RASSF1A, thereby suppressing its translation. In addition, in the gastric cancer cell lines, an increase in miR-181a level was associated with reduced RASSF1A protein levels, whereas a decrease in miR-181a level was associated with an increased RASSF1A protein level. Notably, miR-181a did not significantly affect RASSF1A mRNA expression in the AGS and SGC-7901 cell lines, indicating that miR-181a directly suppresses RASSF1A expression at the translational level. Furthermore, in tumor tissues from patients with gastric cancer, a negative correlation between the miR-181a level and RASSF1A protein level was identified.
miRNAs have emerged as an essential modulators of cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle dysregulation (25). RASSF1A was observed to suppress gastric cancer cell proliferation and G1/S transition, and promote apoptosis in the present study. Thus, the downregulation of RASSF1A by miR-181a would expect to cause opposing effects. Indeed, the results demonstrated that miR-181a promoted cell growth and G1/S transition, and suppressed apoptosis in gastric cancer cell lines. Furthermore, RASSF1A knockdown attenuated the effects of downregulation of miR-181a on proliferation and apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells.
Increasing evidence suggests that RASSF1A acts as a tumor suppressor in numerous types of cancer through multiple mechanisms (26,27). The results of the present study suggest that RASSF1A promoted apoptosis, and suppressed cell growth and proliferation, which are consistent with a previous study whereby RASSF1A was demonstrated to suppress cell cycle progression at the G1/S transition by preventing cyclin D1 accumulation (28). Oh et al (29) reported that RASSF1A is required for full activation of macrophage stimulating 1 (Mst1) and enhanced Mst1-mediated apoptosis in vivo. Furthermore, in a previous study, we reported that RASSF1A inhibits SGC-7901 cell invasion under hypoxic conditions, which is associated with matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition (30). Inactivation of RASSF1A may result from multiple mechanisms in tumorigenesis, including transcriptional silencing through promoter hypermethylation, loss of heterozygosity and chromosome deficiency (31). The present study reported that miR-181a suppressed RASSF1A by directly interacting with its 3′-UTR region, resulting in downregulation of RASSF1A at the translational level in gastric cancer cell lines. Therefore, it is likely that miR-181a promotes gastric cancer progression by suppressing RASSF1A.
In addition, it was demonstrated that miR-181a was negatively associated with the Bax protein level, and positively associated CDC25A, cyclin A2 and Bcl-2 protein levels in gastric cancer cell lines. CDC25A, a member of the CDC25 family, serves an important role in regulating the G1/S checkpoint and the G2/M checkpoint (32). The increase in the G1/S transition in the presence of miR-181a may be mediated by upregulating CDC25A. In addition, CDC25A has been reported to be involved in the hyperactivation of cyclin A2-cyclin-dependent kinase 1 in the G0/G1 to S transition. The present data revealed that cyclin A2 protein expression increased in cells overexpressing miR-181a, suggesting that upregulation of CDC25A and cyclin A2 mediated by miR-181a results in the promotion of gastric cancer cell proliferation and the G1/S transition. Similarly, it was demonstrated that the expression of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 and proapoptosis protein Bax expression was regulated by miR-181a, consistent with a study by Xu et al (33) reporting similar effects of miR-181a in cervical cancer. However, the exact mechanisms of miR-181a on gastric cancer cell growth and apoptosis remain to be elucidated. It is likely that miR-181a promotes gastric cancer progression via multiple signaling pathways.
miR-181a as a predictor of prognosis in other malignancies has been reported. Pichler et al (34) reported that the level of miR-181a expression level is associated with poor survival of patients with colorectal cancer. Xiang et al (35) reported that higher miR-181a expression was associated with shorter recurrence-free survival and shorter overall survival times in esophageal cancer. However, no significant association was identified between the miR-181a expression and clinical features of gastric cancer in the present study. This inconsistency may be due to the TNM stage of patients included in the current study, whereby the majority of patients were at stage of TNM III and IV. Furthermore, the limited available tissue samples did not allow for reliable correlation analyses to be performed. miR-181a as the prognosis predictor for gastric cancer remains to be validated, as follow-up visits have not reached the universal standard of 3 or 5 years.
Several targets of miR-181a that are associated with cell growth, apoptosis and invasion in a variety of human tumors have been identified, including K-ras (21), caudal type homeobox 2 (36), GATA binding protein 6 (36) and nemo-like kinase (36). The present study results suggested that RASSF1A is a direct target of miR-181a in gastric cancer, and that RASSF1A is highly likely a tumor suppressor in gastric cancer. Previous studies have reported that protein tyrosine phosphatase MEG2 (37) and autophagy-related 5 (38) are directly targeted by miR-181a in gastric cancer. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that the upregulation of miR-181a promoted gastric cancer cell growth and the G1/S transition, and inhibited apoptosis, possibly through upregulation of CDC25A, cyclin A2 and Bcl-2, and downregulation of Bax. Taken together, miR-181a functions as an oncogene in gastric cancer that possibly promotes cancer progression by suppressing RASSF1A and may represent a potential molecular target for gastric cancer therapy. However, further studies are required to fully understand the involvement of miR-181a/RASSF1A signaling in gastric cancer.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The present study was supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81101874 and 81172362), The Science and Technology Project of Shaanxi Province (grant nos. 2016SF-015 and 2016SF-157), and The Coordinative and Innovative Plan Projects of the Science and Technology Program in Shaanxi Province (grant no. 2013KTCQ03-08).
Availability of data and materials
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
Authors' contributions
JHY and JQ performed the experiments, acquired the data and drafted the manuscript. WW and GBW collected gastric cancer samples and clinicopathological characteristics, and assisted with the experiments. YHW and QG analyzed and interpreted data. XJS and JBZ substantially contributed to the study conception and design. All authors read and approved the final manuscript and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the research in ensuring that the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xi'an, China) and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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