Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
February-2019 Volume 41 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
February-2019 Volume 41 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article Open Access

Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine‑induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells

  • Authors:
    • Xiao‑Tao Zhou
    • Ze‑Jin Pu
    • Li‑Xuan Liu
    • Guo‑Ping Li
    • Jia‑Lin Feng
    • Hua‑Chen Zhu
    • Ling‑Fei Wu
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, Department of Information, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University‑The University of Hong Kong Joint Institute of Virology, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Pages: 829-838
    |
    Published online on: November 30, 2018
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6899
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

In cancer research, autophagy acts as a double‑edged sword: it increases cell viability or induces cell apoptosis depending upon the cell context and functional status. Recent studies have shown that adenosine (Ado) has cytotoxic effects in many tumors. However, the role of autophagy in Ado‑induced apoptosis is still poorly understood. In the present study, Ado‑induced apoptotic death and autophagy in hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells was investigated and the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis was identified. In the present study, it was demonstrated that Ado inhibited HepG2 cell growth in a time‑ and concentration‑dependent manner and activated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as indicated by G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, the increased mRNA and protein levels of GRP78/BiP, PERK, ATF4, CHOP, cleaved caspase‑3, cytochrome c and the loss of mitochon­drial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Ado also induced autophagic flux, revealed by the increased expression of the autophagy marker microtubule‑associated protein 1 light chain 3‑II (LC3‑II), Beclin‑1, autophagosomes, and the degradation of p62, as revealed by western blot analysis and macrophage‑derived chemokine (MDC) staining. Blocking autophagy using LY294002 notably entrenched Ado‑induced growth inhibition and cell apoptosis, as demonstrated with the increased expression of cytochrome c and p62, and the decreased expression of LC3‑II. Conversely, the autophagy inducer rapamycin alleviated Ado‑induced apoptosis and markedly increased the ΔΨm. Moreover, knockdown of AMPK with si‑AMPK partially abolished Ado‑induced ULK1 activation and mTOR inhibition, and thus reinforced CHOP expression and Ado‑induced apoptosis. These results indicated that Ado‑induced ER stress resulted in apoptosis and autophagy concurrently. The AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway played a protective role in the apoptotic procession. Inhibition of autophagy may effectively enhance the anticancer effect of Ado in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

View References

1 

Mokdad AA, Singal AG and Yopp AC: Advances in local and systemic therapies for hepatocellular cancer. Curr Oncol Rep. 18:92016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Lin J, Wu L, Bai X, Xie Y, Wang A, Zhang H, Yang X, Wan X, Lu X, Sang X, et al: Combination treatment including targeted therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget. 7:71036–71051. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Zhou J, Li G, Zheng Y, Shen HM, Hu X, Ming QL, Huang C, Li P and Gao N: A novel autophagy/mitophagy inhibitor liensinine sensitizes breast cancer cells to chemotherapy through DNM1L-mediated mitochondrial fission. Autophagy. 11:1259–1279. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Xie WY, Zhou XD, Li Q, Chen LX and Ran DH: Acid-induced autophagy protects human lung cancer cells from apoptosis by activating ER stress. Exp Cell Res. 339:270–279. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Chi KH, Wang YS, Huang YC, Chiang HC, Chi MS, Chi CH, Wang HE and Kao SJ: Simultaneous activation and inhibition of autophagy sensitizes cancer cells to chemotherapy. Oncotarget. 7:58075–58088. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Rubiolo JA, López-Alonso H, Martínez P, Millán A, Cagide E, Vieytes MR, Vega FV and Botana LM: Yessotoxin induces ER-stress followed by autophagic cell death in glioma cells mediated by mTOR and BNIP3. Cell Signal. 26:419–432. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Artero-Castro A, Perez-Alea M, Feliciano A, Leal JA, Genestar M, Castellvi J, Peg V, Ramón Y Cajal S and Lleonart ME: Disruption of the ribosomal P complex leads to stress-induced autophagy. Autophagy. 11:1499–1519. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Netea-Maier RT, Klück V, Plantinga TS and Smit JW: Autophagy in thyroid cancer: Present knowledge and future perspectives. Front Endocrinol. 6:222015. View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Kovaleva V, Mora R, Park YJ, Plass C, Chiramel AI, Bartenschlager R, Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Pscherer A, Lichter P, et al: miRNA-130a targets ATG2BDICER1 to inhibit autophagy and trigger killing of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Cancer Res. 72:1763–1772. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Jing Z, Sui X, Yao J, Xie J, Jiang L, Zhou Y, Pan H and Han W: SKF-96365 activates cytoprotective autophagy to delay apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells through inhibition of the calcium/CaMKIIγ/AKT-mediated pathway. Cancer Lett. 372:226–238. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Liu Y, Gong W, Yang ZY, Zhou XS, Gong C, Zhang TR, Wei X, Ma D, Ye F and Gao QL: Quercetin induces protective autophagy and apoptosis through ER stress via the p-STAT3/Bcl-2 axis in ovarian cancer. Apoptosis. 22:544–557. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Hu JL, Hu XL, Guo AY, Wang CJ, Wen YY and Cang SD: Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes autophagy and apoptosis and reverses chemoresistance in human ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget. 8:49380–49394. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

13 

Sui X, Kong N, Ye L, Han W, Zhou J, Zhang Q, He C and Pan H: p38 and JNK MAPK pathways control the balance of apoptosis and autophagy in response to chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Lett. 344:174–179. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Guo XL, Hu F, Zhang SS, Zhao QD, Zong C, Ye F, Guo SW, Zhang JW, Li R, Wu MC, et al: Inhibition of p53 increases chemosensitivity to 5-FU in nutrient-deprived hepatocarcinoma cells by suppressing autophagy. Cancer Lett. 346:278–284. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Liu LX, Deng W, Zhou XT, Chen RP, Xiang MQ, Guo YT, Pu ZJ, Li R, Wang GF and Wu LF: The mechanism of adenosine-mediated activation of lncRNA MEG3 and its antitumor effects in human hepatoma cells. Int J Oncol. 48:421–429. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Hajiahmadi S, Panjehpour M, Aghaei M and Shabani M: Activation of A2b adenosine receptor regulates ovarian cancer cell growth: Involvement of Bax/Bcl-2 and caspase-3. Biochem Cell Biol. 93:321–319. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Yu S, Hou D, Chen P, Zhang Q, Lv B, Ma Y, Liu F, Liu H, Song EJ, Yang D, et al: Adenosine induces apoptosis through TNFR1/RIPK1/P38 axis in colon cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 460:759–765. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18 

Hirsch C, Gauss R, Horn SC, Neuber O and Sommer T: The ubiquitylation machinery of the endoplasmic reticulum. Nature. 458:453–460. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Wu LF, Guo YT, Zhang QH, Xiang MQ, Deng W, Ye YQ, Pu ZJ, Feng JL and Huang GY: Enhanced antitumor effects of adenoviral-mediated siRNA against GRP78 gene on adenosine-induced apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Int J Mol Sci. 15:525–544. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Yasuda Y, Saito M, Yamamura T, Yaguchi T and Nishizaki T: Extracellular adenosine induces apoptosis in Caco-2 human colonic cancer cells by activating caspase-9/-3 via A2a adenosine receptors. J Gastroenterol. 44:56–65. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Gorman AM, Healy SJ, Jäger R and Samali A: Stress management at the ER: Regulators of ER stress-induced apoptosis. Pharmacol Ther. 134:306–316. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Zhang J, Singh N, Robinson-Taylor KS, Dorsett-Martin WA, Morris MW Jr, Earl TM and Anderson CD: Hepatocyte autophagy is linked to C/EBP-homologous protein, Bcl2-interacting mediator of cell death, and BH3-interacting domain death agonist gene expression. J Surg Res. 195:588–595. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

23 

Wu LF, Wei BL, Guo YT, Ye YQ, Li GP, Pu ZJ and Feng JL: Apoptosis induced by adenosine involves endoplasmic reticulum stress in EC109 cells. Int J Mol Med. 30:797–804. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2ΔΔCT method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Bromati CR, Lellis-Santos C, Yamanaka TS, Nogueira TC, Leonelli M, Caperuto LC, Gorjão R, Leite AR, Anhê GF and Bordin S: UPR induces transient burst of apoptosis in islets of early lactating rats through reduced AKT phosphorylation via ATF4/CHOP stimulation of TRB3 expression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 300:R92–R100. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Varshney R, Varshney R, Mishra R, Gupta S, Sircar D and Roy P: Kaempferol alleviates palmitic acid-induced lipid stores, endoplasmic reticulum stress and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction through AMPK/mTOR-mediated lipophagy. J Nutr Biochem. 57:212–227. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27 

Imamura K, Ogura T, Kishimoto A, Kaminishi M and Esumi H: Cell cycle regulation via p53 phosphorylation by a 5′-AMP activated protein kinase activator, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside, in a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 287:562–567. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Oura K, Tadokoro T, Fujihara S, Morishita A, Chiyo T, Samukawa E, Yamana Y, Fujita K, Sakamoto T, Nomura T, et al: Telmisartan inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation control by inducing cell cycle arrest. Oncol Rep. 38:2825–2835. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Kang S, Kang MS, Ryu E and Myung K: Eukaryotic DNA replication: Orchestrated action of multi-subunit protein complexes. Mutat Res. 809:58–69. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Walter P and Ron D: The unfolded protein response: From stress pathway to homeostatic regulation. Science. 334:1081–1086. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

31 

Kenific CM and Debnath J: Cellular and metabolic functions for autophagy in cancer cells. Trends Cell Biol. 25:37–45. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Park JH, Lee JE, Shin IC and Koh HC: Autophagy regulates chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 268:55–67. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Buontempo F, Ersahin T, Missiroli S, Senturk S, Etro D, Ozturk M, Capitani S, Cetin-Atalay R and Neri ML: Inhibition of Akt signaling in hepatoma cells induces apoptotic cell death independent of Akt activation status. Invest New Drugs. 29:1303–1313. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Xing CG, Zhu BS, Liu HH, Lin F, Yao HH, Liang ZQ and Qin ZH: LY294002 induces p53-dependent apoptosis of SGC7901 gastric cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sini. 29:489–498. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

35 

Hardie DG, Ross FA and Hawley SA: AMPK: A nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 13:251–262. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Ojuka EO, Jones TE, Nolte LA, Chen M, Wamhoff BR, Sturek M and Holloszy JO: Regulation of GLUT4 biogenesis in muscle: Evidence for involvement of AMPK and Ca2+. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 282:E1008–E1013. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Mihaylova MM and Shaw RJ: The AMPK signalling pathway coordinates cell growth and metabolism. Nat Cell Biol. 13:1016–1023. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Galardo MN, Riera MF, Pellizzari EH, Sobarzo C, Scarcelli R, Denduchis B, Lustig L, Cigorraga SB and Meroni SB: Adenosine regulates Sertoli cell function by activating AMPK. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 330:49–58. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Aymerich I, Foufelle F, Ferré P, Casado FJ and Pastor-Anglada M: Extracellular adenosine activates AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). J Cell Sci. 119:1612–1621. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Bolster DR, Crozier SJ, Kimball SR and Jefferson LS: AMP-activated protein kinase suppresses protein synthesis in rat skeletal muscle through down-regulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. J Biol Chem. 277:23977–23980. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

41 

Kim J, Kundu M, Viollet B and Guan KL: AMPK and mTOR regulate autophagy through direct phosphorylation of Ulk1. Nat Cell Biol. 13:132–141. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Zhou XT, Pu ZJ, Liu LX, Li GP, Feng JL, Zhu HC and Wu LF: Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine‑induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. Oncol Rep 41: 829-838, 2019.
APA
Zhou, X., Pu, Z., Liu, L., Li, G., Feng, J., Zhu, H., & Wu, L. (2019). Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine‑induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. Oncology Reports, 41, 829-838. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6899
MLA
Zhou, X., Pu, Z., Liu, L., Li, G., Feng, J., Zhu, H., Wu, L."Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine‑induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells". Oncology Reports 41.2 (2019): 829-838.
Chicago
Zhou, X., Pu, Z., Liu, L., Li, G., Feng, J., Zhu, H., Wu, L."Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine‑induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells". Oncology Reports 41, no. 2 (2019): 829-838. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6899
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Zhou XT, Pu ZJ, Liu LX, Li GP, Feng JL, Zhu HC and Wu LF: Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine‑induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. Oncol Rep 41: 829-838, 2019.
APA
Zhou, X., Pu, Z., Liu, L., Li, G., Feng, J., Zhu, H., & Wu, L. (2019). Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine‑induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. Oncology Reports, 41, 829-838. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6899
MLA
Zhou, X., Pu, Z., Liu, L., Li, G., Feng, J., Zhu, H., Wu, L."Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine‑induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells". Oncology Reports 41.2 (2019): 829-838.
Chicago
Zhou, X., Pu, Z., Liu, L., Li, G., Feng, J., Zhu, H., Wu, L."Inhibition of autophagy enhances adenosine‑induced apoptosis in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells". Oncology Reports 41, no. 2 (2019): 829-838. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2018.6899
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team