Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
April-2021 Volume 45 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2021 Volume 45 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Review Open Access

Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Gloria M. Calaf
    • Tammy C. Bleak
    • Debasish Roy
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile, Department of Natural Sciences, Hostos Community College of The City University of New York, Bronx, NY 10451, USA
    Copyright: © Calaf et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 24
    |
    Published online on: February 11, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.7975
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Cancer development is a multistep process that may be induced by a variety of compounds. Environmental substances, such as pesticides, have been associated with different human diseases. Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are among the most commonly used insecticides. Despite the fact that organophosphorus has been associated with an increased risk of cancer, particularly hormone‑mediated cancer, few prospective studies have examined the use of individual insecticides. Reported results have demonstrated that OPs and estrogen induce a cascade of events indicative of the transformation of human breast epithelial cells. In vitro studies analyzing an immortalized non‑tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell line may provide us with an approach to analyzing cell transformation under the effects of OPs in the presence of estrogen. The results suggested hormone‑mediated effects of these insecticides on the risk of cancer among women. It can be concluded that, through experimental models, the initiation of cancer can be studied by analyzing the steps that transform normal breast cells to malignant ones through certain substances, such as pesticides and estrogen. Such substances cause genomic instability, and therefore tumor formation in the animal, and signs of carcinogenesis in vitro. Cancer initiation has been associated with an increase in genomic instability, indicated by the inactivation of tumor‑suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes in the presence of malathion, parathion, and estrogen. In the present study, a comprehensive summary of the impact of OPs in human and rat breast cancer, specifically their effects on the cell cycle, signaling pathways linked to epidermal growth factor, drug metabolism, and genomic instability in an MCF‑10F estrogen receptor‑negative breast cell line is provided.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

View References

1 

Guyton KZ, Loomis D, Grosse Y, El Ghissassi F, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Scoccianti C, Mattock H and Straif K; International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group, IARC, Lyon, France, : Carcinogenicity of tetrachlorvinphos, parathion, malathion, diazinon, and glyphosate. Lancet Oncol. 16:490–491. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Rich JD, Gabriel SM and Schultz-Norton JR: In vitro effects of herbicides and insecticides on human breast cells. ISRN Toxicol. 2012:2324612012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Lerro CC, Koutros S, Andreotti G, Friesen MC, Alavanja MC, Blair A, Hoppin JA, Sandler DP, Lubin JH, Ma X, et al: Organophosphate insecticide use and cancer incidence among spouses of pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study. Occup Environ Med. 72:736–744. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4 

Alavanja MC, Ross MK and Bonner MR: Increased cancer burden among pesticide applicators and others due to pesticide exposure. CA Cancer J Clin. 63:120–142. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5 

Sabarwal A, Kumar K and Singh RP: Hazardous effects of chemical pesticides on human health-Cancer and other associated disorders. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 63:103–114. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6 

Popp J, Peto K and Nagy J: Pesticide productivity and food security. A review. Agron Sustain Dev. 33:243–255. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Cantor KP, Blair A, Everett G, Gibson R, Burmeister LF, Brown LM, Schuman L and Dick FR: Pesticides and other agricultural risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among men in Iowa and Minnesota. Cancer Res. 52:2447–2455. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

8 

McDuffie HH, Pahwa P, McLaughlin JR, Spinelli JJ, Fincham S, Dosman JA, Robson D, Skinnider LF and Choi NW: Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and specific pesticide exposures in men: Cross-Canada study of pesticides and health. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 10:1155–1163. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

9 

Hu L, Luo D, Zhou T, Tao Y, Feng J and Mei S: The association between non-Hodgkin lymphoma and organophosphate pesticides exposure: A meta-analysis. Environ Pollut. 231:319–328. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Brown LM, Blair A, Gibson R, Everett GD, Cantor KP, Schuman LM, Burmeister LF, Van Lier SF and Dick F: Pesticide exposures and other agricultural risk factors for leukemia among men in Iowa and Minnesota. Cancer Res. 50:6585–6591. 1990.PubMed/NCBI

11 

Soldin OP, Nsouli-Maktabi H, Genkinger JM, Loffredo CA, Ortega-Garcia JA, Colantino D, Barr DB, Luban NL, Shad AT and Nelson D: Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia and exposure to pesticides. Ther Drug Monit. 31:495–501. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Costa LG: Organophosphorus compounds at 80: Some old and new issues. Toxicol Sci. 162:24–35. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

13 

Shen K and Novak RF: DDT stimulates c-erbB2, c-met, and STATS tyrosine phosphorylation, Grb2-Sos association, MAPK phosphorylation, and proliferation of human breast epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 231:17–21. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Bharathi SP, Raj HM, Jain S, Banerjee BD, Ahmed T and Arora VK: Role of pesticides in the induction of tumor angiogenesis. Anticancer Res. 33:231–240. 2013.PubMed/NCBI

15 

Dich J, Zahm SH, Hanberg A and Adami HO: Pesticides and cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 8:420–443. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

16 

Bassil KL, Vakil C, Sanborn M, Cole DC, Kaur JS and Kerr KJ: Cancer health effects of pesticides: Systematic review. Can Fam Physician. 53:1704–1711. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

17 

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), . Some organophosphate insecticides and herbicides. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Monograph. 112. IARC; Lyon: 2017, https://monographs.iarc.fr/iarc-monographs-on-the-evaluation-of-carcinogenic-risks-to-humans-4/July. 2017

18 

Blasiak J, Jaloszynski P, Trzeciak A and Szyfter K: In vitro studies on the genotoxicity of the organophosphorus insecticide malathion and its two analogues. Mutat Res. 445:275–283. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Berkman CE, Quinn DA and Thompson CM: Interaction of acetylcholinesterase with the enantiomers of malaoxon and isomalathion. Chem Res Toxicol. 6:724–730. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Calaf GM and Roy D: Cancer genes induced by malathion and parathion in the presence of estrogen in breast cells. Int J Mol Med. 21:261–268. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

21 

Calaf GM and Roy D: Gene and protein expressions induced by 17beta-estradiol and parathion in cultured breast epithelial cells. Mol Med. 13:255–265. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), . Sex Hormones (II). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Monograph. 21. IARC; Lyon: 1979, https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Sex-Hormones-II-1979January. 2020

23 

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), . Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: An Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1–42. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Supplement. 7. IARC; Lyon: 1987, https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-Supplements/Overall-Evaluations-Of-Carcinogenicity-An-Updating-Of-IARC-Monographs-Volumes-1%E2%80%9342-1987January. 2020PubMed/NCBI

24 

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), . Hormonal Contraception and Post-menopausal Hormonal Therapy. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Human. Monograph. 72. IARC; Lyon: 1999, https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Hormonal-Contraception-And-Post-menopausal-Hormonal-Therapy-1999January. 2020

25 

Bernstein L and Ross RK: Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev. 15:48–65. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

Henderson BE, Ross R and Bernstein L: Estrogens as a cause of human cancer: The richard and hinda rosenthal foundation award lecture. Cancer Res. 48:246–253. 1988.PubMed/NCBI

27 

NRC, . Hormonally Active Agents in the Environmented. National Research Council Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 1999

28 

Greenman SB, Rutten MJ, Fowler WM, Scheffler L, Shortridge LA, Brown B, Sheppard BC, Deveney KE, Deveney CW and Trunkey DD: Herbicide/pesticide effects on intestinal epithelial growth. Environ Res. 75:85–93. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Valeron PF, Pestano JJ, Luzardo OP, Zumbado ML, Almeida M and Boada LD: Differential effects exerted on human mammary epithelial cells by environmentally relevant organochlorine pesticides either individually or in combination. Chem Biol Interact. 180:485–491. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Calaf GM and Garrido F: Catechol estrogens as biomarkers for mammary gland cancer. Int J Oncol. 39:177–183. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Calaf GM and Echiburu-Chau C: Synergistic effect of malathion and estrogen on mammary gland carcinogenesis. Oncol Rep. 28:640–646. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Echiburu-Chau C and Calaf GM: Rat lung cancer induced by malathion and estrogen. Int J Oncol. 33:603–611. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

33 

Calaf GM and Roy D: Gene expression signature of parathion-transformed human breast epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med. 19:741–750. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

34 

Calaf GM and Roy D: Human drug metabolism genes in parathion-and estrogen-treated breast cells. Int J Mol Med. 20:875–881. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

35 

Calaf GM and Roy D: Cell adhesion proteins altered by 17beta estradiol and parathion in breast epithelial cells. Oncol Rep. 19:165–169. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

36 

Calaf GM, Echiburu-Chau C and Roy D: Organophosphorous pesticides and estrogen induce transformation of breast cells affecting p53 and c-Ha-ras genes. Int J Oncol. 35:1061–1068. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Calaf G and Russo J: Transformation of human breast epithelial cells by chemical carcinogens. Carcinogenesis. 14:483–492. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38 

Calaf GM and Hei TK: Establishment of a radiation- and estrogen-induced breast cancer model. Carcinogenesis. 21:769–776. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Gallardo M and Calaf GM: Curcumin and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells transformed by low doses of radiation and estrogen. Int J Oncol. 48:2534–2542. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Calaf GM: Curcumin, oxidative stress and breast cancer, in Oxidative stress and dietary antioxidants, V. R. Preedy. Elsevier Inc.; London, UK: pp. 159–169. 2014

41 

Calaf GM, Echiburu-Chau C, Roy D, Chai Y, Wen G and Balajee AS: Protective role of curcumin in oxidative stress of breast cells. Oncol Rep. 26:1029–1035. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

42 

Guyton KZ, Rieswijk L, Wang A, Chiu WA and Smith MT: Key Characteristics Approach to Carcinogenic Hazard Identification. Chem Res Toxicol. 31:1290–1292. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

43 

Smith MT, Guyton KZ, Gibbons CF, Fritz JM, Portier CJ, Rusyn I, DeMarini DM, Caldwell JC, Kavlock RJ, Lambert PF, et al: Key Characteristics of carcinogens as a basis for organizing data on mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Environ Health Perspect. 124:713–721. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

44 

Cabello G, Valenzuela M, Vilaxa A, Duran V, Rudolph I, Hrepic N and Calaf G: A rat mammary tumor model induced by the organophosphorous pesticides parathion and malathion, possibly through acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Environ Health Perspect. 109:471–479. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

45 

Gwinn MR, Whipkey DL, Tennant LB and Weston A: Differential gene expression in normal human mammary epithelial cells treated with malathion monitored by DNA microarrays. Environ Health Perspect. 113:1046–10451. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

46 

Calaf GM, Alvarado ME and Hei TK: Beta catenin is associated with breast cancer progression in vitro. Int J Oncol. 26:913–921. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

47 

Calaf G and Hei TK: Oncoprotein expression in human breast epithelial cells transformed by high-LET radiation. Int J Radiat Biol. 77:31–40. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

48 

Nicolson GL: Cell membrane fluid-mosaic structure and cancer metastasis. Cancer Res. 75:1169–1176. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

49 

Morrissey MA, Hagedorn EJ and Sherwood DR: Cell invasion through basement membrane: The netrin receptor DCC guides the way. Worm. 2:e261692013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

50 

Naumann K: Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticides: Structures and Properties. 1 edition. Chemistry of Plant Protection. 4. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. XVI, 244. 1990, View Article : Google Scholar

51 

Kim IY, Shin JH, Kim HS, Lee SJ, Kang IH, Kim TS, Moon HJ, Choi KS, Moon A and Han SY: Assessing estrogenic activity of pyrethroid insecticides using in vitro combination assays. J Reprod Dev. 50:245–255. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

52 

Isoda H, Talorete TP, Han J, Oka S, Abe Y and Inamori Y: Effects of organophosphorous pesticides used in china on various mammalian cells. Environ Sci. 12:9–19. 2005.PubMed/NCBI

53 

Calaf GM: Susceptibility of human breast epithelial cells in vitro to hormones and drugs. Int J Oncol. 28:285–295. 2006.PubMed/NCBI

54 

Fernandez PL, Jares P, Rey MJ, Campo E and Cardesa A: Cell cycle regulators and their abnormalities in breast cancer. Mol Pathol. 51:305–309. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

55 

Tenga MJ and Lazar IM: Proteomic snapshot of breast cancer cell cycle: G1/S transition point. Proteomics. 13:48–60. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

56 

Stopper H, Schmitt E, Gregor C, Mueller SO and Fischer WH: Increased cell proliferation is associated with genomic instability: Elevated micronuclei frequencies in estradiol-treated human ovarian cancer cells. Mutagenesis. 18:243–247. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

57 

Deshpande A, Sicinski P and Hinds PW: Cyclins and cdks in development and cancer: A perspective. Oncogene. 24:2909–2915. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

58 

Hydbring P, Malumbres M and Sicinski P: Non-canonical functions of cell cycle cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 17:280–292. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

59 

Petersen BO, Lukas J, Sorensen CS, Bartek J and Helin K: Phosphorylation of mammalian CDC6 by cyclin A/CDK2 regulates its subcellular localization. EMBO J. 18:396–410. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

60 

Saxena P: Comparative prediction of binding site of organophosphorus, carbamate and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides on human cyclin-dependent protein kinases Cdk2 and Cdk4. J Entomol Zoology Stud. 2:106–110. 2014.

61 

Okuda T, Cleveland JL and Downing JR: PCTAIRE-1 and PCTAIRE-3, two members of a novel cdc2/CDC28-related protein kinase gene family. Oncogene. 7:2249–2258. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

62 

Serrano M, Hannon GJ and Beach D: A new regulatory motif in cell-cycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D/CDK4. Nature. 366:704–707. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

63 

Kato JY, Matsuoka M, Strom DK and Sherr CJ: Regulation of cyclin D-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) by cdk4-activating kinase. Mol Cell Biol. 14:2713–2721. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

64 

MacLachlan TK, Sang N and Giordano A: Cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases and cdk inhibitors: Implications in cell cycle control and cancer. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 5:127–156. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

65 

Tye BK: MCM proteins in DNA replication. Annu Rev Biochem. 68:649–486. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

66 

Labib K, Tercero JA and Diffley JF: Uninterrupted MCM2-7 function required for DNA replication fork progression. Science. 288:1643–1647. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

67 

Ryu S and Driever W: Minichromosome maintenance proteins as markers for proliferation zones during embryogenesis. Cell Cycle. 5:1140–1142. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

68 

Ren B, Cam H, Takahashi Y, Volkert T, Terragni J, Young RA and Dynlacht BD: E2F integrates cell cycle progression with DNA repair, replication, and G(2)/M checkpoints. Genes Dev. 16:245–256. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

69 

Pereverzeva I, Whitmire E, Khan B and Coue M: Distinct phosphoisoforms of the Xenopus Mcm4 protein regulate the function of the Mcm complex. Mol Cell Biol. 20:3667–3676. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

70 

Ishimi Y, Komamura-Kohno Y, You Z, Omori A and Kitagawa M: Inhibition of Mcm4,6,7 helicase activity by phosphorylation with cyclin A/Cdk2. J Biol Chem. 275:16235–16241. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

71 

Fujita M, Yamada C, Tsurumi T, Hanaoka F, Matsuzawa K and Inagaki M: Cell cycle- and chromatin binding state-dependent phosphorylation of human MCM heterohexameric complexes. A role for cdc2 kinase. J Biol Chem. 273:17095–17101. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

72 

Schories B, Engel K, Dorken B, Gossen M and Bommert K: Characterization of apoptosis-induced Mcm3 and Cdc6 cleavage reveals a proapoptotic effect for one Mcm3 fragment. Cell Death Differ. 11:940–942. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

73 

Koonin EV: A common set of conserved motifs in a vast variety of putative nucleic acid-dependent ATPases including MCM proteins involved in the initiation of eukaryotic DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 21:2541–2547. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

74 

Helfenstein A, Frahm SO, Krams M, Drescher W, Parwaresch R and Hassenpflug J: Minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM6) in low-grade chondrosarcoma: Distinction from enchondroma and identification of progressive tumors. Am J Clin Pathol. 122:912–918. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

75 

Duan X, Yang Y, Wang S, Feng X, Wang T, Wang P, Liu S, Li L, Yao W, Cui L and Wang W: Changes in the expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and the relative telomere length in the process of canceration induced by omethoate. Tumour Biol. 39:10104283177197822017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

76 

Qiu YL, Wang W, Wang T, Liu J, Sun P, Qian J, Jin L and Xia ZL: Genetic polymorphisms, messenger RNA expression of p53, p21, and CCND1, and possible links with chromosomal aberrations in Chinese vinyl chloride-exposed workers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 17:2578–2584. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

77 

Lindstrom MS, Jin A, Deisenroth C, White Wolf G and Zhang Y: Cancer-associated mutations in the MDM2 zinc finger domain disrupt ribosomal protein interaction and attenuate MDM2-induced p53 degradation. Mol Cell Biol. 27:1056–1068. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

78 

Lee SS, Bohrson C, Pike AM, Wheelan SJ and Greider CW: ATM kinase is required for telomere elongation in mouse and human cells. Cell Rep. 13:1623–1632. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

79 

Yang-Snyder J, Miller JR, Brown JD, Lai CJ and Moon RT: A frizzled homolog functions in a vertebrate Wnt signaling pathway. Curr Biol. 6:1302–1306. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

80 

Sharma M, Castro-Piedras I, Simmons GE Jr and Pruitt K: Dishevelled: A masterful conductor of complex Wnt signals. Cell Signal. 47:52–64. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

81 

Masckauchan TN, Agalliu D, Vorontchikhina M, Ahn A, Parmalee NL, Li CM, Khoo A, Tycko B, Brown AM and Kitajewski J: Wnt5a signaling induces proliferation and survival of endothelial cells in vitro and expression of MMP-1 and Tie-2. Mol Biol Cell. 17:5163–5172. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

82 

Sussman DJ, Klingensmith J, Salinas P, Adams PS, Nusse R and Perrimon N: Isolation and characterization of a mouse homolog of the Drosophila segment polarity gene dishevelled. Dev Biol. 166:73–86. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

83 

Testa JR, Zhou JY, Bell DW and Yen TJ: Chromosomal localization of the genes encoding the kinetochore proteins CENPE and CENPF to human chromosomes 4q24-->q25 and 1q32-->q41, respectively, by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics. 23:691–693. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

84 

Trinh BN, Ong CN, Coetzee GA, Yu MC and Laird PW: Thymidylate synthase: A novel genetic determinant of plasma homocysteine and folate levels. Hum Genet. 111:299–302. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

85 

Chang H, Qi X, Trieu Y, Xu W, Reader JC, Ning Y and Reece D: Multiple myeloma patients with CKS1B gene amplification have a shorter progression-free survival post-autologous stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol. 135:486–491. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

86 

Russo J, Tahin Q, Lareef MH, Hu YF and Russo IH: Neoplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cells by estrogens and chemical carcinogens. Environ Mol Mutagen. 39:254–263. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

87 

Reynolds FH Jr, Todaro GJ, Fryling C and Stephenson JR: Human transforming growth factors induce tyrosine phosphorylation of EGF receptors. Nature. 292:259–262. 1981. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

88 

Hines SJ, Litz JS and Krystal GW: Coexpression of c-kit and stem cell factor in breast cancer results in enhanced sensitivity to members of the EGF family of growth factors. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 58:1–10. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

89 

Wee P and Wang Z: Epidermal growth factor receptor cell proliferation signaling pathways. Cancers (Basel). 9:522017. View Article : Google Scholar

90 

Wang Z: ErbB receptors and cancer. Methods Mol Biol. 1652:3–35. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

91 

Nicholson RI, Gee JM and Harper ME: EGFR and cancer prognosis. Eur J Cancer. 37 (Suppl 4):S9–S15. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

92 

Lippman M, Bolan G and Huff K: The effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on hormone-responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture. Cancer Res. 36:4595–4601. 1976.PubMed/NCBI

93 

Dickson RB and Lippman ME: Control of human breast cancer by estrogen, growth factors, and oncogenes. Cancer Treat Res. 40:119–165. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

94 

Yamamoto KR: Steroid receptor regulated transcription of specific genes and gene networks. Annu Rev Genet. 19:209–252. 1985. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

95 

Marino M, Galluzzo P and Ascenzi P: Estrogen signaling multiple pathways to impact gene transcription. Curr Genomics. 7:497–508. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

96 

Pratt WB and Toft DO: Steroid receptor interactions with heat shock protein and immunophilin chaperones. Endocr Rev. 18:306–360. 1997. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

97 

Yasar P, Ayaz G, User SD, Gupur G and Muyan M: Molecular mechanism of estrogen-estrogen receptor signaling. Reprod Med Biol. 16:4–20. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

98 

Safe S: Transcriptional activation of genes by 17 beta-estradiol through estrogen receptor-Sp1 interactions. Vitam Horm. 62:231–252. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

99 

Bjornstrom L and Sjoberg M: Mutations in the estrogen receptor DNA-binding domain discriminate between the classical mechanism of action and cross-talk with Stat5b and activating protein 1 (AP-1). J Biol Chem. 277:48479–48483. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

100 

Garcia-Becerra R, Santos N, Diaz L and Camacho J: Mechanisms of resistance to endocrine therapy in breast cancer: Focus on signaling pathways, miRNAs and genetically based resistance. Int J Mol Sci. 14:108–145. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

101 

Felipe Lima J, Nofech-Mozes S, Bayani J and Bartlett JM: EMT in breast carcinoma-a review. J Clin Med. 5:652016. View Article : Google Scholar

102 

Calaf GM, Bleak TC, Munoz JP and Aguayo F: Markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in an experimental breast cancer model induced by organophosphorous pesticides and estrogen. Oncol Lett. 20:842020. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

103 

Conney AH, Welch RM, Kuntzman R and Burns JJ: Effects of pesticides on drug and steroid metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 8:2–10. 1967. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

104 

Taxak N and Bharatam PV: Drug metabolism: A fascinating link between chemistry and biology. Resonance. 19:259–282. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

105 

Di L and Kerns EH: Metabolic Stability, in Drug-Like Properties: Concepts, Structure Design and Methods from ADME to Toxicity Optimization, E. H. K. Li Di. Elsevier; pp. 161–194. 2016

106 

Chen TL, Lin CJ and Liu CC: Cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase system and anesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 33:185–194. 1995.(In Chinese). PubMed/NCBI

107 

Bernstein L, Ross RK, Pike MC, Brown JB and Henderson BE: Hormone levels in older women: A study of post-menopausal breast cancer patients and healthy population controls. Br J Cancer. 61:298–302. 1990. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

108 

Dubey RK and Jackson EK: Estrogen-induced cardiorenal protection: Potential cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 280:F365–F388. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

109 

Yue W, Santen RJ, Wang JP, Li Y, Verderame MF, Bocchinfuso WP, Korach KS, Devanesan P, Todorovic R, Rogan EG and Cavalieri EL: Genotoxic metabolites of estradiol in breast: Potential mechanism of estradiol induced carcinogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 86:477–486. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

110 

Williamson LM and Lees-Miller SP: Estrogen receptor alpha-mediated transcription induces cell cycle-dependent DNA double-strand breaks. Carcinogenesis. 32:279–285. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

111 

Yang KJ, Lee J and Park HL: Organophosphate pesticide exposure and breast cancer risk: A rapid review of human, animal, and cell-based studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17:50302020. View Article : Google Scholar

112 

Telang NT, Suto A, Wong GY, Osborne MP and Bradlow HL: Induction by estrogen metabolite 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone of genotoxic damage and aberrant proliferation in mouse mammary epithelial cells. J Natl Cancer Inst. 84:634–638. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

113 

Bay BH, Jin R, Huang J and Tan PH: Metallothionein as a prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 231:1516–1521. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

114 

Si M and Lang J: The roles of metallothioneins in carcinogenesis. J Hematol Oncol. 11:1072018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

115 

Lai Y, Yip GW and Bay BH: Targeting metallothionein for prognosis and treatment of breast cancer. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov. 6:178–185. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

116 

Jin R, Chow VT, Tan PH, Dheen ST, Duan W and Bay BH: Metallothionein 2A expression is associated with cell proliferation in breast cancer. Carcinogenesis. 23:81–86. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

117 

Nascimento H, Coy CS, Teori MT, Boin IF, Goes JR, Costa FF and Lima CS: Possible influence of glutathione S-transferase GSTT1 null genotype on age of onset of sporadic colorectal adenocarcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum. 46:510–515. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

118 

Rebbeck TR: Molecular epidemiology of the human glutathione S-transferase genotypes GSTM1 and GSTT1 in cancer susceptibility. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 6:733–743. 1997.PubMed/NCBI

119 

Dalhoff K, Buus Jensen K and Enghusen Poulsen H: Cancer and molecular biomarkers of phase 2. Methods Enzymol. 400:618–627. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

120 

Slattery ML, Curtin K, Ma K, Schaffer D, Potter J and Samowitz W: GSTM-1 and NAT2 and genetic alterations in colon tumors. Cancer Causes Control. 13:527–534. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

121 

Liu X, Li Z, Zhang Z, Zhang W, Li W, Xiao Z, Liu H, Jiao H, Wang Y and Li G: Meta-analysis of GSTM1 null genotype and lung cancer risk in Asians. Med Sci Monit. 20:1239–1245. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

122 

Yu C, Hequn C, Longfei L, Long W, Zhi C, Feng Z, Jinbo C, Chao L and Xiongbing Z: GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms are associated with increased bladder cancer risk: Evidence from updated meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 8:3246–3258. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

123 

Martignano F, Gurioli G, Salvi S, Calistri D, Costantini M, Gunelli R, De Giorgi U, Foca F and Casadio V: GSTP1 methylation and protein expression in prostate cancer: Diagnostic implications. Dis Markers. 2016:43582922016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

124 

Gamage N, Barnett A, Hempel N, Duggleby RG, Windmill KF, Martin JL and McManus ME: Human sulfotransferases and their role in chemical metabolism. Toxicol Sci. 90:5–22. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

125 

Paul P, Suwan J, Liu J, Dordick JS and Linhardt RJ: Recent advances in sulfotransferase enzyme activity assays. Anal Bioanal Chem. 403:1491–1500. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

126 

Hajishengallis GN and Apostolopoulos AX: Glucosyltransferase (GTF) and immunization against dental caries in humans. Odontostomatol Proodos. 43:315–321. 1989.(In Modern Greek). PubMed/NCBI

127 

Breton C, Snajdrova L, Jeanneau C, Koca J and Imberty A: Structures and mechanisms of glycosyltransferases. Glycobiology. 16:29R–37R. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

128 

Maiti S and Nazmeen A: Impaired redox regulation of estrogen metabolizing proteins is important determinant of human breast cancers. Cancer Cell Int. 19:1112019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

129 

Subbarayan K and Seliger B: Tumor-dependent effects of proteoglycans and various glycosaminoglycan synthesizing enzymes and sulfotransferases on patients' outcome. Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 19:210–221. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

130 

Collier AC, Yamauchi Y, Sato BL, Rougee LR and Ward MA: UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a enzymes are present and active in the mouse blastocyst. Drug Metab Dispos. 42:1921–1925. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

131 

Kirkman H: Estrogen-induced tumors of the kidney. III. Growth characteristics in the Syrian hamster. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 1:1–57. 1959.PubMed/NCBI

132 

Li JJ, Li SA, Klicka JK, Parsons JA and Lam LK: Relative carcinogenic activity of various synthetic and natural estrogens in the Syrian hamster kidney. Cancer Res. 43:5200–5204. 1983.PubMed/NCBI

133 

Liehr JG, Fang WF, Sirbasku DA and Ari-Ulubelen A: Carcinogenicity of catechol estrogens in syrian hamsters. J Steroid Biochem. 24:353–356. 1986. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

134 

Liehr JG and Ricci MJ: 4-Hydroxylation of estrogens as marker of human mammary tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:3294–3296. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

135 

Zhu BT and Conney AH: Functional role of estrogen metabolism in target cells: Review and perspectives. Carcinogenesis. 19:1–27. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

136 

Palackal NT, Lee SH, Harvey RG, Blair IA and Penning TM: Activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon trans-dihydrodiol proximate carcinogens by human aldo-keto reductase (AKR1C) enzymes and their functional overexpression in human lung carcinoma (A549) cells. J Biol Chem. 277:24799–24808. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

137 

Satoh T and Gupta RC: Anticholinesterase Pesticides: Metabolism, Neurotoxicity, and Epidemiologyed. John Wiley & Sons; pp. 6442011

138 

Barski OA, Tipparaju SM and Bhatnagar A: The aldo-keto reductase superfamily and its role in drug metabolism and detoxification. Drug Metab Rev. 40:553–624. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

139 

Raif A, Marshall GM, Bell JL, Koach J, Tan O, D'Andreti C, Thomas W, Sekyere E, Norris M, Haber M, et al: The estrogen-responsive B box protein (EBBP) restores retinoid sensitivity in retinoid-resistant cancer cells via effects on histone acetylation. Cancer Lett. 277:82–90. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

140 

Lasram MM, Bouzid K, Douib IB, Annabi A, El Elj N, El Fazaa S, Abdelmoula J and Gharbi N: Lipid metabolism disturbances contribute to insulin resistance and decrease insulin sensitivity by malathion exposure in Wistar rat. Drug Chem Toxicol. 38:227–234. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

141 

Rahimi R and Abdollahi M: A review on the mechanisms involved in hyperglycemia induced by organophosphorus pesticides. Pest Biochem Physiol. 88:115–121. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

142 

Lasram MM, Annabi AB, El Elj N, Selmi S, Kamoun A, El-Fazaa S and Gharbi N: Metabolic disorders of acute exposure to malathion in adult Wistar rats. J Hazard Mater. 163:1052–1055. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

143 

Lasram MM, Annabi AB, Rezg R, Elj N, Selmi S, Kamoun A, El-Fazaa S and Gharbi N: Effect of short-time malathion administration on glucose homeostasis in Wistar rat. Pestic Biochem Phys. 92:114–119. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

144 

Panahi P, Vosough-Ghanbari S, Pournourmohammadi S, Ostad SN, Nikfar S, Minaie B and Abdollahi M: Stimulatory effects of malathion on the key enzymes activities of insulin secretion in langerhans islets, glutamate dehydrogenase and glucokinase. Toxicol Mech Methods. 16:161–167. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

145 

Abdollahi M, Donyavi M, Pournourmohammadi S and Saadat M: Hyperglycemia associated with increased hepatic glycogen phosphorylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in rats following subchronic exposure to malathion. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 137:343–347. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

146 

Kalender S, Uzun FG, Durak D, Demir F and Kalender Y: Malathion-induced hepatotoxicity in rats: The effects of vitamins C and E. Food Chem Toxicol. 48:633–638. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

147 

Rezg R, Mornagui B, Benahmed M, Chouchane SG, Belhajhmida N, Abdeladhim M, Kamoun A, El-fazaa S and Gharbi N: Malathion exposure modulates hypothalamic gene expression and induces dyslipedemia in Wistar rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 48:1473–1477. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

148 

Lassiter TL, Ryde IT, Levin ED, Seidler FJ and Slotkin TA: Neonatal exposure to parathion alters lipid metabolism in adulthood: Interactions with dietary fat intake and implications for neurodevelopmental deficits. Brain Res Bull. 81:85–91. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

149 

Fang H and Judd RL: Adiponectin regulation and function. Compr Physiol. 8:1031–1063. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

150 

Josephs SF, Ichim TE, Prince SM, Kesari S, Marincola FM, Escobedo AR and Jafri A: Unleashing endogenous TNF-alpha as a cancer immunotherapeutic. J Transl Med. 16:2422018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

151 

Wajant H: The role of TNF in cancer. Results Probl Cell Differ. 49:1–15. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

152 

Wang H and Wang WJ: Relationship between CYP1A1 polymorphisms and invasion and metastasis of breast cancer. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 6:835–838. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

153 

Broustas CG and Lieberman HB: DNA damage response genes and the development of cancer metastasis. Radiat Res. 181:111–130. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

154 

Elenbaas B, Spirio L, Koerner F, Fleming MD, Zimonjic DB, Donaher JL, Popescu NC, Hahn WC and Weinberg RA: Human breast cancer cells generated by oncogenic transformation of primary mammary epithelial cells. Genes Dev. 15:50–65. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

155 

Schubbert S, Shannon K and Bollag G: Hyperactive Ras in developmental disorders and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 7:295–308. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

156 

Roy D, Calaf G and Hei TK: Allelic imbalance at 11p15.5-15.4 correlated with c-Ha-ras mutation during radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cells. Int J Cancer. 103:730–737. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

157 

Roy D, Calaf G and Hei TK: Frequent allelic imbalance on chromosome 6 and 17 correlate with radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 22:1685–1692. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

158 

Zhang PL, Calaf G and Russo J: Allele loss and point mutation in codons 12 and 61 of the c-Ha-ras oncogene in carcinogen-transformed human breast epithelial cells. Mol Carcinog. 9:46–56. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

159 

Lin JC, Wang CC, Jiang RS, Wang WY and Liu SA: Microsatellite alteration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients from a betel quid-prevalent region. Sci Rep. 6:226142016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

160 

Hadziavdic V, Pavlovic-Calic N and Eminovic I: Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity of tumor suppressor genes in Bosnian patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. Bosn J Basic Med Sci. 8:313–321. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

161 

Chambuso R, Kaambo E, Denny L, Gray CM, Williamson AL, Migdalska-Sek M, Agenbag G, Rebello G and Ramesar R: Investigation of cervical tumor biopsies for chromosomal loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability (MSI) at the HLA II locus in HIV-1/HPV Co-infected Women. Front Oncol. 9:9512019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

162 

Boland CR and Goel A: Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology. 138:2073–2087.e3. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

163 

Kim TM and Park PJ: A genome-wide view of microsatellite instability: Old stories of cancer mutations revisited with new sequencing technologies. Cancer Res. 74:6377–6382. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

164 

Banys-Paluchowski M, Fehm T, Janni W, Aktas B, Fasching PA, Kasimir-Bauer S, Milde-Langosch K, Pantel K, Rack B, Riethdorf S, et al: Elevated serum RAS p21 is an independent prognostic factor in metastatic breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 18:5412018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

165 

Spandidos DA, Karaiossifidi H, Malliri A, Linardopoulos S, Vassilaros S, Tsikkinis A and Field JK: Expression of ras Rb1 and p53 proteins in human breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 12:81–89. 1992.PubMed/NCBI

166 

Calaf GM and Abarca-Quinones J: Ras protein expression as a marker for breast cancer. Oncol Lett. 11:3637–3642. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

167 

Didsbury J, Weber RF, Bokoch GM, Evans T and Snyderman R: Rac, a novel ras-related family of proteins that are botulinum toxin substrates. J Biol Chem. 264:16378–16382. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

168 

Wennerberg K, Rossman KL and Der CJ: The Ras superfamily at a glance. J Cell Sci. 118:843–846. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

169 

Fritz G, Brachetti C, Bahlmann F, Schmidt M and Kaina B: Rho GTPases in human breast tumours: Expression and mutation analyses and correlation with clinical parameters. Br J Cancer. 87:635–644. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

170 

Kleer CG, van Golen KL, Zhang Y, Wu ZF, Rubin MA and Merajver SD: Characterization of RhoC expression in benign and malignant breast disease: A potential new marker for small breast carcinomas with metastatic ability. Am J Pathol. 160:579–584. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

171 

Bustelo XR, Sauzeau V and Berenjeno IM: GTP-binding proteins of the Rho/Rac family: Regulation, effectors and functions in vivo. Bioessays. 29:356–370. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

172 

Skowronek KR, Guo F, Zheng Y and Nassar N: The C-terminal basic tail of RhoG assists the guanine nucleotide exchange factor trio in binding to phospholipids. J Biol Chem. 279:37895–37907. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

173 

Ko CD, Kim JS, Ko BG, Son BH, Kang HJ, Yoon HS, Cho EY, Gong G and Ahn SH: The meaning of the c-kit proto-oncogene product in malignant transformation in human mammary epithelium. Clin Exp Metastasis. 20:593–597. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

174 

Najafi M, Ahmadi A and Mortezaee K: Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling as a target for cancer therapy: An updated review. Cell Biol Int. 43:1206–1222. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

175 

Turner N and Grose R: Fibroblast growth factor signalling: From development to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 10:116–129. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

176 

Carter EP, Fearon AE and Grose RP: Careless talk costs lives: Fibroblast growth factor receptor signalling and the consequences of pathway malfunction. Trends Cell Biol. 25:221–233. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

177 

Akl MR, Nagpal P, Ayoub NM, Tai B, Prabhu SA, Capac CM, Gliksman M, Goy A and Suh KS: Molecular and clinical significance of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2/bFGF) in malignancies of solid and hematological cancers for personalized therapies. Oncotarget. 7:44735–44762. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

178 

Wesche J, Haglund K and Haugsten EM: Fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in cancer. Biochem J. 437:199–213. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

179 

Zakrzewska M, Marcinkowska E and Wiedlocha A: FGF-1: From biology through engineering to potential medical applications. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 45:91–135. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

180 

Hu Z, Evarts RP, Fujio K, Omori N, Omori M, Marsden ER and Thorgeirsson SS: Expression of transforming growth factor alpha/epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor/c-met and acidic fibroblast growth factor/fibroblast growth factor receptors during hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 17:931–938. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

181 

Chow NH, Cheng KS, Lin PW, Chan SH, Su WC, Sun YN and Lin XZ: Expression of fibroblast growth factor-1 and fibroblast growth factor-2 in normal liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci. 43:2261–2266. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

182 

Yamanaka Y, Friess H, Buchler M, Beger HG, Uchida E, Onda M, Kobrin MS and Korc M: Overexpression of acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors in human pancreatic cancer correlates with advanced tumor stage. Cancer Res. 53:5289–5296. 1993.PubMed/NCBI

183 

Soufla G, Sifakis S and Spandidos DA: FGF2 transcript levels are positively correlated with EGF and IGF-1 in the malignant endometrium. Cancer Lett. 259:146–155. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

184 

Watnick RS: The role of the tumor microenvironment in regulating angiogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2:a0066762012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

185 

Schmid C: Insulin-like growth factors. Cell Biol Int. 19:445–457. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

186 

Baxter RC: Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins as glucoregulators. Metabolism. 44 (10 Suppl 4):S12–S17. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar

187 

Kelley KM, Oh Y, Gargosky SE, Gucev Z, Matsumoto T, Hwa V, Ng L, Simpson DM and Rosenfeld RG: Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and their regulatory dynamics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 28:619–637. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

188 

Oh Y, Nagalla SR, Yamanaka Y, Kim HS, Wilson E and Rosenfeld RG: Synthesis and characterization of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-7. Recombinant human mac25 protein specifically binds IGF-I and -II. J Biol Chem. 271:30322–30325. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

189 

Mnif W, Hassine AI, Bouaziz A, Bartegi A, Thomas O and Roig B: Effect of endocrine disruptor pesticides: A review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 8:2265–2303. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

190 

Takayama T, Shiozaki H, Shibamoto S, Oka H, Kimura Y, Tamura S, Inoue M, Monden T, Ito F and Monden M: Beta-catenin expression in human cancers. Am J Pathol. 148:39–46. 1996.PubMed/NCBI

191 

Breen E, Steele G Jr and Mercurio AM: Role of the E-cadherin/alpha-catenin complex in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive properties of invasive colon carcinoma cells. Ann Surg Oncol. 2:378–385. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

192 

Lim SC and Lee MS: Significance of E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex and cyclin D1 in breast cancer. Oncol Rep. 9:915–928. 2002.PubMed/NCBI

193 

Nakopoulou L, Gakiopoulou-Givalou H, Karayiannakis AJ, Giannopoulou I, Keramopoulos A, Davaris P and Pignatelli M: Abnormal alpha-catenin expression in invasive breast cancer correlates with poor patient survival. Histopathology. 40:536–546. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

194 

Pierceall WE, Woodard AS, Morrow JS, Rimm D and Fearon ER: Frequent alterations in E-cadherin and alpha- and beta-catenin expression in human breast cancer cell lines. Oncogene. 11:1319–1326. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

195 

Lewis JA, Szilagyi M, Gehman E, Dennis WE and Jackson DA: Distinct patterns of gene and protein expression elicited by organophosphorus pesticides in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Genomics. 10:2022009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

196 

Williams PL and Dusenbery DB: Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to predict mammalian acute lethality to metallic salts. Toxicol Ind Health. 4:469–478. 1988. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

197 

Morgan PG and Sedensky MM: Mutations affecting sensitivity to ethanol in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 19:1423–1429. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

198 

Bargmann CI: Neurobiology of the Caenorhabditis elegans genome. Science. 282:2028–2033. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

199 

Cole RD, Anderson GL and Williams PL: The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model of organophosphate-induced mammalian neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 194:248–256. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

200 

Jin HJ, Kwon JH, Kim M, Bae YK, Choi SJ, Oh W, Yang YS and Jeon HB: Downregulation of melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM/CD146) accelerates cellular senescence in human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med. 5:427–439. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

201 

Leroyer AS, Blin MG, Bachelier R, Bardin N, Blot-Chabaud M and Dignat-George F: CD146 (Cluster of Differentiation 146). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 39:1026–1033. 2019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

202 

Ye Z, Zhang C, Tu T, Sun M, Liu D, Lu D, Feng J, Yang D, Liu F and Yan X: Wnt5a uses CD146 as a receptor to regulate cell motility and convergent extension. Nat Commun. 4:28032013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

203 

Kang Y, Wang F, Feng J, Yang D, Yang X and Yan X: Knockdown of CD146 reduces the migration and proliferation of human endothelial cells. Cell Res. 16:313–318. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

204 

Ouhtit A, Gaur RL, Abd Elmageed ZY, Fernando A, Thouta R, Trappey AK, Abdraboh ME, El-Sayyad HI, Rao P and Raj MG: Towards understanding the mode of action of the multifaceted cell adhesion receptor CD146. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1795:130–136. 2009.PubMed/NCBI

205 

Coulombe PA and Omary MB: ‘Hard’ and ‘soft’ principles defining the structure, function and regulation of keratin intermediate filaments. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 14:110–122. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

206 

Greystoke A, Dean E, Saunders MP, Cummings J, Hughes A, Ranson M, Dive C and Renehan AG: Multi-level evidence that circulating CK18 is a biomarker of tumour burden in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer. 107:1518–1524. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

207 

Schneider J: Tumor markers in detection of lung cancer. Adv Clin Chem. 42:1–41. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

208 

Moll R, Divo M and Langbein L: The human keratins: Biology and pathology. Histochem Cell Biol. 129:705–733. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

209 

Ahn SK, Moon HG, Ko E, Kim HS, Shin HC, Kim J, You JM, Han W and Noh DY: Preoperative serum tissue polypeptide-specific antigen is a valuable prognostic marker in breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 132:875–881. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

210 

Escobar-Hoyos LF, Shah R, Roa-Pena L, Vanner EA, Najafian N, Banach A, Nielsen E, Al-Khalil R, Akalin A, Talmage D, et al: Keratin-17 promotes p27KIP1 nuclear export and degradation and offers potential prognostic utility. Cancer Res. 75:3650–3662. 2015. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

211 

Tan HS, Jiang WH, He Y, Wang DS, Wu ZJ, Wu DS, Gao L, Bao Y, Shi JZ, Liu B, et al: KRT8 upregulation promotes tumor metastasis and is predictive of a poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. 8:76189–76203. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

212 

Cheung KJ, Padmanaban V, Silvestri V, Schipper K, Cohen JD, Fairchild AN, Gorin MA, Verdone JE, Pienta KJ, Bader JS and Ewald AJ: Polyclonal breast cancer metastases arise from collective dissemination of keratin 14-expressing tumor cell clusters. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113:E854–E863. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

213 

Saha SK, Choi HY, Kim BW, Dayem AA, Yang GM, Kim KS, Yin YF and Cho SG: KRT19 directly interacts with beta-catenin/RAC1 complex to regulate NUMB-dependent NOTCH signaling pathway and breast cancer properties. Oncogene. 36:332–349. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

214 

Zhang B, Wang J, Liu W, Yin Y, Qian D, Zhang H, Shi B, Li C, Zhu J, Zhang L, et al: Cytokeratin 18 knockdown decreases cell migration and increases chemosensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 142:2479–2487. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

215 

Yin B, Zhang M, Zeng Y, Li Y, Zhang C, Getzenberg RH and Song Y: Downregulation of cytokeratin 18 is associated with paclitaxelresistance and tumor aggressiveness in prostate cancer. Int J Oncol. 48:1730–1736. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

216 

Miller DJ and Fort PE: Heat shock proteins regulatory role in neurodevelopment. Front Neurosci. 12:8212018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

217 

Schlesinger MJ, Ashburner M and Tissières A: Heat Shock: From bacteria to man. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; Cold Spring Harbor, NY: 1982

218 

Zeilstra-Ryalls J, Fayet O and Georgopoulos C: The universally conserved GroE (Hsp60) chaperonins. Annu Rev Microbiol. 45:301–325. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

219 

Georgopoulos C and Welch WJ: Role of the major heat shock proteins as molecular chaperones. Annu Rev Cell Biol. 9:601–634. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

220 

Ohtsuka K: Cloning of a cDNA for heat-shock protein hsp40, a human homologue of bacterial DnaJ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 197:235–240. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

221 

Todd MJ, Viitanen PV and Lorimer GH: Dynamics of the chaperonin ATPase cycle: Implications for facilitated protein folding. Science. 265:659–566. 1994. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

222 

Meher PK, Sahu TK, Gahoi S and Rao AR: ir-HSP: Improved recognition of heat shock proteins, their families and sub-types based On g-Spaced Di-peptide features and support vector machine. Front Genet. 8:2352017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

223 

Lee CH, Hong HM, Chang YY and Chang WW: Inhibition of heat shock protein (Hsp) 27 potentiates the suppressive effect of Hsp90 inhibitors in targeting breast cancer stem-like cells. Biochimie. 94:1382–1389. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

224 

Werner I, Koger CS, Hamm JT and Hinton DE: Ontogeny of the heat shock protein, hsp70 and hsp60, response and developmental effects of heat-shock in the teleost, medaka (Oryzias latipes). Environmental Sci. 8:13–29. 2001.

225 

Levine AJ, Momand J and Finlay CA: The p53 tumour suppressor gene. Nature. 351:453–456. 1991. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

226 

Callahan R: p53 mutations, another breast cancer prognostic factor. J Natl Cancer Inst. 84:826–827. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

227 

Moll UM, Ostermeyer AG, Ahomadegbe JC, Mathieu MC and Riou G: p53 mediated tumor cell response to chemotherapeutic DNA damage: A preliminary study in matched pairs of breast cancer biopsies. Hum Pathol. 26:1293–1301. 1995. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

228 

Nigro JM, Baker SJ, Preisinger AC, Jessup JM, Hostetter R, Cleary K, Bigner SH, Davidson N, Baylin S, Devilee P, et al: Mutations in the p53 gene occur in diverse human tumour types. Nature. 342:705–708. 1989. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

229 

Migdalska-Sek M, Pastuszak-Lewandoska D and Brzezianska E: MSI and LOH in the development and prognosis of follicular cell-derived thyroid tumours. Endokrynol Pol. 63:126–136. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

230 

Kiaris H and Spandidos D: Mutations of ras genes in human tumors (review). Int J Oncol. 7:413–421. 1995.PubMed/NCBI

231 

Samowitz WS, Holden JA, Curtin K, Edwards SL, Walker AR, Lin HA, Robertson MA, Nichols MF, Gruenthal KM, Lynch BJ, et al: Inverse relationship between microsatellite instability and K-ras and p53 gene alterations in colon cancer. Am J Pathol. 158:1517–1524. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

232 

Mendez O, Manas S, Peinado, Fabra A, Escobedo A, Moreno A and Sierra A: Microsatellite instability is associated with the loss of apoptosis in ductal breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 65:171–177. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

233 

Appella E and Anderson CW: Post-translational modifications and activation of p53 by genotoxic stresses. Eur J Biochem. 268:2764–2772. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

234 

Lee E, Oh E and Lee J, Sul D and Lee J: Use of the tail moment of the lymphocytes to evaluate DNA damage in human biomonitoring studies. Toxicol Sci. 81:121–132. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

235 

Kumar N, Yadav A, Gulati S, Priya K, Aggarwal N and Gupta R: Effects of GST polymorphism on ameliorative effect of curcumin and carvacrol against DNA damage induced by combined treatment of malathion and parathion. IJT. 10:19–27. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar

236 

Collins AR: The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: Principles, applications, and limitations. Mol Biotechnol. 26:249–261. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

237 

Moore PD, Yedjou CG and Tchounwou PB: Malathion-induced oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity in human liver carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Environ Toxicol. 25:221–226. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Calaf GM, Bleak TC and Roy D: Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review). Oncol Rep 45: 24, 2021.
APA
Calaf, G.M., Bleak, T.C., & Roy, D. (2021). Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review). Oncology Reports, 45, 24. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.7975
MLA
Calaf, G. M., Bleak, T. C., Roy, D."Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review)". Oncology Reports 45.4 (2021): 24.
Chicago
Calaf, G. M., Bleak, T. C., Roy, D."Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review)". Oncology Reports 45, no. 4 (2021): 24. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.7975
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Calaf GM, Bleak TC and Roy D: Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review). Oncol Rep 45: 24, 2021.
APA
Calaf, G.M., Bleak, T.C., & Roy, D. (2021). Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review). Oncology Reports, 45, 24. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.7975
MLA
Calaf, G. M., Bleak, T. C., Roy, D."Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review)". Oncology Reports 45.4 (2021): 24.
Chicago
Calaf, G. M., Bleak, T. C., Roy, D."Signs of carcinogenicity induced by parathion, malathion, and estrogen in human breast epithelial cells (Review)". Oncology Reports 45, no. 4 (2021): 24. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.7975
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team