Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Oncology Reports
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1021-335X Online ISSN: 1791-2431
Journal Cover
August-2021 Volume 46 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
August-2021 Volume 46 Issue 2

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data.pdf
Article Open Access

Endothelin-1 induces changes in the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and increases androgen receptor and testosterone production in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line

  • Authors:
    • María José Torres
    • Fernanda López-Moncada
    • Daniela Herrera
    • Sebastián Indo
    • Alejandro Lefian
    • Paola Llanos
    • Julio Tapia
    • Enrique A. Castellón
    • Héctor R. Contreras
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Basic and Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, Laboratory of Endocrinology and Reproductive Biology, University of Chile Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 838 0000, Chile, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, Santiago 8380544, Chile, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
    Copyright: © Torres et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 171
    |
    Published online on: June 23, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8122
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Endothelin‑1 (ET‑1) is involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis. Additionally, patients with castration‑resistant prostate cancer (PCa) have a higher ET‑1 plasma concentration than those with localized PCa and healthy individuals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ET‑1 on steroidogenesis enzymes, androgen receptor (AR) and testosterone (T) production in PCa cells. The expression levels of endothelin receptors in prostate tissue from patients with localized PCa by immunohistochemistry, and those in LNCaP and PC3 cells were determined reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting. Furthermore, the expression levels of ET‑1 were determined in LNCaP and PC3 cells by RT‑qPCR and western blotting. The ET‑1 receptor activation was evaluated by intracellular calcium measurement, the expression levels of AR and enzymes participating in steroidogenesis [cytochrome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1 (CyP11A1), cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1, aldo‑keto reductase family member C2 and 3β‑hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase 2 (3β HSD2)] were determined by western blotting and T concentration was determined by ELISA using PC3 cells. The present results revealed higher expression levels of endothelin A receptor (ETAR) in tissues obtained from samples of patients with PCa with a low Gleason Score. No changes were identified for endothelin B receptor (ETBR). PC3 cells expressed higher levels of ET‑1 and ETAR, while LNCaP cells exhibited higher expression levels of ETBR. Blocking of ETAR and endothelin B receptor decreased the expression levels of CyP11A1 and 3β HSD2 enzymes and AR in PC3 cells, as well as T secretion. These findings suggested that ET‑1 has a potential role in modulating the intratumoral steroidogenesis pathway and might have relevance as a possible therapeutic target.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA and Jemal A: Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 68:394–424. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

2 

Shah RB and Zhou M: Recent advances in prostate cancer pathology: Gleason grading and beyond. Pathol Int. 66:260–272. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

3 

Shariat SF and Roehrborn CG: Using biopsy to detect prostate cancer. Rev Urol. 10:262–280. 2008.PubMed/NCBI

4 

Perlmutter MD and Lepor M: Androgen deprivation therapy in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Rev Urol. 9 (Suppl 1):S3–S8. 2007.PubMed/NCBI

5 

Kaarbø M, Klokk TI and Saatcioglu F: Androgen signaling and its interactions with other signaling pathways in prostate cancer. Bioessays. 29:1227–1238. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Anantharaman A and Friedlander TW: Targeting the androgen receptor in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer: A review. Urol Oncol. 34:356–367. 2016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7 

Lonergan PE and Tindall DJ: Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer development and progression. J Carcinog. 10:202011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8 

Shore ND, Abrahamsson PA, Anderson J, Crawford ED and Lange P: New considerations for ADT in advanced prostate cancer and the emerging role of GnRH antagonists. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 16:7–15. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9 

Armandari I, Hamid AR, Verhaegh G and Schalken J: Intratumoral steroidogenesis in castration-resistant prostate cancer : A target for therapy. Prostate Int. 2:105–113. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10 

Conte D, Questino P, Fillo S, Nordio M, Isidori A and Romanelli F: Endothelin stimulates testosterone secretion by rat leydig cells. J Endocrinol. 136:R1–R4. 1993. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11 

Stojilkovic SS: Endothelin receptors and gonadal function: An invited commentary. Eur J Endocrinol. 135:391–393. 1996. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

12 

Ergün S, Harneit S, Paust HJ, Mukhopadhyay AK and Holstein AF: Endothelin and endothelin receptors A and B in the human testis. Anat Embryol (Berl). 199:207–214. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Kopetz ES, Nelson JB and Carducci MA: Endothelin-1 as a target for therapeutic intervention in prostate cancer. Invest New Drugs. 20:173–182. 2002. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

14 

Grant K, Loizidou M and Taylor I: Endothelin-1: A multifunctional molecule in cancer. Br J Cancer. 88:163–166. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15 

Zonnenberg BA and Voest EE: The role of endothelin in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Eur Urol. (Suppl 2):9–14. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Montironi R, Mazzucchelli R, Barbisan F, Stramazzotti D, Santinelli A, Lòpez Beltran A, Cheng L, Montorsi F and Scarpelli M: Immunohistochemical expression of Endothelin-1 and Endothelin-A and Endothelin-B receptors in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 52:1682–1690. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17 

Niko B: Involvement of ion channels in Endothelin-1-induced signalling in human prostate cancer cells. J Clin Toxicol. 02:1–13. 2012.

18 

Russell FD and Davenport AP: Secretory pathways in endothelin synthesis. Br J Pharmacol. 126:391–398. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19 

Barton M and Yanagisawa M: Endothelin: 20 years from discovery to therapy. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 86:485–498. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20 

Lee JG, Zheng R, McCafferty-Cepero JM, Burnstein KL, Nanus DM and Shen R: Endothelin-1 enhances the expression of the androgen receptor via activation of the c-myc pathway in prostate cancer cells. Mol Carcinog. 48:141–149. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

21 

Gleason DF: Histologic grading of prostate cancer: A perspective. Hum Pathol. 23:273–279. 1992. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

22 

Baidoo E and Kontoh AK: Implementation of gray level image transformation techniques. Int J Mod Educ Comput Sci. 10:44–53. 2018. View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Livak KJ and Schmittgen TD: Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods. 25:402–408. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

24 

Whyteside AR, Hinsley EE, Lambert LA, McDermott PJ and Turner AJ: ECE-1 influences prostate cancer cell invasion via ET-1-mediated FAK phosphorylation and ET-1-independent mechanisms. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 88:850–854. 2010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

25 

Papanikolaou S, Bravou V, Papadaki H and Gyftopoulos K: The role of the endothelin axis in promoting epithelial to mesenchymal transition and lymph node metastasis in prostate adenocarcinoma. Urol Ann. 9:372–379. 2017. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

26 

D'Antonio JM, Ma C, Monzon FA and Pflug BR: Longitudinal analysis of androgen deprivation of prostate cancer cells identifies pathways to androgen independence. Prostate. 68:698–714. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Godara G, Pecher S, Jukic DM, D'Antonio JM, Akhavan A, Nelson JB and Pflug BR: Distinct patterns of endothelin axis expression in primary prostate cancer. Urology. 70:209–215. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

28 

Gohji K, Kitazawa S, Tamada H, Katsuoka Y and Nakajima M: Expression of endothelin receptor a associated with prostate cancer progression. J Urol. 165:1033–1036. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29 

Nelson JB and Carducci MA: The role of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in prostate cancer. BJU Int. 85 (Suppl 2):S45–S48. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30 

Liu J and Liu X: Knockdown of ET-1 gene can inhibit the proliferation, invasion of human prostate cancer cell. Biomed Res. 28:3377–3382. 2017.PubMed/NCBI

31 

Miller WL: Steroidogenic enzymes. Endocr Dev. 13:1–18. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32 

Yazawa T, Imamichi Y, Sekiguchi T, Miyamoto K, Uwada J, Khan MRI, Suzuki N, Umezawa A and Taniguchi T: Transcriptional regulation of ovarian steroidogenic genes: Recent findings obtained from stem cell-derived steroidogenic cells. Biomed Res Int. 2019:89730762019. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

33 

Stocco DM, Wang XJ, Jo Y and Manna PR: Multiple signaling pathways regulating steroidogenesis and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression: More complicated than we thought. Mol Endocrinol. 19:2647–2659. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34 

Bennett NC, Hooper JD, Lambie D, Lee CS, Yang T, Vesey DA, Samaratunga H, Johnson DW and Gobe GC: Evidence for steroidogenic potential in human prostate cell lines and tissues. Am J Pathol. 181:1078–1087. 2012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35 

Mostaghel EA, Solomon KR, Pelton K, Freeman MR and Montgomery RB: Impact of circulating cholesterol levels on growth and intratumoral androgen concentration of prostate tumors. PLoS One. 7:e300622012. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36 

Alimirah F, Chen J, Basrawala Z, Xin H and Choubey D: DU-145 and PC-3 human prostate cancer cell lines express androgen receptor: Implications for the androgen receptor functions and regulation. FEBS Lett. 580:2294–2300. 2006. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

37 

Herrera D, Orellana-Serradell O, Villar P, Torres MJ, Paciucci R, Castellón EA and Contreras HR: Silencing of the transcriptional factor ZEB1 alters the steroidogenic pathway, and increases the concentration of testosterone and DHT in DU145 cells. Oncol Rep. 41:1275–1283. 2019.PubMed/NCBI

38 

van Bokhoven A, Varella-Garcia M, Korch C, Johannes WU, Smith EE, Miller HL, Nordeen SK, Miller GJ and Lucia MS: Molecular characterization of human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Prostate. 57:205–225. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39 

Ruggiero C and Lalli E: Impact of ACTH signaling on transcriptional regulation of steroidogenic genes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 7:242016. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40 

Bremer AA and Miller WL: Regulation of steroidogenesis. Cell Endocrinol Heal Dis. 207–227. 2014. View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Torres MJ, López-Moncada F, Herrera D, Indo S, Lefian A, Llanos P, Tapia J, Castellón EA and Contreras HR: Endothelin-1 induces changes in the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and increases androgen receptor and testosterone production in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Oncol Rep 46: 171, 2021.
APA
Torres, M.J., López-Moncada, F., Herrera, D., Indo, S., Lefian, A., Llanos, P. ... Contreras, H.R. (2021). Endothelin-1 induces changes in the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and increases androgen receptor and testosterone production in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Oncology Reports, 46, 171. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8122
MLA
Torres, M. J., López-Moncada, F., Herrera, D., Indo, S., Lefian, A., Llanos, P., Tapia, J., Castellón, E. A., Contreras, H. R."Endothelin-1 induces changes in the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and increases androgen receptor and testosterone production in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line". Oncology Reports 46.2 (2021): 171.
Chicago
Torres, M. J., López-Moncada, F., Herrera, D., Indo, S., Lefian, A., Llanos, P., Tapia, J., Castellón, E. A., Contreras, H. R."Endothelin-1 induces changes in the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and increases androgen receptor and testosterone production in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line". Oncology Reports 46, no. 2 (2021): 171. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8122
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Torres MJ, López-Moncada F, Herrera D, Indo S, Lefian A, Llanos P, Tapia J, Castellón EA and Contreras HR: Endothelin-1 induces changes in the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and increases androgen receptor and testosterone production in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Oncol Rep 46: 171, 2021.
APA
Torres, M.J., López-Moncada, F., Herrera, D., Indo, S., Lefian, A., Llanos, P. ... Contreras, H.R. (2021). Endothelin-1 induces changes in the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and increases androgen receptor and testosterone production in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line. Oncology Reports, 46, 171. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8122
MLA
Torres, M. J., López-Moncada, F., Herrera, D., Indo, S., Lefian, A., Llanos, P., Tapia, J., Castellón, E. A., Contreras, H. R."Endothelin-1 induces changes in the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and increases androgen receptor and testosterone production in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line". Oncology Reports 46.2 (2021): 171.
Chicago
Torres, M. J., López-Moncada, F., Herrera, D., Indo, S., Lefian, A., Llanos, P., Tapia, J., Castellón, E. A., Contreras, H. R."Endothelin-1 induces changes in the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and increases androgen receptor and testosterone production in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line". Oncology Reports 46, no. 2 (2021): 171. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2021.8122
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team