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Review Open Access

Diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review of risk factors, classification, screening and current pathogenic treatment options (Review)

  • Authors:
    • Andrei Bondar
    • Amorin Remus Popa
    • Nikolaos Papanas
    • Mihaela Popoviciu
    • Cosmin Mihai Vesa
    • Monica Sabau
    • Cristian Daina
    • Roxana Adriana Stoica
    • Niki Katsiki
    • Anca Pantea Stoian
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Psychiatry, Clinical County Emergency Hospital of Oradea, 410169 Oradea, Romania, Second Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Democritus’ University of Thrace Diabetes Centre, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece, Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania, Second Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece
    Copyright: © Bondar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 690
    |
    Published online on: April 29, 2021
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10122
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Abstract

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) with severe consequences as it progresses and influences all human body systems. This review discusses the risk factors for DN, the main characteristics of the clinical forms of DN, the screening methods and the current therapeutic options. Distal symmetric DN is the primary clinical form, and DM patients should be screened for this complication. The most important treatment of DN remains good glucose control, generally defined as HbA1c ≤7%. Symptomatic treatment improves life quality in diabetic patients. Pharmacological agents such as alpha (α)‑lipoic acid and benfotiamine have been validated in several studies since they act on specific pathways such as increased oxidative stress (α‑lipoic acid exerts antioxidant effects) and the excessive production of advanced glycosylation products (benfotiamine may inhibit their production via the normalization of glucose). Timely diagnosis of DN is significant to avoid several complications, including lower limb amputations and cardiac arrhythmias.
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Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Bondar A, Popa AR, Papanas N, Popoviciu M, Vesa CM, Sabau M, Daina C, Stoica RA, Katsiki N, Stoian AP, Stoian AP, et al: Diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review of risk factors, classification, screening and current pathogenic treatment options (Review). Exp Ther Med 22: 690, 2021.
APA
Bondar, A., Popa, A.R., Papanas, N., Popoviciu, M., Vesa, C.M., Sabau, M. ... Stoian, A.P. (2021). Diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review of risk factors, classification, screening and current pathogenic treatment options (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22, 690. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10122
MLA
Bondar, A., Popa, A. R., Papanas, N., Popoviciu, M., Vesa, C. M., Sabau, M., Daina, C., Stoica, R. A., Katsiki, N., Stoian, A. P."Diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review of risk factors, classification, screening and current pathogenic treatment options (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22.1 (2021): 690.
Chicago
Bondar, A., Popa, A. R., Papanas, N., Popoviciu, M., Vesa, C. M., Sabau, M., Daina, C., Stoica, R. A., Katsiki, N., Stoian, A. P."Diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review of risk factors, classification, screening and current pathogenic treatment options (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22, no. 1 (2021): 690. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10122
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Bondar A, Popa AR, Papanas N, Popoviciu M, Vesa CM, Sabau M, Daina C, Stoica RA, Katsiki N, Stoian AP, Stoian AP, et al: Diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review of risk factors, classification, screening and current pathogenic treatment options (Review). Exp Ther Med 22: 690, 2021.
APA
Bondar, A., Popa, A.R., Papanas, N., Popoviciu, M., Vesa, C.M., Sabau, M. ... Stoian, A.P. (2021). Diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review of risk factors, classification, screening and current pathogenic treatment options (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 22, 690. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10122
MLA
Bondar, A., Popa, A. R., Papanas, N., Popoviciu, M., Vesa, C. M., Sabau, M., Daina, C., Stoica, R. A., Katsiki, N., Stoian, A. P."Diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review of risk factors, classification, screening and current pathogenic treatment options (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22.1 (2021): 690.
Chicago
Bondar, A., Popa, A. R., Papanas, N., Popoviciu, M., Vesa, C. M., Sabau, M., Daina, C., Stoica, R. A., Katsiki, N., Stoian, A. P."Diabetic neuropathy: A narrative review of risk factors, classification, screening and current pathogenic treatment options (Review)". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 22, no. 1 (2021): 690. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10122
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