Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1792-0981 Online ISSN: 1792-1015
Journal Cover
April-2022 Volume 23 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
April-2022 Volume 23 Issue 4

Full Size Image

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML

  • Supplementary Files
    • Supplementary_Data1.pdf
    • Supplementary_Data2.pdf
Article Open Access

Exogenous spermine inhibits high glucose/oxidized LDL‑induced oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway

  • Authors:
    • Yuxuan Qiu
    • Linna Li
    • Xiaohui Guo
    • Jiangwen Liu
    • Liang Xu
    • Yanbo Li
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150076, P.R. China, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harbin City First Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150010, P.R. China, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P.R. China, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150007, P.R. China
    Copyright: © Qiu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License.
  • Article Number: 310
    |
    Published online on: March 1, 2022
       https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11239
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

Evidence suggests that macrophage pyroptosis promotes the progression of diabetic atherosclerosis. Spermine, a natural cellular metabolite, demonstrates a protective effect against cardiovascular diseases. However, whether spermine has a protective effect against macrophage pyroptosis caused by high glucose (HG) and oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (ox‑LDL) conditions remains to be elucidated. To investigate the protective effect of spermine and the related underlying mechanism, THP‑1 macrophages were treated with HG/ox‑LDL, spermine, or the specific nuclear factor erythroid 2‑related factor 2 (Nrf2) inhibitor ML385. Cell viability was detected using CCK‑8, cell membrane permeability was analyzed using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Hoechst/propidium iodide staining and pyroptosis‑related gene and protein expression levels were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Spermine showed a potent preventive effect on THP‑1 macrophage pyroptosis and oxidative stress induced by HG/ox‑LDL. Cells treated with spermine showed increased cell viability, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, decreased LDH levels in the supernatant and reduced cell swelling. In addition, spermine significantly reduced NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, cleaved caspase‑1, N‑gasdermin D and IL‑1β expression, as well as IL‑1β levels in the supernatant. This demonstrated that the inhibition of pyroptosis and oxidative stress due to spermine was Nrf2 dependent. Furthermore, spermine enhanced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, thereby increasing heme oxygenase‑1 and NADPH quinone oxidoreductase‑1 expression, which subsequently reduced ROS production. In addition, the anti‑pyroptotic and antioxidant effects of spermine were reversed by ML385 inhibition of Nrf2. It was concluded that spermine prevented macrophage pyroptosis and increased ROS overproduction by activating the Nrf2 pathway. The data suggested that spermine may be a potential novel drug for the treatment of diabetic atherosclerosis because it targets macrophage pyroptosis.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

View References

1 

Soehnlein O and Libby P: Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis-from experimental insights to the clinic. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 20:589–610. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

2 

Chen X, Zhang D, Li Y, Wang W, Bei W and Guo J: NLRP3 inflammasome and IL-1β pathway in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis: Friend or foe? Pharmacol Re. 173(105885)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

3 

Senior PA: Glucose as a modifiable cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Insights from type 1 diabetes and transplantation. Atherosclerosis. 335:16–22. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

4 

Poznyak AV, Nikiforov NG, Starodubova AV, Popkova TV and Orekhov AN: Macrophages and foam cells: Brief overview of their role, linkage, and targeting potential in atherosclerosis. Biomedicines. 9(1221)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

5 

Tall AR and Westerterp M: Inflammasomes, neutrophil extracellular traps, and cholesterol. J Lipid Res. 60:721–727. 2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

6 

Han Y, Qiu H, Pei X, Fan Y, Tian H and Geng J: Low-dose sinapic acid abates the pyroptosis of macrophages by downregulation of lncRNA-MALAT1 in rats with diabetic atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 71:104–112. 2018.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

7 

Zhang C, Song JW, Huang HH, Fan X, Huang L, Deng JN, Tu B, Wang K, Li J, Zhou MJ, et al: NLRP3 inflammasome induces CD4+ T cell loss in chronically HIV-1-infected patients. J Clin Invest. 131(e138861)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

8 

Zhou Z, He H, Wang K, Shi X, Wang Y, Su Y, Wang Y, Li D, Liu W, Zhang Y, et al: Granzyme a from cytotoxic lymphocytes cleaves GSDMB to trigger pyroptosis in target cells. Science (New York, N.Y.). 368(eaaz7548)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

9 

Wang Y, Fang C, Xu L, Yang B, Song E and Song Y: Polybrominated diphenyl ether quinone exposure induces atherosclerosis progression via CD36-mediated lipid accumulation, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and pyroptosis. Chem Res Toxicol. 34:2125–2134. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

10 

Chen S, Markman JL, Shimada K, Crother TR, Lane M, Abolhesn A, Shah PK and Arditi M: Sex-specific effects of the Nlrp3 inflammasome on atherogenesis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 5:582–598. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

11 

Yang H, Lv H, Li H, Ci X and Peng L: Oridonin protects LPS-induced acute lung injury by modulating Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and Nrf2-independent NLRP3 and NF-κB pathways. Cell Commun Signal. 17(62)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

12 

Jayasuriya R, Dhamodharan U, Ali D, Ganesan K, Xu B and Ramkumar KM: Targeting Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway by bioactive natural agents: Possible therapeutic strategy to combat liver disease. Phytomedicine. 92(153755)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

13 

Wiegman CH, Li F, Ryffel B, Togbe D and Chung KF: Oxidative stress in ozone-induced chronic lung inflammation and emphysema: A facet of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Immunol. 11(1957)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

14 

Zhang X, Ding M, Zhu P, Huang H, Zhuang Q, Shen J, Cai Y, Zhao M and He Q: New insights into the Nrf-2/HO-1 signaling axis and its application in pediatric respiratory diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019(3214196)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

15 

Xie L, Gu Y, Wen M, Zhao S, Wang W, Ma Y, Meng G, Han Y, Wang Y, Liu G, et al: Hydrogen sulfide induces keap1 S-sulfhydration and suppresses diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis via Nrf2 activation. Diabetes. 65:3171–3184. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

16 

Liu Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Jiang T, Ren S, Chen J, Xiong H, Yuan M, Li W, Machens HG and Chen Z: NRF2 signalling pathway: New insights and progress in the field of wound healing. J Cell Mol Med. 25:5857–5868. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

17 

Alonso-Piñeiro JA, Gonzalez-Rovira A, Sánchez-Gomar I, Moreno JA and Durán-Ruiz MC: Nrf2 and heme oxygenase-1 involvement in atherosclerosis related oxidative stress. Antioxidants (Basel). 10(1463)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

18 

Grancara S, Martinis P, Manente S, García-Argáez AN, Tempera G, Bragadin M, Via LD, Agostinelli E and Toninello A: Bidirectional fluxes of spermine across the mitochondrial membrane. Amino Acids. 46:671–679. 2014.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

19 

Li QZ, Zuo ZW, Zhou ZR and Ji Y: Polyamine homeostasis-based strategies for cancer: The role of combination regimens. Eur J Pharmacol. 910(174456)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

20 

Matsumoto M: Prevention of atherosclerosis by the induction of microbial polyamine production in the intestinal lumen. Biol Pharm Bull. 43:221–229. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

21 

Wang Y, Chen J, Li S, Zhang X, Guo Z, Hu J, Shao X, Song N, Zhao Y, Li H, et al: Exogenous spermine attenuates rat diabetic cardiomyopathy via suppressing ROS-p53 mediated downregulation of calcium-sensitive receptor. Redox Biol. 32(101514)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

22 

Zhao S, Song T, Gu Y, Zhang Y, Cao S, Miao Q, Zhang X, Chen H, Gao Y, Zhang L, et al: Hydrogen sulfide alleviates liver injury through the S-sulfhydrated-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2/low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 pathway. Hepatology. 73:282–302. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

23 

Verreth W, De Keyzer D, Davey PC, Geeraert B, Mertens A, Herregods MC, Smith G, Desjardins F, Balligand JL and Holvoet P: Rosuvastatin restores superoxide dismutase expression and inhibits accumulation of oxidized LDL in the aortic arch of obese dyslipidemic mice. Br J Pharmacol. 151:347–355. 2007.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

24 

Qiu Z, He Y, Ming H, Lei S, Leng Y and Xia ZY: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) aggravates high glucose- and hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced injury through activating ROS-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. J Diabetes Res. 2019(8151836)2019.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

25 

Josefs T, Barrett TJ, Brown EJ, Quezada A, Wu X, Voisin M, Amengual J and Fisher EA: Neutrophil extracellular traps promote macrophage inflammation and impair atherosclerosis resolution in diabetic mice. JCI insight. 5(e134796)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

26 

Li P, Wang Y, Liu X, Liu B, Wang ZY, Xie F, Qiao W, Liang ES, Lu QH and Zhang MX: Loss of PARP-1 attenuates diabetic arteriosclerotic calcification via Stat1/Runx2 axis. Cell Death Dis. 11(22)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

27 

Moss JW and Ramji DP: Nutraceutical therapies for atherosclerosis. Nat Rev Cardiol. 13:513–532. 2016.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

28 

Igarashi K and Kashiwagi K: Functional roles of polyamines and their metabolite acrolein in eukaryotic cells. Amino Acids. 53:1473–1492. 2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

29 

Lu J, Xu L, Zeng Z, Xue C, Li J, Chen X, Zhou P, Lin S, Liao Y, Du X, et al: Normothermic ex vivo heart perfusion combined with melatonin enhances myocardial protection in rat donation after circulatory death hearts via inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 9(733183)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

30 

Abderrazak A, Syrovets T, Couchie D, El Hadri K, Friguet B, Simmet T and Rouis M: NLRP3 inflammasome: From a danger signal sensor to a regulatory node of oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases. Redox Biol. 4:296–307. 2015.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

31 

Chen JJ, Tao J, Zhang XL, Xia LZ, Zeng JF, Zhang H, Wei DH, Lv YC, Li GH and Wang Z: Inhibition of the ox-LDL-induced pyroptosis by FGF21 of human umbilical vein endothelial cells through the TET2-UQCRC1-ROS pathway. DNA Cell Biol. 39:661–670. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

32 

Zou Y, Luo X, Feng Y, Fang S, Tian J, Yu B and Li J: Luteolin prevents THP-1 macrophage pyroptosis by suppressing ROS production via Nrf2 activation. Chem Biol Interact. 345(109573)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

33 

Wang J, Li S, Wang J, Wu F, Chen Y, Zhang H, Guo Y, Lin Y, Li L, Yu X, et al: Spermidine alleviates cardiac aging by improving mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Aging (Albany NY). 12:650–671. 2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

34 

Mohammadi M, Aelaei M and Saidi M: Pre-harvest spray of GABA and spermine delays postharvest senescence and alleviates chilling injury of gerbera cut flowers during cold storage. Sci Rep. 11(14166)2021.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

35 

He YY, Yan Y, Jiang X, Zhao JH, Wang Z, Wu T, Wang Y, Guo SS, Ye J, Lian TY, et al: Spermine promotes pulmonary vascular remodelling and its synthase is a therapeutic target for pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 56(2000522)2020.PubMed/NCBI View Article : Google Scholar

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Qiu Y, Li L, Guo X, Liu J, Xu L and Li Y: Exogenous spermine inhibits high glucose/oxidized LDL‑induced oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Exp Ther Med 23: 310, 2022.
APA
Qiu, Y., Li, L., Guo, X., Liu, J., Xu, L., & Li, Y. (2022). Exogenous spermine inhibits high glucose/oxidized LDL‑induced oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23, 310. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11239
MLA
Qiu, Y., Li, L., Guo, X., Liu, J., Xu, L., Li, Y."Exogenous spermine inhibits high glucose/oxidized LDL‑induced oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23.4 (2022): 310.
Chicago
Qiu, Y., Li, L., Guo, X., Liu, J., Xu, L., Li, Y."Exogenous spermine inhibits high glucose/oxidized LDL‑induced oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23, no. 4 (2022): 310. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11239
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Qiu Y, Li L, Guo X, Liu J, Xu L and Li Y: Exogenous spermine inhibits high glucose/oxidized LDL‑induced oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Exp Ther Med 23: 310, 2022.
APA
Qiu, Y., Li, L., Guo, X., Liu, J., Xu, L., & Li, Y. (2022). Exogenous spermine inhibits high glucose/oxidized LDL‑induced oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 23, 310. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11239
MLA
Qiu, Y., Li, L., Guo, X., Liu, J., Xu, L., Li, Y."Exogenous spermine inhibits high glucose/oxidized LDL‑induced oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23.4 (2022): 310.
Chicago
Qiu, Y., Li, L., Guo, X., Liu, J., Xu, L., Li, Y."Exogenous spermine inhibits high glucose/oxidized LDL‑induced oxidative stress and macrophage pyroptosis by activating the Nrf2 pathway". Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 23, no. 4 (2022): 310. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2022.11239
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team