Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Oncology Letters
      • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • Information for Authors
    • Information for Reviewers
    • Information for Librarians
    • Information for Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Spandidos Publications Logo
  • About
    • About Spandidos
    • Aims and Scopes
    • Abstracting and Indexing
    • Editorial Policies
    • Reprints and Permissions
    • Job Opportunities
    • Terms and Conditions
    • Contact
  • Journals
    • All Journals
    • Biomedical Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Epigenetics
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Functional Nutrition
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Molecular Medicine
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • International Journal of Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Medicine International
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular and Clinical Oncology
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Molecular Medicine Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Letters
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • Oncology Reports
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
    • World Academy of Sciences Journal
      • Information for Authors
      • Editorial Policies
      • Editorial Board
      • Aims and Scope
      • Abstracting and Indexing
      • Bibliographic Information
      • Archive
  • Articles
  • Information
    • For Authors
    • For Reviewers
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Conferences
  • Language Editing
Login Register Submit
  • This site uses cookies
  • You can change your cookie settings at any time by following the instructions in our Cookie Policy. To find out more, you may read our Privacy Policy.

    I agree
Search articles by DOI, keyword, author or affiliation
Search
Advanced Search
presentation
International Journal of Oncology
Join Editorial Board Propose a Special Issue
Print ISSN: 1019-6439 Online ISSN: 1791-2423
Journal Cover
June-2014 Volume 44 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

Journals

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine

International Journal of Molecular Medicine is an international journal devoted to molecular mechanisms of human disease.

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology

International Journal of Oncology is an international journal devoted to oncology research and cancer treatment.

Molecular Medicine Reports

Molecular Medicine Reports

Covers molecular medicine topics such as pharmacology, pathology, genetics, neuroscience, infectious diseases, molecular cardiology, and molecular surgery.

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports

Oncology Reports is an international journal devoted to fundamental and applied research in Oncology.

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine is an international journal devoted to laboratory and clinical medicine.

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters

Oncology Letters is an international journal devoted to Experimental and Clinical Oncology.

Biomedical Reports

Biomedical Reports

Explores a wide range of biological and medical fields, including pharmacology, genetics, microbiology, neuroscience, and molecular cardiology.

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

Molecular and Clinical Oncology

International journal addressing all aspects of oncology research, from tumorigenesis and oncogenes to chemotherapy and metastasis.

World Academy of Sciences Journal

World Academy of Sciences Journal

Multidisciplinary open-access journal spanning biochemistry, genetics, neuroscience, environmental health, and synthetic biology.

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

International Journal of Functional Nutrition

Open-access journal combining biochemistry, pharmacology, immunology, and genetics to advance health through functional nutrition.

International Journal of Epigenetics

International Journal of Epigenetics

Publishes open-access research on using epigenetics to advance understanding and treatment of human disease.

Medicine International

Medicine International

An International Open Access Journal Devoted to General Medicine.

Journal Cover
June-2014 Volume 44 Issue 6

Full Size Image

Cover Legend PDF

Sign up for eToc alerts
Recommend to Library

  • Article
  • Citations
    • Cite This Article
    • Download Citation
    • Create Citation Alert
    • Remove Citation Alert
    • Cited By
  • Similar Articles
    • Related Articles (in Spandidos Publications)
    • Similar Articles (Google Scholar)
    • Similar Articles (PubMed)
  • Download PDF
  • Download XML
  • View XML
Article

RUVBL1 directly binds actin filaments and induces formation of cell protrusions to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion

  • Authors:
    • Keisuke Taniuchi
    • Mutsuo Furihata
    • Shinji Iwasaki
    • Kenjiro Tanaka
    • Takahiro Shimizu
    • Motoaki Saito
    • Toshiji Saibara
  • View Affiliations / Copyright

    Affiliations: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
  • Pages: 1945-1954
    |
    Published online on: April 10, 2014
       https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2380
  • Expand metrics +
Metrics: Total Views: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Metrics: Total PDF Downloads: 0 (Spandidos Publications: | PMC Statistics: )
Cited By (CrossRef): 0 citations Loading Articles...

This article is mentioned in:



Abstract

We report a novel function of RUVBL1 molecule in pancreatic cancer cells. Previous reports describe that RUVBL1 belongs to the family of AAA+ ATPases that associate with chromatin-remodelling complexes and have important roles in transcriptional regulation, the DNA damage response, telomerase activity and cellular transformation. We show that knockdown of RUVBL1 inhibited the motility and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. RUVBL1 localized in the cytoplasm bound filamentous actin (F-actin) in cell protrusions, and increased concentration of monomeric globular-actin (G-actin) in cell protrusions of migrating pancreatic cancer cells. Cytoplasmic RUVBL1 functioned in additional formation of actin filaments in cell protrusions. Consequently, cytoplasmic RUVBL1 contributed to the formation of membrane protrusions by promoting peripheral actin polymerization. Our results imply that these RUVBL1-actin interactions could enhance the invasive properties of pancreatic cancer cells.
View Figures

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

View References

1. 

Ammelburg M, Frickey T and Lupas AN: Classification of AAA+ proteins. J Struct. 156:2–11. 2006.

2. 

Kanemaki M, Kurokawa Y, Matsuura T, Makino Y, Masani A, Okazaki K, Morishita T and Tamura TA: TIP49b, a new RuvB-like DNA helicase, is included in a complex together with another RuvB-like DNA helicase, TIP49a. J Biol Chem. 274:22437–22444. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

3. 

Qiu XB, Lin YL, Thome KC, Pian P, Schlegel BP, Weremowicz S, Parvin JD and Dutta A: An eukaryotic RuvB-like protein (RUVBL1) essential for growth. J Biol Chem. 273:27786–27793. 1998. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

4. 

Wood MA, McMahon SB and Cole MD: An ATPase/helicase complex is an essential cofactor for oncogenic transformation by c-Myc. Mol Cell. 5:321–330. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

5. 

Bauer A, Chauvet S, Huber O, Usseglio F, Rothbacher U, Aragnol D, Kemler R and Pradel J: Pontin52 and reptin52 function as antagonistic regulators of beta-catenin signalling activity. EMBO J. 19:6121–6130. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

6. 

Hoverter NP and Waterman ML: A Wnt-fall for gene regulation: repression. Sci Signal. 1:e432008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

7. 

Ni L, Saeki M, Xu L, Nakahara H, Saijo M, Tanaka K and Kamisaki Y: RPAP3 interacts with Reptin to regulate UV-induced phosphorylation of H2AX and DNA damage. J Cell Biochem. 106:920–928. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

8. 

Ikura T, Ogryzko VV, Grigoriev M, Groisman R, Wang J, Horikoshi M, Scully R, Qin J and Nakatani Y: Involvement of the TIP60 histone acetylase complex in DNA repair and apoptosis. Cell. 102:463–473. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

9. 

Venteicher AS, Meng Z, Mason PJ, Veenstra TD and Artandi SE: Identification of ATPases pontin and reptin as telomerase components essential for holoenzyme assembly. Cell. 132:945–957. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

10. 

Rousseau B, Ménard L, Haurie V, Taras D, Blanc JF, Moreau-Gaudry F, Metzler P, Hugues M, Boyault S, Lemière S, Canron X, Costet P, Cole M, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P, Zucman-Rossi J and Rosenbaum J: Overexpression and role of the ATPase and putative DNA helicase RuvB-like 2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 46:1108–1118. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

11. 

Ménard L, Taras D, Grigoletto A, Haurie V, Nicou A, Dugot-Senant N, Costet P, Rousseau B and Rosenbaum J: In vivo silencing of Reptin blocks the progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma in xenografts and is associated with replicative senescence. J Hepatol. 52:681–689. 2010.PubMed/NCBI

12. 

Grigoletto A, Lestienne P and Rosenbaum J: The multifaceted proteins reptin and pontin as major players in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1815:147–157. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

13. 

Izumi N, Yamashita A, Iwamatsu A, Kurata R, Nakamura H, Saari B, Hirano H, Anderson P and Ohno S: AAA+ proteins RUVBL1 and RUVBL2 coordinate PIKK activity and function in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Sci Signal. 23:ra272010.

14. 

Hawley SB, Tamura T and Miles LA: Purification, cloning, and characterization of a profibrinolytic plasminogen-binding protein, TIP49a. J Biol Chem. 276:179–186. 2001. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

15. 

Ridley AJ: Rho GTPases and cell migration. J Cell Sci. 114:2713–2722. 2001.PubMed/NCBI

16. 

Totsukawa G, Wu Y, Sasaki Y, Hartshorne DJ, Yamakita Y, Yamashiro S and Matsumura F: Distinct roles of MLCK and ROCK in the regulation of membrane protrusions and focal adhesion dynamics during cell migration of fibroblasts. J Cell Biol. 164:427–439. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

17. 

Pollard TD, Blanchoin L and Mullins RD: Molecular mechanisms controlling actin filament dynamics in nonmuscle cells. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 29:545–576. 2000. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

18. 

Wang W, Goswami S, Sahai E, Wyckoff JB, Segall JE and Condeelis JS: Tumor cells caught in the act of invading: their strategy for enhanced cell motility. Trends Cell Biol. 15:138–145. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

19. 

Pollard TD and Borisy GB: Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments. Cell. 112:453–465. 2003. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

20. 

Ponti A, Matov A, Adams M, Gupton S, Waterman-Storer CM and Danuser G: Periodic patterns of actin turnover in lamellipodia and lamellae of migrating epithelial cells analyzed by quantitative Fluorescent Speckle Microscopy. Biophys J. 89:3456–3469. 2005. View Article : Google Scholar

21. 

Baumgart M, Heinmöller E, Horstmann O, Becker H and Ghadimi BM: The genetic basis of sporadic pancreatic cancer. Cell Oncol. 27:3–13. 2005.

22. 

Taniuchi K, Yokotani K and Saibara T: BART inhibits pancreatic cancer cell invasion by Rac1 inactivation through direct binding to active Rac1. Neoplasia. 14:440–450. 2012.PubMed/NCBI

23. 

Taniuchi K, Iwasaki S and Saibara T: BART inhibits pancreatic cancer cell invasion by inhibiting ARL2-mediated RhoA inactivation. Int J Oncol. 39:1243–1252. 2011.PubMed/NCBI

24. 

Taniuchi K, Yokotani K and Saibara T: BART inhibits pancreatic cancer cell invasion by PKCα inactivation through binding to ANX7. PLoS One. 7:e356742012.PubMed/NCBI

25. 

Iwamura T, Katsuki T and Ide K: Establishment and characterization of a human pancreatic cancer cell line (SUIT-2) producing carcinoembryonic antigen and carbohydrate antigen 19–9. Jpn J Cancer Res. 78:54–62. 1987.PubMed/NCBI

26. 

Taniue K, Oda T, Hayashi T, Okuno M and Akiyama T: A member of the ETS family, EHF, and the ATPase RUVBL1 inhibit p53-mediated apoptosis. EMBO Rep. 12:682–689. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

27. 

Meijerman I, Blom WM, de Bont HJ, Mulder GJ and Nagelkerke JF: Changes of G-actin localisation in the mitotic spindle region or nucleus during mitosis and after heat shock: a histochemical study of G-actin in various cell lines with fluorescent labelled vitamin D-binding protein. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1452:12–24. 1999. View Article : Google Scholar

28. 

Ki DH, Jeung HC, Park CH, Kang SH, Lee GY, Lee WS, Kim NK, Chung HC and Rha SY: Whole genome analysis for liver metastasis gene signatures in colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer. 121:2005–2012. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

29. 

Li W, Zeng J, Li Q, Zhao L, Liu T, Björkholm M, Jia J and Xu D: Reptin is required for the transcription of telomerase reverse transcriptase and over-expressed in gastric cancer. Mol Cancer. 9:1322010. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

30. 

Dyrskjøt L, Kruhøffer M, Thykjaer T, Marcussen N, Jensen JL, Møller K and Ørntoft TF: Gene expression in the urinary bladder: a common carcinoma in situ gene expression signature exists disregarding histopathological classification. Cancer Res. 64:4040–4048. 2004.PubMed/NCBI

31. 

Dehan E, Ben-Dor A, Liao W, Lipson D, Frimer H, Rienstein S, Simansky D, Krupsky M, Yaron P, Friedman E, Rechavi G, Perlman M, Aviram-Goldring A, Izraeli S, Bittner M, Yakhini Z and Kaminski N: Chromosomal aberrations and gene expression profiles in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 56:175–184. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

32. 

Ducat D, Kawaguchi S, Liu H, Yates JR III and Zheng Y: Regulation of microtubule assembly and organization in mitosis by the AAA+ ATPase pontin. Mol Biol Cell. 19:3097–3110. 2008.

33. 

Schlabach MR, Luo J, Solimini NL, Hu G, Xu Q, Li MZ, Zhao Z, Smogorzewska A, Sowa ME, Ang XL, Westbrook TF, Liang AC, Chang K, Hackett JA, Harper JW, Hannon GJ and Elledge SJ: Cancer proliferation gene discovery through functional genomics. Science. 319:620–624. 2008. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

34. 

Kedrin D, van Rheenen J and Segall JE: Cell motility and cytoskeletal regulation in invasion and metastasis. J Mammary Gland Biol. 12:143–152. 2007. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

35. 

Lee CW, Vitriol EA, Shim S, Wise AL, Velayutham RP and Zheng JQ: Dynamic localization of G-actin during membrane protrusion in neuronal motility. Current Biology. 23:1046–1056. 2013. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

36. 

Van Goor D, Hyland C, Schaefer AW and Forscher P: The role of actin turnover in retrograde actin network flow in neuronal growth cones. PLoS One. 7:e309592012.PubMed/NCBI

37. 

Kiuchi T, Nagai T, Ohashi K and Mizuno K: Measurements of spatiotemporal changes in G-actin concentration reveal its effect on stimulus-induced actin assembly and lamellipodium extension. J Cell Biol. 193:365–380. 2011. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

38. 

Mogilner A and Keren K: The shape of motile cells. Curr Biol. 19:R762–R771. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

39. 

Gallo G and Letourneau PC: Regulation of growth cone actin filaments by guidance cues. J Neurobiol. 58:92–102. 2004. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

40. 

Eiseler T, Döppler H, Yan IK, Kitatani K, Mizuno K and Storz P: Protein kinase D1 regulates cofilin-mediated F-actin reorganization and cell motility through slingshot. Nat Cell Biol. 11:545–556. 2009. View Article : Google Scholar : PubMed/NCBI

Related Articles

  • Abstract
  • View
  • Download
  • Twitter
Copy and paste a formatted citation
Spandidos Publications style
Taniuchi K, Furihata M, Iwasaki S, Tanaka K, Shimizu T, Saito M and Saibara T: RUVBL1 directly binds actin filaments and induces formation of cell protrusions to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion. Int J Oncol 44: 1945-1954, 2014.
APA
Taniuchi, K., Furihata, M., Iwasaki, S., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, T., Saito, M., & Saibara, T. (2014). RUVBL1 directly binds actin filaments and induces formation of cell protrusions to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion. International Journal of Oncology, 44, 1945-1954. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2380
MLA
Taniuchi, K., Furihata, M., Iwasaki, S., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, T., Saito, M., Saibara, T."RUVBL1 directly binds actin filaments and induces formation of cell protrusions to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion". International Journal of Oncology 44.6 (2014): 1945-1954.
Chicago
Taniuchi, K., Furihata, M., Iwasaki, S., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, T., Saito, M., Saibara, T."RUVBL1 directly binds actin filaments and induces formation of cell protrusions to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion". International Journal of Oncology 44, no. 6 (2014): 1945-1954. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2380
Copy and paste a formatted citation
x
Spandidos Publications style
Taniuchi K, Furihata M, Iwasaki S, Tanaka K, Shimizu T, Saito M and Saibara T: RUVBL1 directly binds actin filaments and induces formation of cell protrusions to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion. Int J Oncol 44: 1945-1954, 2014.
APA
Taniuchi, K., Furihata, M., Iwasaki, S., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, T., Saito, M., & Saibara, T. (2014). RUVBL1 directly binds actin filaments and induces formation of cell protrusions to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion. International Journal of Oncology, 44, 1945-1954. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2380
MLA
Taniuchi, K., Furihata, M., Iwasaki, S., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, T., Saito, M., Saibara, T."RUVBL1 directly binds actin filaments and induces formation of cell protrusions to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion". International Journal of Oncology 44.6 (2014): 1945-1954.
Chicago
Taniuchi, K., Furihata, M., Iwasaki, S., Tanaka, K., Shimizu, T., Saito, M., Saibara, T."RUVBL1 directly binds actin filaments and induces formation of cell protrusions to promote pancreatic cancer cell invasion". International Journal of Oncology 44, no. 6 (2014): 1945-1954. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2014.2380
Follow us
  • Twitter
  • LinkedIn
  • Facebook
About
  • Spandidos Publications
  • Careers
  • Cookie Policy
  • Privacy Policy
How can we help?
  • Help
  • Live Chat
  • Contact
  • Email to our Support Team